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Psathyrella spadiceogrisea. a, fruiting body in natural habitat; b, unequal cylindrical stipe; c, gills-stipe attachment.
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Citations
... Lactophenol cotton blue dye was used for the compound light microscope. The fruiting body of the specimen was morphologically and microscopically identified (Watanabe, 2002;Phillips, 2013;Senthilarasu, 2015;Suliaman et al., 2017). ...
The strategy for removing pollutants in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner, and the danger of the leakage of hydrocarbon compounds such as kerosene into the environment is important. Therefore, this study was focused on the potential of Lentinus tigrinus fungal biomass for the bioremediation of kerosene. A sample of mushroom Lentinus tigrinus was identified using morphlogical and molecular analyses. Kerosene was obtained from a petrol station (Al- thakafa) in the city of Mosul. Lentinus tigrinus fungal biomass was screened for its capability to degrade kerosene by culturing it on a solid medium supplied with kerosene at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6% compared to the control sample, and a liquid medium mineral salt medium (MSM). GC-MS chromatography was used to analyse the presence of kerosene before and after biodegradation process. After 7 days of incubation, L. tigrinus grew significantly at the probability level 0.01 on the medium supplemented with 2% kerosene (11.6 mm in diameter) compared with the control treatment without kerosense (14.83 mm in diamter). The result showed that kerosene was biodegraded into 15 compounds, most of which are hydrocarbon compounds, but in varying percentages depending on the retention time and percentage concentration of the compounds. The five most common compounds are (1) 1-heptanol, 2-propyl with a percentage of area of 8.60% , (2) 1-octanol 9.83%, (3) hexyl octadecyl ester 12.84%, (4) 7-methyl-1-undecene 12.05% and (5) isopropyl-5-methyl-1-hexanol 10.01%. While after treatment with the biomass of the fungal isolate after 14 days of incubation, kerosene was biodegraded into another 15 compounds with retention times and concentrations different from untreated kerosene. The most common of these compounds are (1) methyl 7,9-tridecadienyl ether 31.03%, (2) 4-fluoro-1-methyl-5-carboxylic acid 16.84%, and (3) triethylene glycol monododecyl ether 11.31%. From the results we can conclude that the biomass of the fungal isolate (identified morphologically and molecularly) has the ability to biologically degrade kerosene, whether on solid or liquid media.
... species of the genera Populus (poplars) along with Salix (willows), both related to the Malpighiales, Salicaceae, along with other subspecies are widely distributed across different geographic regions and are ecologically and economically important landscape trees in Iraq (FAO, 2009;Mustafa, 2018). Consequently, many Basidiomyceres species are expected to be associated with these plants or their microhabitats (Suliaman et al., 2017;Alshuwaili et al., 2021;Al Anbagi and AL-Khesraji, 2022). Recently, the polypore F. fomentarius was collected from the dead trunk Ficus sycomorus in Sulaylmaniyah Province (Marie, 2022). ...
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., 1849 (Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Polyporaceae) is a significant fungal species widely used in traditional medicine. However, several studies have noted there is a genetic variation among strains collected from different geographic regions. The current study focused on identifying the genetic lineage of the first record of Iraqi strain F. fomentarius which was collected from the dead trunk Ficus sycomorus L., 1753 in Sulaylmaniyah Province. The study also and investigated the intraspecific genetic variability of the polypore. After multiple DNA sequence alignment analysis with international sequences, the study confirmed a genetic non-homogeneity of the presented species, and revealed the Iraqi strain has a unique 7 pb signature sequence and belonged to the lineage B. The Iraqi strain has only 2 base pairs differences from Slovak Southern European sequence and 4-8 base pairs from China, Asia (lineage B) and North American. Characterizing the genetic lineage of the current Iraqi strain is important to preserve its divers therapeutic prosperities and biotechnological applications of this species.
... The Iraqi climate and vegetation diversity reflect macrofungi's rich growth and diversity in its regions. Particularly, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Salah al-Din provinces located in northern Iraq have been informed by many studies, most of which belong to the Division Basidiomycota (4,6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). This study aimed to introduce new records from Iraq continually discover interestingly and precisely identify Iraqi mycoflora. ...
