Przeworsk sites in the Carpathian Basin. 1. Arka-Fónyipatak; 2. Beregdaróc-Zsid; 3. Beregsurány-Barátságkert; 4. Garadna-Kastély-zug; 5. Garadna-Kovácstanya; 6. Hernádvécse-Nagy rét; 7. Mezőzombor-Temető; 8. Pócspetri-M3 site 201; 9. Zalkod-Jakabdomb

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... on our present knowledge regarding the extent of the Przeworsk settlement area in the Carpathian Basin ( Fig. 1), a clear boundary was set to it by the Dacian limes towards the southeast as well as the Sarmatian settlement area in the Great Hungarian Plain to the south-southwest ( Gindele 2010, 10, Karte 2;Masek 2012, 254-256). In the territory west of the river Sajó/Slaná the material culture characteristic of the Quads was more dominant (Soós, ...

Context 2

... boundary was set to it by the Dacian limes towards the southeast as well as the Sarmatian settlement area in the Great Hungarian Plain to the south-southwest ( Gindele 2010, 10, Karte 2;Masek 2012, 254-256). In the territory west of the river Sajó/Slaná the material culture characteristic of the Quads was more dominant (Soós, Tankó 2018, 295-296, Fig. 1-2). The find material of the settlements excavated in the vicinity of Miskolc show both Quadi and Przeworsk traits, thus it is possible that there existed a relatively wide transitional zone between these two Germanic cultural groups (Végh 1989;1999). The northeastern limits of the Przeworsk settlement area are The unpublished sites ...

Context 3

... framework of her PhD dissertation (Soós 2015). even more vague. It is disputed if the burial mounds discovered in the territory enclosed by the Carpathian Mountain Range belonged to the Carpathian Barrow culture or only the tradition of building tumuli appeared at certain Przeworsk sites (Kobály 1998, 122-123;Vakulenko 2008, 141-142, 148, 165, Fig. 1; Istvánovits, Kulcsár 2017, 255-256, Fig. ...

Context 4

... buildings excavated at Garadna all belong to the characteristic building types of the Roman Age Barbaricum. The building with a single post in the axis of the shorter sides ( Fig. 2. 1) belongs to the Droberjar A1/Kolník 2/1/Behm-Blancke 2/Leube A type, characteristic of the Late La Tène and the Early Imperial Age in Western Slovakia ( Droberjar 1997, 19;Kolník 1998, 145-146, Abb. 1;Kolník et. al. 2007, 13-19, Obr. 7;Leube 2009, Abb ...

Context 5

... archaeological material reaching almost 13 000 entities mostly included pottery fragments. The majority of the typical hand-formed Przeworsk ware consisted of deep biconical bowls and pots ( Fig. 3: 1, 3-4), beside which a few small bowls and cups, sometimes decorated with incised, grooved or impressed decoration also came to light ( Fig. 3: 2,5). Wheel-thrown ceramics mainly included bowls with semispherical, biconical and articulated body (Fig. 3: 8-9), jugs with narrow neck as well as fewer pots, biconical vessels and cups ( Fig. 3: ...

Context 6

... included bowls with semispherical, biconical and articulated body (Fig. 3: 8-9), jugs with narrow neck as well as fewer pots, biconical vessels and cups ( Fig. 3: 6-7). Although wheel-thrown ware was present in an impressive amount, the majority of the fragments were without decoration. Hand-formed coarse cooking vessels mainly included pots (Fig. 3: 10), but the same material and technique was 54 (2019) used to produce vessels of various functions imitating the forms of fine Przeworsk ware, such as bowls of different sizes, small pots, mugs, cups, lids, miniature vessels and oven pans ( Fig. 3: 11-14). The villagers used large sized granaries with broad, grooved rims to store ...

Context 7

... of the fragments were without decoration. Hand-formed coarse cooking vessels mainly included pots (Fig. 3: 10), but the same material and technique was 54 (2019) used to produce vessels of various functions imitating the forms of fine Przeworsk ware, such as bowls of different sizes, small pots, mugs, cups, lids, miniature vessels and oven pans ( Fig. 3: 11-14). The villagers used large sized granaries with broad, grooved rims to store agricultural products (Fig. 3: ...

