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Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates by geographical area. From “Global Cancer Statistics, 2012,” by L. A. Torre, F. Bray, R. Siegel, J. Ferlay, J. Lortet-Tievlent, and A. J. Jemal, 2015, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 65, p. 87. Copyright 2015 by the American Cancer Society. Reprinted with permission.
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Although research has reported that prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality rates are among the highest for African Americans, the data is inconclusive regarding PCa rates in native African men, Black men residing in other countries, and men in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Data reveals that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and disea...
Citations
... Here, we talk about the challenge of the prostate cancer epidemic. Fortunately, due to the progress in diagnostics based on the widespread determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, the increase in mortality due to this cancer was stopped in the 1990s [6,7]. The growing awareness of patients and their families, and currently, the reimbursement of the PSA test by the Polish National Health Fund, is also important. ...
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in 112 countries, accounting for 1 in 14 diagnosed cancer cases worldwide. For this reason, the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer changed significantly, becoming a multidisciplinary process. Since 2015 in Poland, measures have been taken to accelerate the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, including shortening patients’ diagnosis and treatment waiting times. Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to characterize the current clinical pathway of patients with prostate cancer and to establish standard times for various steps of treatment, as well as to develop a visualization of the steps involved in diagnosis and treatment. Methods: The research covers 2018 to 2022 in a large oncological hospital in Poland (EU area). The source data, in the form of 10 fully anonymized CSV files generated from the hospital’s medical statistics, have been converted to the target data model. Results: The time limits for diagnosing and commencing the treatment of patients with diagnosed prostate cancer specified by legal regulations and by guidelines of scientific associations are not met in 42% of cases. The greatest delays concern the initiation of the steps of treatment (53%) and comprehensive diagnostics (37%). The diagnostic pathways should be modified to facilitate early and rapid detection of prostate cancer and to allow further therapy within the time limit strictly defined by regulations and guidelines of scientific associations.
... В структуре заболеваемости злокачественными новообразованиями у мужчин РПЖ занимает второе место (14,5%) после рака легкого и бронхов (17,4%). При этом РПЖ является второй по частоте причиной смерти, опять же, после рака легкого и бронхов [3,4]. Рак простаты является возраст-ассоциированным заболеванием, что особо актуальным ввиду старения населения Российской Федерации (РФ) [5]. ...
Objective : To compare cost-effectiveness of rehabilitation models for patients with urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy.
Materials and methods : We evaluated direct costs of rehabilitation as part of the existing approach in patients with urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy in the Yaroslavl Region and developed a rehabilitation strategy (artificial urethral sphincter placement). We conducted a comparative analysis of the direct costs of the strategies.
Results : The use of absorbent products for rehabilitation of patients with urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy requires an average of 293300 (US 4420) and results in a 65% increase in costs in the first year. However, in the second year of the rehabilitation program, artificial urinary sphincter placement has an obvious economic advantage, and within 10 years rehabilitation of a working-age patient using this strategy can save 2400000 (US $22244) (inflation expectations were not accounted for).
Conclusions : The implementation of the rehabilitation program involving artificial urinary sphincter placement for patients with urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy has significant social and economic impacts.
... Temporal trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality varied significantly internationally during the past years, and they seem tightly correlated to the adoption of PSA testing for early detection of the disease especially in Western countries. [10] Although the reasons are not clear, it may reflect both early detection and improved treatment [11,12,13]. In recent years, the development of novel genetic technologies allowed for the first time a comprehensive analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes in human prostate cancer. ...
Our target point within this following steps, is prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is classified structurally, by its Gleason Score. Phosphatases are implicated in different cell alterations, including proliferation, differentiation and carcinogenesis. In specific life circumstances, proteins are regulators with implications in intracellular signaling pathways. Alterations in phosphatases functionality represent a key point in malignancy development. Researchers try to investigate and to conclude on prostate cancer using also genomic analyses, clinically useful biomarkers and imagistic methods. So finally after following description steps, purposed aim is to conclude on prostate cancer and different key points abordation.
