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In this paper, a low-profile, compact size, inexpensive, and easily integrable frequency reconfigurable antenna system is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of an inverted-F shape antenna, capacitors, and switching PIN diodes. The designed antenna element is fabricated on easy available and less expensive FR-4 substrate ( ε r = 4.4, tan δ = 0....
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Citations
... A multiband antenna with the compact size of 50 × 45 × 1.6 mm3 is investigated in [14], and in [15], a printed antenna with the capability of reconfiguring its frequency and pattern is introduced. A compact, inexpensive, low-profile, and simple to integrate frequency reconfigurable antenna system is suggested in [16] and in [17], researchers investigated a compact quad-band frequency reconfigurable antenna. A compact frequency-reconfigurable antenna that employs two PIN diodes to switch across various operating modes is proposed in [18]. ...
... A compact, reconfigurable patch antenna for S-and C-band operation, meeting the increased need for wireless applications in these frequency bands is proposed in [19]. However, these antennas [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] are reconfigurable, but their large size and restricted range of operating bands make them unsuitable for use in modern RF front-ends with limited antenna area. Additionally, a few of these antennas [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] incorporated several bias lines, additional PIN diodes, and lumped components to adjust the operating modes, which added complexity to the antenna design and led to integration and cost challenges. ...
... However, these antennas [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] are reconfigurable, but their large size and restricted range of operating bands make them unsuitable for use in modern RF front-ends with limited antenna area. Additionally, a few of these antennas [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] incorporated several bias lines, additional PIN diodes, and lumped components to adjust the operating modes, which added complexity to the antenna design and led to integration and cost challenges. ...
This research focuses on designing and testing a compact, multiband antenna that can switch between different frequency bands using a PIN diode. The demonstrated antenna is constructed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate and features a ground plane on the rear side. Because of its small dimensions (24 mm x 19 mm × 1.6 mm), it can be effortlessly incorporated into various kinds of RF front-end systems. The antenna presented is capable of achieving hexa/Triple band characteristics through the utilization of a PIN diode positioned between the metal strip and the F shaped monopole. The examined antenna is capable of operating in L and C bands across a range of six different frequencies when the PIN diode is inactive: 2.54 GHz, 2.64 GHz, 3.48 GHz, 4.3 GHz, 5.25 GHz, and 5.68 GHz supporting 5G and IOT services. Conversely, with the PIN diode activated, it functions in C-band across three specific frequencies: 4.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.68 GHz supporting IOT services. The investigated antenna exhibits very small frequency ratios between two consecutive bands of the value of 1.04/1.3/1.23/1.22/1.08, respectively. The investigated design is fabricated and results of the design under investigation were compared, showing a strong correlation between the simulated and measured data.
... A liquid dielectric-controlled polarization reconfigurable antenna for radio frequency identification has been proposed in [21], while stub switching by employing PIN diodes has been recommended for frequency reconfigurability in [22]. In addition, a frequency reconfigurable planar inverted-F antenna for GSM 850/900 and UMTS 2100 was presented in [23]. ...
This paper proposes a novel design for a frequency reconfigurable and bandwidth-enhanced antenna for use in biomedical telemetry applications. Data pertaining to a patient’s body parameters, such as blood pressure, pulse, and temperature, are gathered using sensors and then transmitted to a remote place for monitoring. The proposed antenna is connected to a wearable transmitter, which transfers the body parameter data to a centrally located nearby control unit. The antenna operates in the 5.8 GHz band in single-band mode and in the 4.27 GHz (C band) and 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands in dual-band mode. The use of ethylene-vinyl acetate foam as a substrate makes the structure waterproof and ultraviolet resistant. The basic antenna structure equipped with proximity coupling offers a front-to-back ratio (FBR) of 17.62 dB and a bandwidth of 122 MHz. With an additional upper patch and resonant slots, bandwidth enhancement of 82.85% and 11.57% improvement in the FBR are achieved, respectively. Overall, a maximum FBR of 19.66 dB and gain of 5.0 dBi are attained over the resonant frequency. The specific absorption rate is found to be 0.145 W/kg for 10 gram of tissue.
... But the maximum return loss parameter variation was given in state 1 [8]. A frequency reconfigurable planar antenna with the dimensions of (44x14x3.2) mm 3 was presented in [9]. Two PIN diodes were used in this antenna for reconfiguration. ...
