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In Africa various species of Combretum, Terminalia and Pteleopsis are used in traditional medicine. Despite of this, some species of these genera have still not been studied for their biological effects to validate their traditional uses. The aim of this work has been to document the ethnomedicinal uses of several species of Combretum and Terminali...
Citations
... Several species of the Combretaceae have been reported as commercially important materials for food, herbal medicines, furniture, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, horticultural and silvicultural purposes. Many species in the family exhibit biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-haemorrhagic, anti-ulcer, anti-cancer activities and are in great demand world-wide for the extraction of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside derivatives, pentacyclic triterpenes, tannins and other aromatic compounds (Fyhrquist, 2007). ...
A comparative study of pollen morphological characters of 19 species of Combretaceae from Nigeria was undertaken with a view to obtaining additional characters for adequate identification and classification of the taxa. Pollen samples were acetolysed and investigated under light microscope. Hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to show the similarities and affinity among the Combretaceae species based on pollen-morphological features. All the species studied were monads, small to medium sized, radially symmetrical, heterocolpate with three simple apertures alternating with three composites. The exine showed various sculpturing patterns in all the taxa studied, namely, micro-rugulate, reticulate, scabrate, striate and psilate. The pollen size ranged from 10 to 50 μm. The largest pollen size (42.68 × 38.17 μm) was recorded in C. platypterum and the smallest one (14.75 × 15.05 μm) in C. sordidum. The species had prolate, sub-prolate and oblate-spheroidal pollen shapes. The dendrogram and bi-plot revealed nested grouping of the Quisqualis species within Combretum sub-genus Cacoucia. Palynomorphological characters of the studied species are considered highly diagnostic at the generic and specific levels. Therefore, pollen morphological data provide diagnostic information for differentiating Combretum platypterum and C. racemosum, C. zenkeri, C. smeathmannii, C. sordidum, Terminalia catappa and T. mantaly, which are morphologically similar species.
... 98 The presence of phytochemicals is known to precipitate cell wall proteins in Gram-positive bacteria, inhibit microtubules, a component of the cytoskeleton, and promote binding to protein receptors that lead to cell death, which may be responsible for the anti-staphylococci effect. [99][100][101] An in silico study was conducted to determine the binding relationship between the bioactive chemicals from flavonoids and alkaloids class of Z. armatum with Penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) of S. aureus and TcaR-methicillin of S. epidermidis. The flavonoid class of substances appears to target PBP2a most frequently, and several earlier research show flavonoids to have the capacity to modify the bacterial cell walls of MRSA and other types of bacteria. ...
Objectives
The current study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial potential of leaf and fruit extracts of Zanthoxylum armatum against two pathogenic bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Methods
Twelve commercially available antibiotics were tested S. aureus and S. epidermidis by antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals was performed to evaluate the presence of certain secondary metabolites. The activity of Z. armatum extracts against S. aureus and S. epidermidis was measured as a maximum zone of inhibition exhibited by each leaf and fruit extract. An in-silico study was conducted on flavonoids and alkaloids to show their binding affinity with the PBP2a receptor protein of S. aureus and TcaR of S. epidermidis.
Results
The AST revealed that S. aureus was resistant to Penicillin, Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Rifampicin, Novobiocin, and Oxacillin, whereas S. epidermidis was resistant to Streptomycin, Oxacillin, Tetracycline, and Novobiocin. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals resulted in the presence of Saponins, fixed oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, starch, and fatty acids in both leaf and fruit extracts. The maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus was produced by methanolic leaf extracts of Z. armatum and chloroform fruit extracts. For S. epidermidis, the best activity was exhibited by benzene leaf extracts and methanolic fruit extracts. An in-silico study showed that flavonoids Nitidine and Nevadensin exhibited binding affinity with the PBP2a receptor protein higher than selected antibiotics, ie, Penicillin, Chloramphenicol, and Oxacillin. TcaR of S. epidermidis interacted with Tambuletin, followed by Nitidine and Kaempferol.
Conclusion
After in vitro testing, in silico analysis advised extracting and purifying the bioactive components from Z. armatum extracts that showed significant interaction with bacterial virulence proteins for use as natural antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
... The species under this genus differ greatly in their internal and external features in addition to their chromosome numbers (Stace 1965, Ohri 1996. Wickens (1973) and Fyhrquist (2007) found that bark, leaves, and fruit morphology can be used as diagnostic features in the identification of Terminalia species. Since species under the genus Terminalia are traditionally used in the treatment of some illnesses, precise identification and recognition of the closely related species need clarification. ...
Eleven Terminalia species growing in streets and gardens in Cairo (Egypt) were investigated for their pollen morphology. The study's objectives were to explore the variation among Terminalia species' pollen pheno-characters and to categorize the various species within this genus according to these pollen characteristics. The results showed that there are significant variations in the pollen morphological characteristics in the genus under study, and as a result, these traits can be regarded as eurypalynous. Each of the two main categories of Terminalia species - mono-morphic and di-morphic - includes various pollen morphologies, ranging from spheroidal to prolate with hexa-aperture that may be similar or of two types. For each of the eleven species, an identification key and a clustering phenogram for the fifteen major pollen features have been created. The aperture type, aperture similarity, and exine ornamentation are some of the crucial traits for the differentiation of the species examined while the pollen shape class has a poor diagnostic character. According to the unique characteristics of the pollen morphology of the Terminalia species, three groups and two subgroups were identified.