... Among the most commonly diagnosed cancers are those of the colon, lung, breast, and prostate, while liver, stomach, and lung cancers rank among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality [2]. Prostate cancer ranks as the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men globally [3,4]. In 2020, approximately 1414,000 new cases were recorded, leading to 375,304 deaths attributed to the disease. ...
Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading malignancy among men worldwide, characterized by the un-controlled proliferation of malignant prostate cells. Despite advancements in surgical and radiation therapies, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the primary treatment for advanced PCa. However, treatment resistance often leads to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which poses significant therapeutic chal-lenges. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been explored as a potential adjunct therapy for PCa due to its multi-targeted approach, enhancing immune response and mitigating drug resistance. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of PCa progression and the therapeutic potential of TCM formulations in PCa management.
Methodology: A thorough literature search was performed across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles published between 2000 and 2024 were screened based on relevant keywords such as Traditional Chinese Medicine," "formulations," "Extracts", "bioactive compounds," "prostate cancer," "molecular mechanisms," and "metastasis." From an initial collection of 220 articles, 164 were deemed relevant for inclusion. Chemical structures and mechanistic pathways were illustrated using ChemDraw software, adhering to established guidelines and utilizing structural data from the PubChem database.
Results: PCa progression is primarily driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling, with aberrations in oncogenic pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR contributing to tumor proliferation. TCM-derived compounds demonstrated significant anti-PCa activity by inducing apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, TCM formu-lations exhibited the potential to suppress PCa progression and overcome drug resistance in CRPC models. Clinical studies indicated improved survival outcomes and reduced adverse effects when TCM was combined with standard therapies.
Discussion: The findings suggest that TCM offers a promising complementary approach to PCa management by targeting multiple oncogenic pathways and reducing treatment-related side effects. However, further clinical trials are necessary to validate these therapeutic effects and establish standardized formulations for integration into modern oncology. Future research should focus on the molecular interactions of TCM with conventional therapies to optimize patient outcomes in PCa treatment.
... Nevertheless, alterations in the standardized uptake value of lesions due to therapy may not be sufficient to determine the overall response. Accurate evaluation of the total amount of tumor present is necessary, particularly when assessing the effectiveness of treatment [5,6]. ...
Background: Prostate cancer, the 2nd most frequent cancer-related death among males in the United States, is primarily found in the male reproductive organ. Aim: To evaluate the role of PSMA PET/CT-derived volumetric quantitative parameters in prostate cancer patient follow-up, assessing their precision and correlation with PSA levels. Patients and methods: This prospective investigation involved 98 cases with pathologically proven well-differentiated prostate cancer. The study would be conducted in the Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Oncology department from October 2021 to October 2023. Results: According to TL-PSMA versus SUV max, 27 versus 12 patients were classified as progressive primary neoplasm (p<0.001), 32 versus 19 patients were classified as progressive nodal deposits (p<0.001), 20 versus 22 patients were classified as progressive osseous deposits (p = 0.019), and 6 versus 2 patients were classified as progressive extra-osseous deposits (p = 1). There was statistically insignificant variance among SUV max response and TL-PSMA response in detecting the non-progressed patients with prostate neoplasm (P value 0.415), including sensitivity and specificity of 71% and 72% versus 91% and 84%, respectively. There was statistically insignificant variance among SUV max response and TL-PSMA response in detecting the non-progressed patients with pelvic lymph nodal deposits, osseous deposits, and extra-osseous deposits (P value 0.119, 0.311, 0.620), respectively. Conclusion: Prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography is a rapidly growing imaging method for prostate cancer, with potential in various clinical situations, but requires indications and interpretation criteria.
... The low incidence rate of prostate cancer in Asia does not accurately reflect the true prevalence of the disease, partly due to a lack of systematic PSA screening [26,27]. While incidence ( Figure 1) and mortality rates ( Figure 2) have been trending upward in recent years in countries such as Japan, Singapore, and China, PSA testing was rarely used in these regions before 2009 [19,28]. Increased adoption of PSA testing since then has corresponded with rising prostate cancer incidence in countries including Japan and Taiwan [29]. ...