Context 8

... the same material and technique was 54 (2019) used to produce vessels of various functions imitating the forms of fine Przeworsk ware, such as bowls of different sizes, small pots, mugs, cups, lids, miniature vessels and oven pans ( Fig. 3: 11-14). The villagers used large sized granaries with broad, grooved rims to store agricultural products (Fig. 3: ...

Context 9

... core of the settlement unit consists of three semi-subterranean buildings with six posts and three more vaguely definable surface buildings with post structure situated some 10-20 metres from each other (Fig. 4: 1). Most part of the domestic waste -similarly to Garadna-Kovács tanya -came to light from small and large-sized pit complexes of irregular shape, unearthed some 40 metres to the north and south from the above-mentioned buildings. Three smaller semisubterranean buildings with one or two posts ( Fig. 4: 2) stood in the southern part of ...

Context 10

... the case of Zemplén-Szélmalomdomb the location of the graves was identical, while at Mala Kopanya the Przeworsk burials were found isolated, on top of the hill next to the fortification ( Hullám 2012, 85;Kotigorosko et al. 2004). and the first decades of the 3 rd century (Hullám 2012, 92) and comply with the group 5 and 6 of the weapon graves by K. Godłowski (Kontny 2008, Fig. 10). The find material of these graves shows close relations to the material culture of the Przeworsk culture occupying the southeastern part of Poland at about the same time (Madyda-Legutko, Rodzińska-Nowak 2012;Madyda-Legutko et al. 2013). ...

Context 11

... first wave of Roman glass items may have reached the area during the Marcomannic Wars, based on some fragments from Beregdaróc-Zsid and a rectangular bottle were found at Hernádvécse-Nagy rét site ( Fig. 6: 1-3) 6 . The second half of the 2 nd century is also terminus post quem for the early mortaria and the time when the use of the grey slip pottery (Pannonische Glanztonwäre-PGW) as well as the red painted yellow ware (Fig. 6: 4-8), both imported from Pannonia, became common (Groh, Sedlmayer 2002, Abb. 136;Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1969, ...

Context 12

... part of the small finds dating to period B2/C1-C1a originate from the Barbaricum. A small sized bronze Kniefibel was found at Garadna-Kovács tanya with narrow, semicircular headplate, upper chord, strongly articulated bow and footknob ( Fig. 6: 11). Considering the analogies, this piece can be dated to the end of the 2 nd century/the turn of the 2 nd /3 rd centuries ( Kovrig 1937, 104. típus, 121, X. t. 104;Mączyńska 2001, 79, Abb 1:1, 3), similarly to the Sarmatian buckle ( Fig. 6: 12) also from Garadna-Kovács tanya (Vaday, Kulcsár 1984, 165. jegyzet, Abb. 1, 13;Dinnyés 1991, ...

Context 13

... tanya with narrow, semicircular headplate, upper chord, strongly articulated bow and footknob ( Fig. 6: 11). Considering the analogies, this piece can be dated to the end of the 2 nd century/the turn of the 2 nd /3 rd centuries ( Kovrig 1937, 104. típus, 121, X. t. 104;Mączyńska 2001, 79, Abb 1:1, 3), similarly to the Sarmatian buckle ( Fig. 6: 12) also from Garadna-Kovács tanya (Vaday, Kulcsár 1984, 165. jegyzet, Abb. 1, 13;Dinnyés 1991, 164-166;Istvánovits, Kulcsár 2002, ...

Context 14

... spear of Kaczanowski Type XIII found at Garadna-Kovács tanya (Fig. 6: 10), is characteristic of period B2/C1-C1 cremation graves in Poland ( Kaczanowski 1995, 22, Tabl. XI, 3-4, Tabl. XX; Kobály 1998, 122, VIII. t. 2-3). Another spear with short rhomboidal head and long shaft (Fig. 6: 15) was common in period B2 in the Przeworsk culture (Kaczanowski 1995, 21, Tabl. XI, 1-2, Tabl. XX; Kontny 2008, Fig. ...