Wild macrofungi have potential functions in ecosystems and sustainable developments through their roles in waste management, human health and societal upliftment. However, there is limited knowledge of wild macrofungi in Iraq. Three interesting collections within Chlorophyllum, Mycenastrum and Ossicaulis genera related to basidiomycetes were discovered in central and northeastern parts of Iraq in 2022 during a field investigation on wild macrofungi. Molecular identification and morphological characterization were carried out for these collections. The molecular phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses confirmed that isolates are related to three species within two families )Agaricaceae and Lyophyllaceae) belonging to the order Agaricales and class Agaricomycetes. Based on the current publications, these species were the first records from Iraq. Chlorophyllum agaricoides, Mycenastrum corium and Ossicaulis salomii sequences were submitted as the first sequences from Iraq into the international biological database GenBank. The molecular phylogenetic tree formed three independent lineages in each genus with high support. The introduced species can easily be separated from closely related species in an evolutionary framework. The study's results might aid in further investigations into the macrofungi in Iraq.
... The first records of A. praecox were from Northern Iraq. by Suliaman et al. (2017) Additionally, Al-Khesraji (2018) provided the first report on this species from two Salahadin Governorate districts, Dujail and Tikrit. ...
Wild mushrooms are considered one of the important sources of many bioactive compounds with different therapeutic properties. Agrocybe praecox is one of the mushrooms found in Iraqi forest habitats. In the present investigation, the presence of some phenolic compounds such as ferulic, gallic acid, quercetin, rutin, and falalic acid was detected in A. praecox extracts. To reveal the potential antifungal ability of A. praecox extracts for some yeasts isolated from sputum of patients with asthma and allergic bronchitis which were Candida. albicans , C. lipolytica, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. lusittaniae, Cryptococcus laurentii and C. gattii, ethanolic extract gave the highest results in inhibiting growth, and the inhibition rate increased with increasing concentration to reach the highest level in concentration.
... However, Iraqi macrofungi are overlooked and unexplored in many regions, despite their environmental and applied importance. There are very few and scattered studies in this regard, including the study of Aziz and Toma (2012), Toma et al. (2013), Al-Qaissi )2013), Al Anbagi (2014), Suliaman et al. (2017), Owaid et al. (2018), Al-Khesraji et al. (2019, 2020, 2022, Al Anbagi et al. (2021), Al-Khesraji et al. (2021), and Al Anbagi and Al-Khesraji (2022) reflecting an increase in the macrofungal species recorded with most of the documented species belonging to the phylum The specimens were placed in plastic storage containers and transferred to the laboratory for macroscopic and microscopic examinations. Later, species were identified according to Ghobad-Nejhad and Kotiranta (2008), Sharma et al. (2013), Chinan et al. (2015), Kibby (2016), Sicoli and Mannarino (2017), and Antonín et al. (2021). ...
This study was done in Al-Alam City, Salah Al-Din Province, to determine the diversity of the macrofungi in it. The results of the field study showed two species were recorded in Iraq for the first time, Inocutis tamaricis (Pat) Fiasson & Niemelä, 1984 (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales) and Melanoleuca castaneofusca Contu, 1998 (Basidiomycota, Agaricales). These species were diagnosed based on macroscopic and microscopic, DNA sequence analyses and environmental charactes. The study included the adoption of the ITS gene for molecular diagnosis, the results of which were confirmed for morphological and environmental diagnosis, and the specimens were registered in the NCBI Global GenBank under the international accession numbers OP153814.1 and MZ334407.1 for the species I. tamaricis and M. castaneofusca, respectively.
... Macrofungi diversity in most western Asian regions remains understudied, but in recent years a handful of studies have been published in the region including Iran (Amoopour et al. 2016), Turkey, (Kaya 2009, Acar et al. 2015, Iraqi Kurdistan (Suliaman et al. 2017, Toma et al. 2013, Saudi Arabia, (Abou-Zeid & Altalhi 2006), Jordan, (Al Momany 2018), Egypt (Abdel-Azeem 2010), and Syria (Abdel-Hafez 1983). Many of these studies comment on the paucity of mycological data and need for additional studies. ...
In February, Mycotaxon added a new annotated species distribution list to our 135 previously posted free access fungae. The 23-page "Macrofungi from the Hebron and Jerusalem Hills of Palestine" by Maximus Thaler, Aysha Al-Wahsh, Alea Meuser, Alyssa Rooks, and Mazin Qumsiyeh may be downloaded from our website via http://www.mycotaxon.com/mycobiota/index.html for no charge./
... Cotton blue in lactophenol and 3% KOH were used for microscopy. Identification of the specimens was accomplished according to relevant literatures, keys and monographs (Richardson and Watling, 1997;Keirle et al., 2004;Noordeloos et al., 2005;Kuo, 2004Kuo, , 2006Kuo, , 2007Kuo, , 2008Kuo, , 2010Kuo, , 2011aKuo, -c, 2017Schafer, 2010;Kaur et al., 2014;Adhikari, 2014;Desjardin et al., 2015;O ′ Reilly, 2016;Lee et al.,2017;Melzer, 2017;Suliaman et al., 2017). Identified specimens are kept in the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Tikrit University, Iraq. ...