... In this regard, hydroquinone does not alter the taste and odor of food additives like natural preservatives (Jelen, 2011). At this time, T. arjuna and T. bellirica should have contained gallic acid, methyl gallate, ellagic acid, and vanillic acid (Fyhrquist, 2007;El-Ameen et al., 2013). Phytochemical studies of Terminalia trees have demonstrated the presence of several types of active constituents such as tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds (Fahmy et al., 2015). ...
... Forests provide food products (fruits, vegetables, insects, etc.) during lean periods common in seasonally dependent farming systems [5]. Additionally, much of health care depends heavily on medicinal plants and the local knowledge associated with them [6][7][8]. Tus, the traditional use of plants is inevitable for the provision of traditional medicines in the healthcare system and in terms of food source for low-income social classes and for rural communities [8][9][10][11][12]. Despite the importance of plants in general and forest species in particular, forests are under threat. ...
Benin is not a big forest country, and the sustainable management of forest relics and their resources is a priority for the managers. This study was conducted in the forest regions of Pobè and Kétou located in Southeast Benin with the objective of characterizing the ethnobotanical forest species prioritized by the local populations for their different uses. Specifically, it aimed to identify the ethnobotanical priority species for conservation, characterize the ethnobotanical value of these priority species, and analyze the tree organ harvesting methods used for the sustainable management of the forest species. Data have been collected from 287 local populations investigated and on the specimens collected on the field, which allowed to identify the scientific name. The combination of the citation frequencies, the method of reproduction, the vulnerability scores, and the IUCN status of the species has allowed to identify five priority ethnobotanical species per forest. The software Ri386_3.5.1 has been used for the different analysis such as the calculation of the various frequencies and the correspondence factor analysis to show the relationships between socioethnic groups, organs used, and the categories of use. The priority species identified in the forest of Pobè are Milicia excelsa, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Ceiba pentandra, and Adansonia digitata. The priority species identified in the forest of Dogo-Kétou are Vitellaria paradoxa, Prosopis africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, and Anogeissus leiocarpa. This study has revealed 54 tree species gathered into 47 genera and 25 botanical families. Their different parts have been harvested for many kinds of utilization such as medicinal, commercial, feeding, medico-magic, and artisanal. The most commonly used organs were leaves, fruits, seeds, barks, roots, and wood. The harvesting methods include cutting poles, cutting twigs and branches to harvest leaves, debarking the trunk, felling trees for wood, cutting roots, picking and harvesting fruits and seeds, and harvesting of flowers. Cutting down trees and picking flowers, fruits, and seeds have been the methods of harvesting, which affect negatively regeneration of the tree populations. It is then important to sensitize the local people on the sustainable management of their forest resources through the conception and implementation of a project program focused on forest conservation.
... The anatomical, morphological, and karyotype attributes of members of Terminalia differ greatly and as useful in their classification (Stace, 2008;Ohri, 1996). Also, the morphological features of the leaf, bark, and fruit are significantly different in the genus and could help in the delimitation of the taxa (Wickens, 1973;Fyhrquist, 2007). Noraini & Cutler (2009), reported that the fragment of plant materials from members of this genus could be identified using anatomical features. ...
... Also, some Terminalia species are sources of raw materials for some pharmaceuticals and cosmetics preparations (Dalziel & Hutchinson, 1937;Irvine, 1961). Derivatives of Terminalia species are used in the remedy of many diseases such as diabetics, eczema, tuberculosis, leprosy, candidiasis, dermatitis, gonorrhea, malaria, scurfy affection, kidney and liver disorders (Batawila et al., 2005;Masoko and Eloff, 2005;Fyhrquist, 2007;Kamtchouing et al., 2006;Gupta, 2012). Various colours of dyes utilized in many industrial productions are obtained from bark, root, leaf, and fruit extracts and utilized for many industrial productions (Dalziel and Hutchinson, 1937;Errington and Chisumpa, 1987). ...
Leaf (midrib and lamina) anatomical characters were investigated to enhance the identification of Terminalia L. The central portions of the mature leaves were fixed in formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and ethanol (FAA) for 12 hrs. They were dehydrated in alcohol series, hand-sectioned, stained with safranin and alcian blue, mounted on a slide, viewed, and photographed with Optika B-1000 FL LED fitted with digital camera. Our findings showed the absence of rib trace in T. ivorensis, presence of secretory ducts in T. catappa, open vascular cylinder with incurved ends in T. mantaly, and medullary phloem in T. avicenniodes. These characters were key to the delimitation of the Terminalia species.
... Phytochemical studies carried out with different species of Combretum spp. demonstrate different classes of bioactive compounds with pharmacological importance, such as tannins, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, glycosides, triterpenes and phenanthrene derivatives (Fyhrquist, 2007). ...