... Financial constraints have historically been a significant factor in most Asian countries [1]. Many developing nations in Asia lack comprehensive healthcare insurance and well-equipped medical facilities to provide all stages of the patient journey after prostate cancer diagnosis [28,29]. Table 1. ...
... In Western countries, diets are often rich in animal products and processed foods, while Eastern diets typically have fewer calories and include higher levels of essential nutrients [1,45]. Factors such as diets high in saturated fats and dairy products, low vegetable intake, excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption, and environmental forces also contribute to prostate cancer risk [28]. Generally, East and Southeast Asians consume more vegetables, less animal protein, and fewer high-fat foods than Western populations [1]. ...
Asia comprises 60% of the global male population, yet Asian men’s health issues, such as prostate cancer, remain sparse in the literature. Clinical researchers have often overlooked prostate cancer in Asian men, as available statistics suggest that Asian men are less likely to develop prostate cancer compared to Caucasian, Black, and Hispanic males. However, cultural investigations have indicated these figures may be influenced by factors such as cultural taboos, superstition and misconception, limited access to diagnostic tools and healthcare facilities, and epidemiological factors in terms of lifestyle, environmental exposure, and genetics. In particular, the lack of diagnostic resources, coupled with cultural stigmas surrounding cancers affecting the genitalia in Asian societies, may contribute to significant underreporting. Rapid aging population growth in East Asia and the continuing shift in Asiatic lifestyles towards Westernization will likely contribute to a continued rise in prostate cancer incidence among Asian men in the coming years. A comprehensive review of novel and commercially available prostate cancer detection tests demonstrates that accurate, less-invasive tools could relieve many of the pressures surrounding Asian men and their prostate health.
... 3 The ancestry-related MAF in dbVar were based on gnomAD 32 or TOPMed 42 SV study. The details of all dbVar studies (dbVar study name and ID) and reported allele frequencies were shown in Supplementary Data 1. 4 Presenting at low-frequency rather than rare variants within the ancestrally-defined patient cohort. ...
... 3 Variant allele frequency (Supplementary Table 8). 4 Loss of heterozygosity status was inferred from TITAN. 5 The details of the second somatic hit locations were shown in Supplementary Table 9. Table 6). ...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is highly heritable, with men of African ancestry at greatest risk and associated lethality. Lack of representation in genomic data means germline testing guidelines exclude for Africans. Established that structural variations (SVs) are major contributors to human disease and prostate tumourigenesis, their role is under-appreciated in familial and therapeutic testing. Utilising clinico-methodologically matched deep-sequenced whole-genome data for 113 African versus 57 European PCa patients, we interrogate 42,966 high-quality germline SVs using a best-fit pathogenicity prediction workflow. We identify 15 potentially pathogenic SVs representing 12.4% African and 7.0% European patients, of which 72% and 86% met germline testing standard-of-care recommendations, respectively. Notable African-specific loss-of-function gene candidates include DNA damage repair MLH1 and BARD1 and tumour suppressors FOXP1, WASF1 and RB1. Representing only a fraction of the vast African diaspora, this study raises considerations with respect to the contribution of kilo-to-mega-base rare variants to PCa pathogenicity and African-associated disparity.
... Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for~15% of diagnosed cancers among men [1,2]. Although the number of PCa-related deaths has decreased over the last decade [3,4], the incidence of this disease is increasing continuously worldwide [5,6]. ...
Prostate cancer (PCa) accounts for roughly 15% of diagnosed cancers among men, with disease incidence increasing worldwide. Age, family history and ethnicity, diet, physical activity, and chemoprevention all play a role in reducing PCa risk. The prostate is an exocrine gland that is characterized by its multi-functionality, being involved in reproductive aspects such as male ejaculation and orgasmic ecstasy, as well as playing key roles in the regulation of local and systemic concentrations of 5α-dihydrotestosterone. The increase in androgen receptors at the ventral prostate is the first elevated response induced by copulation. The regulation of prostate growth and function is mediated by an androgen-dependent mechanism. Binding 5-DHT to androgen receptors (AR) results in the formation of a 5α-DHT:AR complex. The interaction of the 5α-DHT:AR complex with the specific DNA enhancer element of androgen-regulated genes leads to the regulation of androgen-specific target genes to maintain prostate homeostasis. Consequently, ejaculation may play a significant role in the reduction of PCa risk. Thus, frequent ejaculation in the absence of risky sexual behavior is a possible approach for the prevention of PCa. In this review, we provide an insight into possible mechanisms regulating the impact of frequent ejaculation on reducing PCa risk.