... (Fig. 4). Suliaman et al. (2017) and here is the first report of the fungus from central Iraq (Tikrit district). V. gloiocephalus was found in Europe and North America (Justo et al., 2011), India (Amandeep et al., 2015), Morocco (Ajana et al., 2017), Greece (Polemis et al., 2012) and in some countries bordering Iraq like Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2008) and Iran (Fadavi et al., 2015). ...
... Spring-Summer. Suliaman et al. (2017) reported this species from Iraqi Kurdistan (Northern Iraq) and the present paper reports this (Kuo, 2011c), Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2008), Poland (Luszczynski, 2007), Serbia (Vukojevic et al., 2016) and Cameron (Kinge et al., 2013). ...
... In the last few years, the progress of recording and describing macrofungi species in Iraq is evident, especially in northern Iraq (Al-Qaissi, 2014;Al-Khesraji, 2016;Suliaman et al., 2017;Al-Khesraji et al., 2018) and in the western Iraq (Muslat and Owaid, 2015). However, many areas of the country with a great biodiversity remain unexplored and their mycota unknown. ...
... Macrofungi are saprotrophic or mutualistic (mycorrhizal symbionts) but few are plant pathogens (Mueller et al., 2007;Devi and Shrivastava, 2016). Beside of this, macrofungi serve as food, medicine and producers of pharmaceutical active compounds (Redhead, 1997;De Silva et al., 2013;Suliaman et al., 2017). ...
... Despite its biogeographic significance, information on macrofungi from thegovernorateis very limited. However, recent surveys on these fungi were reported fromSalahadin governorate (Al-Qaissi, 2014) and other parts of Iraq (Muhsin et al., 2012;Toma et al., 2013;Owaid et al., 2014;Muslat and Owaid, 2015;Al-Khesraji, 2016;Suliaman et al., 2017). This paper reports for the first timeseven Basidiomycota macrofungal species from Salahadin Governorate, four of which new to Iraq. ...
... Season : any season (collected between February -September).T. trogii was described for the first time from Northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan) by Suliaman et al. (2017) and this is the first report from central Iraq (Salahadin governorate).This species was reported from other countries like Turkey (Sesli and Denchev, 2014), Iran (Ershad, 2009), Croatia (Zupanic et al., 2009), Spain (Garcia -Bona, 2017, and Russia (Svetlov and Zmitrovich, 2017). T. trogii is rare in western Europe and is listed in Red Book (Svetlov and Zmitrovich, 2017). ...
A r t i c l e I n f o Between the years 2016-2017, a survey on macrofungi was carried out in Al-Alam and Tikrit provinces from Tikrit district in Salahadin governorate / north central Iraq. It has been found that the two provinces comprise high diversity of macrofungi. In this paper 7 basidiomycetous macrofungal species belonging to 7 genera, 6 families and 3 orders were identified. These species are Coprinellus disseminatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Lichenomphalia umbellifera, Montagnea arenaria, Phellinus pomaceus, Podaxis pistillaris and Trametes trogii. All these fungi are described for the first time from Salahadin Governorate. Out of the seven species, G. lucidum, L. umbellifera, M. arenaria and P. pomaceus are new addition for the macromycota of Iraq. C. disseminatus and L. umbellifera are reported rare in the study area.
Sixteen species of Basidiomycota, which belonging to Sixteen genera were collected and identified from various areas in Erbil city of kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Erbil city center, Barzan, Hanara, Heran, Khalefan, Koysnjaq, Salahaddin (Permum), Mergasur, Shaqlawa and Tawska. The identified genera and species include the followings: Agaricus bitorquis, Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Bovista plumbea, Coprinus micaceus, Hebeloma mesophaeum, lyophyllum decastes, Mycena inclinata, Meruliopsis taxicola, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus arcularius, Russula turci, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, Trametes hirsuta and Vascellum pretense. Seven genera of the mushroom were new record in kurdistan region-Iraq, such as: Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, Bovista plumbea, lyophyllum decastes, Meruliopsis taxicola, Russula turci, Scleroderma verrucosum and Vascellum pretense. The aim of this research is to survey and identify of Basidiomycota, which is wild mushroom that grow in natural form in different season and different area.