Context 15

... spear of Kaczanowski Type XIII found at Garadna-Kovács tanya (Fig. 6: 10), is characteristic of period B2/C1-C1 cremation graves in Poland ( Kaczanowski 1995, 22, Tabl. XI, 3-4, Tabl. XX; Kobály 1998, 122, VIII. t. 2-3). Another spear with short rhomboidal head and long shaft (Fig. 6: 15) was common in period B2 in the Przeworsk culture (Kaczanowski 1995, 21, Tabl. XI, 1-2, Tabl. XX; Kontny 2008, Fig. ...

Context 16

... tanya (Fig. 6: 10), is characteristic of period B2/C1-C1 cremation graves in Poland ( Kaczanowski 1995, 22, Tabl. XI, 3-4, Tabl. XX; Kobály 1998, 122, VIII. t. 2-3). Another spear with short rhomboidal head and long shaft (Fig. 6: 15) was common in period B2 in the Przeworsk culture (Kaczanowski 1995, 21, Tabl. XI, 1-2, Tabl. XX; Kontny 2008, Fig. ...

Context 17

... Garadna-Kovács tanya, a fragment of a cylindrical beaker made of clear, yellowish green glass (Fig. 6: 13) was found along with another fragment belonging to a green beaker with pear-shaped or convex body (Fig. 6: 14). These Roman import artefacts also suggest a dating to the first half of the 3 rd century ( Barkóczi 1988, 69-70, 77, Form 29, Form 40 Kat. 60, Kat. 82;Dévai 2013, 95-96). Terra sigillata sherds comprise the largest group of ...

Context 18

... Garadna-Kovács tanya, a fragment of a cylindrical beaker made of clear, yellowish green glass (Fig. 6: 13) was found along with another fragment belonging to a green beaker with pear-shaped or convex body (Fig. 6: 14). These Roman import artefacts also suggest a dating to the first half of the 3 rd century ( Barkóczi 1988, 69-70, 77, Form 29, Form 40 Kat. 60, Kat. 82;Dévai 2013, 95-96). Terra sigillata sherds comprise the largest group of Roman import ware at Przeworsk settlements. Apart from a few fragments of Central Gaulish origin found at Arka ( ...

Context 19

... of the brooches known from the settlements, including Garadna-Kovács tanya, Hernádvécse and Beregdaróc, are Almgren group VI. Type 158 ( Fig. 7: 1-3). Brooches of this type became common from period C1a and their use continued up to the end of period C2 (Vakulenko 1998;Cociş 2014, 131). Robert Gindele suggests that in the transylvanian Przeworsk settlement territory they could have still been used in period C3 ( Gindele 2010, 137-139, Abb. 66). Fig. 6, Fig. 17). Specimens found in ...

Context 20

... are Almgren group VI. Type 158 ( Fig. 7: 1-3). Brooches of this type became common from period C1a and their use continued up to the end of period C2 (Vakulenko 1998;Cociş 2014, 131). Robert Gindele suggests that in the transylvanian Przeworsk settlement territory they could have still been used in period C3 ( Gindele 2010, 137-139, Abb. 66). Fig. 6, Fig. 17). Specimens found in the territory of Hungary were most probably buried in the 3 rd century AD. They appear more frequently west of the Tokaj Mountains, fragments of six combs are known from Garadna and one from Mezőzombor ( Fig. 7: ...

Context 21

... (Cociş 2014). In most territories they can be dated to periods C2-C3, that is, the second half of the 3 rd century and the first decades of the 4 th century (Peškař 1972, 118-119, Taf. 34;Godłowski 1992, 42;Varsik 2011, 194-199, Abb. 104). The dating of a Type Almgren VI. 166 iron brooch found at Garadna-Kovács tanya maybe corresponds with this ( Fig. 7: 10). Specimens of the same type but made of bronze, such as a piece found at Bodrogkeresztúr (Fig. 7: 9), were widespread in periods C2-D1. Most pieces can be dated to period C3 ( Peškař 1972, 112-113, Taf. 30;Pieta 1999, 185, Taf. 13, 5; Mączyńska 2001, 81, Abb. 2, Abb. 4). Part of the Przeworsk settlements surely subsisted until the end ...