... mm 3 antenna have been developed with two PIN diode switches. Both show a maximum of -12 dB and -15 dB variations in the simulation and measurement result of their S11 parameter [9], [10]. Two optically controlled frequency reconfigurable antennas have been developed with two photoconductive switches and two photodiodes. ...
p class="normal">In this paper, a simulation and measurement return loss parameter results comparison in frequency reconfigurable antenna is proposed. More lowprofile and compact microstrip antennas have been developed in recent years for 5 GHz, 5G, WLAN, Wi-Fi, and ISM band applications. These antenna frequency bands may be single, dual, or multiband. The small microstrip antenna, without connecting any external devices like switches, resonators, and passive elements, does not show any variations in their simulation and measurement results like return loss (S11 parameter), gain, and efficiency. However, in the S11 parameter most frequency reconfigurable antennas show a mismatch between simulation and measurement results. The reason for this mismatch between the simulation and measurement results are given in the paper.</p
... With the advancement of wireless communication technology, microstrip patch antennas have aroused significant interest because of their reduced size, low weight, simplicity of manufacturing, and integration. It also offers an effective strategy to reach multiband performance on a single device, which helps access a variety of wireless services such as WLAN, WiMAX, and others that are generally used in wireless communication systems [1][2][3][4][5]. ...
This study presents a novel design for a dual-band antenna that is compact, efficient, and suitable for both WLAN and WiMAX applications. The antenna features a circular patch with a Hilbert fractal structure and a coplanar waveguide feed line, resulting in a compact size of 24x34x1.6 mm3. By utilizing a Hilbert fractal slot and defected ground structure, the antenna can operate in two frequency bands, 2.39-2.47 GHz and 3-6.32 GHz, providing coverage for the desired WiMAX and WLAN bands. The experimental results demonstrate acceptable gains and high efficiency at the resonant frequencies, along with omnidirectional radiation patterns in the H-plane and bidirectional patterns in the E-plane. Notably, this design offers a nearly 50% reduction in size compared to comparable antennas and higher gain, representing a significant contribution to the field of dual-band antenna design.
... Ancak, bu tür sabit işlevsel özelliklere sahip anten sistemleri, devrenin karmaşıklığını artırabilir ve verimliliği azaltabilir. Ayrıca, birden fazla radyo haberleşmesinin ve anten sistemlerinin tek bir cihaz içinde entegrasyonu, sistemin performansını da düşürebilir [1,2]. ...
Bu çalışmada, WLAN ve WiMAX uygulamaları için elektriksel olarak frekansı ayarlanabilir yeni bir düzlemsel evrilmiş-F anten (DEFA) tasarımı önerilmektedir. 30 × 25 × 10 mm3 boyutlarındaki antenin ana radyatörü simetrik olmayan kıvrımlı şerit elemanlarından oluşmakta ve frekans cevabı bu elemanlar arasında optimum konumda kullanılan bir PIN diyotu aracılığıyla dinamik olarak ayarlanabilmektedir. Sayısal tasarımı Ansoft-HFSS ve CST Microwave Studio benzetim yazılımları aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilen antenin prototip üretimi de gerçeklenerek, diyotun açık/kapalı durumları için geri dönüş kaybı ölçümleri alınmıştır. Önerilen anten diyotun kesim durumunda WiMAX bandında tek bent rezonans gösterirken, iletim durumunda 2.4 ve 5.2 GHz WLAN bantlarında rezonansa gelmektedir. Ayrıca E ve H-düzlemleri için ilgili frekans bantlarında oldukça düzgün ışıma karakteristikleri sergileyen antenin mutlak kazanç değerleri 2-4 dBi arasındadır.
... The polarization reconfigurability [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and frequency reconfigurability [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] was achieved electronically using RF-PIN diodes , varactor diodes, MEMS switches and mechanically by using a meta-surface [15][16], [31] . Very few literatures are available which emphasizes on the working hybrid reconfigurable antennas [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] . ...
... In , [25] an elliptical shaped factral reconfigurable antenna using MEMS was defined . A planar Inverted -F Antenna for frequency reconfigurability presented [26]. ...