Combretum leprosum is a plant species with wide distribution in Brazil known as "mofumbo", standing out in studies associated with its pharmacological and ethnobotanical activity. The medicinal applications of the species are widely reported in the literature, using the bark, leaves and flowers as healing agents. Given the economic, pharmacological and ecological importance, this work aimed to present a systematic review of production, conservation status and knowledge about the species in different fields of knowledge. The literature review was based on seven categories, 2 application is focused on antitumor action, treatment against Chagas disease, antinociceptive behavior, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative action. Among the compounds isolated from C. leprosum with different applications, 3β-6β-16β-trihydroxylup-20(29)-ene stands out, a lupane triterpene isolated from different parts of the plant, associated with different medicinal and therapeutic applications. The species was highlighted in works associated with environmental regeneration, being resistant to different phytophysiognomies and showing tolerance to environments contaminated by heavy metals, being able to represent an important species in reforestation programs and recovery of degraded environments. However, even with the growing number of studies associated with C. leprosum in recent years, the species does not have an assessment regarding its degree of threat, demonstrating the need for research associated with the species and the possible impacts that its representatives may suffer, helping in sustainable development and conservation programs.
... Podem ser utilizadas para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas como diarreias, gripe, sífilis e gonorreia, febre, dores musculares, hipertensão e edema. Geralmente são utilizadas as folhas e raízes, sendo que os frutos são evitados devido sua aparente toxicidade em humanos (Fyhrquist, 2007;Macgaw et al., 2001;Silva, 2009). ...
... Vários trabalhos mostram que a espécie é rica em diversos compostos com propriedades biológicas conhecidas, como taninos, flavonóides, saponinas, cumarinas, triterpenos, derivados do ácido elágico, glicosídeos antracênicos e derivados de fenantreno. Esses compostos são, provavelmente, os responsáveis pelas diversas propriedades biológicas comprovadas em pesquisas (Fyhrquist, 2007;Silva, 2009). ...
O uso intensivo de antibióticos tem provocado um aumento significativo na incidência de infecções ocasionadas por bactérias e fungos multirresistentes em várias partes do mundo, o que tem motivado o isolamento, caracterização e avaliação da bioatividade de novas drogas com potencial ação antimicrobiana, ou que sejam capazes de potencializar a ação de drogas já existentes. O objetivo do trabalho é investigar as atividades antimicrobianas, dos extratos e frações de partição obtidos das plantas Peltophorum dubium e Combretum leprosum bem como identificar os fitoquímicos envolvidos nas atividades investigadas já conhecidas. Foram utilizadas todas as publicações que possuíram dados de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial e frações de partição obtidas das espécies Peltophorum dubium e Combretum leprosum, com ênfase em estudo reprodutivo em publicações cientificas. Os dados foram coletados utilizando as bases cientificas: LILACS, PUBMED, PERIODICOS CAPES, SCIENCE DIRECT, BVS, SCIELO, COCHRANE LIBRARY, HIGHWIRE PRESS, SCOPUS e ELSEVIER. Foram selecionados um total de 15 artigos sobre Peltophorum dubium e 23 artigos sobre Combretum leprosum nas bases cientificas. Foram utilizados como descritores: Atividade antimicrobiana, Peltophorum dubium e Combretum leprosum, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Onde obtivemos os artigos abaixo descritos e discutidos em forma de tópicos relacionados com o tema. Desta forma, isolar e caracterizar a diversidade biológica do Nordeste, moléculas com propriedades antimicrobianas e/ou com atividade moduladora da resistência a drogas industrializadas de uso corrente, contribui não apenas para o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais desta região, mas também para justificar e incentivar políticas de preservação dos seus ecossistemas.
... aureus, reveal contribution of phytochemical composition of these plant extracts by facilitating the inhibition of staphylococci replication through inactivation of the DNA synthesis [50]. The anti-staphylococci effect could be attributed to expression of alkaloids, saponin, tannin and terpenoids which are reported to cause precipitation of cell wall proteins in Gram positive bacterial, inhibition of microtubules that are essential cytoskeleton, promoting binding to proteins receptors resulting to cell death [51,52]. The observed inhibitory activities depend on the plant phylogenetic and taxonomic composition that make them suitable alternative anti-staphylococci agents for therapeutic use in cases of SSTIs [15]. ...
Abstract Background The antibacterial activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica and Acalypha wilkesiana against multidrug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus associated with skin and soft tissue infections were investigated. Methods Staphylococcus aureus (n = 183) from the skin and soft tissue infections with evidence of purulent pus, effusions from aspirates, wounds, and otorrhea were biotyped, and evaluated for biofilm production. The phenotypic antibiotic resistance and MDR strains susceptibility to plant leaves extract were determined using disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays respectively. The correlation of plant extract bioactive components with inhibitory activities was determined. Results High occurrence rate of S. aureus were recorded among infant and adult age groups and 13.2% mild biofilm producers from the wound (p
... The demand for medicinal plants is increasing in Africa as the population grows and pressure on medicinal plant resources will become greater than ever. Interest in plant derived medicines has also increased in the West, among the pharmaceutical companies [1]. ...