Context 22

... (Fig. 7: 9), were widespread in periods C2-D1. Most pieces can be dated to period C3 ( Peškař 1972, 112-113, Taf. 30;Pieta 1999, 185, Taf. 13, 5; Mączyńska 2001, 81, Abb. 2, Abb. 4). Part of the Przeworsk settlements surely subsisted until the end of the Roman Age. At the Garadna-Kovács tanya site, a double-sided, composite antler comb ( Fig. 7: 13) was found in a clay pit. This artefact could not have been buried before the last decades of the 4 th century AD (Pintye 2009, 169, 5. kép 3. és 4. Kép; Gindele 2010, 141, Abb. 67;Masek 2016, 106-107 , Fig. 17). The whitish rim fragment of uncoloured conical glass beakers ( Fig. 7:11-12) can also be dated to the middle third of the 4 ...

Context 23

... artefact could not have been buried before the last decades of the 4 th century AD (Pintye 2009, 169, 5. kép 3. és 4. Kép; Gindele 2010, 141, Abb. 67;Masek 2016, 106-107 , Fig. 17). The whitish rim fragment of uncoloured conical glass beakers ( Fig. 7:11-12) can also be dated to the middle third of the 4 th century AD ( Barkóczi 1988, 83;Dévai 2012, 163-164). ...

Context 24

... a wide transitional zone existed between the Quadi and Sarmatian settlement territory in the vicinity of Aquincum ( Kulcsár 1997, 377). There is no trace of contacts with the Sarmatian elite in Przeworsk graves. The lack of Sarmatian artefacts in Przeworsk settlements is even more conspicuous: only single buckle was found at Garadna-Kovács tanya (Fig. 6: 12). Most of the semispherical bowls which appeared in the course of the 3 rd century AD in the pottery material of Przeworsk settlements inhabited for a long time were produced locally 9 . The possibility of Sarmatian import origin may only be mentioned in the case of a few fine, wheel-turned bowls and granaries Garadna-Kovács tanya ( ...

Context 25

... (Fig. 6: 12). Most of the semispherical bowls which appeared in the course of the 3 rd century AD in the pottery material of Przeworsk settlements inhabited for a long time were produced locally 9 . The possibility of Sarmatian import origin may only be mentioned in the case of a few fine, wheel-turned bowls and granaries Garadna-Kovács tanya ( Fig. 9: ...

Context 26

... Beside the preparation, cooking and consumption of food, textile production could have been carried out in the same space. The place of storing and preparation of food was not explicitly different from that of hide processing or other domestic production activities. It was not possible to relate certain activities to certain building structures (Fig. ...

Context 27

... representing a different type came to light. The core of the household extending over 100-120 metres, was probably occupied by a larger aboveground building with post structure and a semi-subterranean building with six posts. Some 40 metres to the north and south of these, groups consisting of a larger and two smaller clay pits filled with Fig. 10. Use of space at the Garadna-Kovácstanya site domestic waste were located. Rectangular fireplaces comprising groups were placed in about the same distance from the core of the household, separately from other features. The household unit was completed by a smaller building with two posts or no post at all and storage pits concentrating ...

Context 28

... well as the buildings with six posts. Domestic waste from these buildings was dumped in the clay pits situated 35-40 metres away from them. Based on their find material, the smaller buildings with two posts served as places for the preparation of food and maybe other economic activity while the pits concentrating around them were used for storage (Fig. 11). Consequently, at Hernádvécse we can count with a differentiated use of space respective of domestic activities. However, similarly to Garadna-Kovács tanya, households were renovated within the same zone, thus their territorial limits did not change with ...