In this Article, a unique single probe feed Bunny patch antenna with hybrid frequency and polarisation reconfigurability for S –Band application is presented. A bunny patch antenna is a modified circular patch antenna. The bunny-shaped patch antenna is made by joining the conducting strips to the circular patch at 60 ⁰ . Two conducting strips, two notches on the patch periphery, and two RF-PIN diodes are used to reconfigure three polarisation states in this antenna: left-hand circular polarisation (LHCP), right-hand circular polarisation (RHCP), and linear polarisation (LP) with frequency reconfigurability. The dielectric material FR-4 is used, which has a thickness of 6.4mm and a permittivity of 4.4. This antenna features a 400 MHz, -10dB impedance bandwidth from 2.46–2.86 GHz and a 3.38% axial ratio (AR) bandwidth from 2.54–2.64 GHz. This antenna, when designed optimally, can emit a gain of about 5dBic in its circular polarization states. The proposed bunny patch antenna is fabricated and measured. Results have good agreement in all states of operation. The UMT (Universal MSS Terminal) receiver system can benefit from this antenna.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are becoming highly prominent in the optimization of micro-RF devices, which are very significant in wireless communication applications. In this manuscript, we present the optimization of RF MEMS switches using ANN and the design of an antenna with frequency reconfigurability. A unique procedure is proposed to design reconfigurable antennas with RF MEMS switches using ANN. The novelty of this work lies in the creation of a dedicated dataset for the considered RF MEMS switch with FEM tool simulation and the utilization of cascade feed-forward neural networks for optimization. The design of the dataset and the optimization of RF MEMS switches in different aspects using ANN are the key contributions of this work. Comprehensive analysis was performed using a neural network with the designed dataset. Cascade feed-forward neural networks are highly efficient when compared with other neural networks. The weights and biases of the network were selected using the Xavier approach. The cascade feed-forward neural network is optimized using the LM training algorithm. The optimized cascade feed-forward neural network is further used to predict the optimized RF MEMS switch dimensions for the desired application. The network produces an accuracy of 94.9%. An RF MEMS switch was designed from the dimensions predicted by the cascade feed-forward neural network. The designed switch offers – 55 dB Isolation and – 0.2 dB Insertion. Eventually, an antenna was designed by incorporating identical switches which offer frequency reconfigurability.
A frequency and beam reconfigurable antenna based on encoded reflectors for Wi-Fi and IoT applications is proposed in this paper. By modifying the traditional Alford antenna, extending the transmission line, adding radiation arms, and loading PIN diodes, the frequency reconfigurable function can be realized. Then, the three-layer reflectors are loaded around the antenna. The pattern reconfigurable function of the antenna can be achieved by encoding the operating states of the PIN diodes on the reflectors. The antenna is fed from the bottom via a coaxial transmission line, and the dimension of the antenna is 0.99λ0 × 0.99λ0. The simulated and measured results show that the working frequencies of the antenna can be switched between 1.65, 2, and 2.4 GHz with bandwidths of 2.4%, 4.4%, and 1.2%, gains of 3, 4.5, and 2 dBi, and efficiencies of 48.8%, 75.0%, and 49.6% in directional mode, respectively. The antenna works in omnidirectional radiation mode with a scanning accuracy of 10°, bandwidths of 6.6%, 4.9%, and 0.8%, gains of 0.3, 0.52, and −2.8 dBi, and efficiencies of 73.1%, 74.1%, and 51.9% at 1.65, 2, and 2.4 GHz, respectively, when the PIN diodes are tuned in off states. The antenna proposed in this paper offers several advantages, including a wider frequency band, a broader angular range, and higher precision compared to other frequency and pattern reconfigurable antennas. The antenna can be utilized for Wi-Fi and IoT communication, thereby reducing the number of antennas, enhancing communication quality and accuracy, and improving device integration.
Communication through the wireless medium has a greater demand nowadays and it increases day by day due to the rapid increment of mobile users. Constantly, the antennas play a major role in the expanding wireless communication systems. Also, the demand increases for the smaller minimum-cost antenna for both industrial and domestic applications. The Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) designs support these requirements. This paper explains the study of the design of various band IFA forms for different applications like Bluetooth, WLAN, Wi-Fi and Zigbee. The design parameters and performance of different forms of IFAs are discussed and categorized in this paper. This review paper ultimately aims to highlight the Performance of IFA designs taken for analysis through gain comparison and return loss comparison for a fixed range of frequency.