... It usually occurs in more developed countries. [1] It has a wide range of hazards, and its prevalence covers 60% of countries in the world. [2] According to GLOBOCAN2020 data, prostate cancer accounts for 7.3% of newly diagnosed cancer cases, and 3.8% of patients who died from cancer were due to prostate cancer. ...
Prostate cancer is epithelial malignant prostate hyperplasia caused by a tumor. We found prostate cancer GSE141551 and GSE200879 profiles from gene expression omnibus database, followed by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, protein–protein interaction analysis, gene function enrichment analysis, and comparative toxicology database analysis. Finally, the gene expression heat map was drawn, and miRNA information regulating core DEGs was retrieved. A total of 1151 DEGs were found, most of them focusing on systematic development, cell development, cell differentiation, regulation of multicellular biological processes, anatomical morphogenesis, MAPK signaling pathway, proteoglycans in cancer, fluid shear stress, and atherosclerosis. The core genes (MYL9, TAGLN, SMTN, CNN1, MYH11, MYLK, MYOCD, ACTC1, LMOD1, and TPM2) obtained in end are all lowly expressed in prostate cancer samples and are associated with hypertension, tumor metastasis, prostate tumors, and tumor aggressiveness. LMOD1 and SMTN are lowly expressed in prostate cancer and may be used as markers in prostate cancer nursing.
... PCa can be both localized and progressed, depending on the severity. PCa can spread through the lymphatic system and infiltrate the bones (Taitt 2018;Rawla 2019;Barani et al. 2020). PCa appears to be caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetics, environmental pollutants, chemical dangers, and radiations, but the specific mechanism remains unknown. ...
Background
In the realm of cancer treatment, sono–X-ray–photodynamic therapy (SXPDT) has garnered significant interest as a novel therapeutic approach. The essential part of SXPDT is the sensitizer, which under X-ray photon and ultrasound sono-irradiation may transform sono and photo-energy into cytotoxic molecules. Photon absorption, targeting, penetration, and oxygen dependence remain challenges in sono–X-ray–photosensitizer (SXPs) design. Rapid advancements in material science have prompted the creation of several SXPs that create cytotoxic species with great selectivity, safety, and noninvasiveness for the treatment of tumors. The current study aims to provide an advanced method of activated cancer treatment by using electroporation to assist the delivery of Roussin salts porphyrin-based conjugated carbon nanoparticles (EP@RRBP-CNP) for the sono–X-ray–photodynamic prostate cancer (PCa) in vivo and in vitro treatment.
Materials and methods
Human PCa cells (DU-145) were used in the in vitro study, and the in vivo application groups of the study protocol were Swiss albino mice treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) / testosterone only; they were not given any treatment to induce PCa. The study treatment protocol started only after PCa induction, and involved daily administration of EP@RRBP-CNP as SXPDT sensitizer whether or not to be exposed to photo–(X-ray) or sono–(US) or a combination of them for 3 min for a period of 2 weeks.
Results
Indicated that CNP is a useful RRBP delivery mechanism that targets PCa cells directly. Furthermore, EP@RRBP-CNP is a promising SXPS that, when used in conjunction with SXPDT, can be very effective in in vitro treating PCa-DU-145 (in a dose-dependent manner cell viability declined, an increase in the cells population during the G0/G1-phase indicates that the cell cycle was arrested, and an increase in cell population in the Pre-G, autophagic cell death, as well as necrosis and early and late apoptosis, indicate that cell death was induced) and MNU/testosterone-PCa-induced mice in vivo (induced antiproliferative genes, p53, Bax, TNFalpha, caspase 3,9, repressed antiangiogenic and antiapoptotic genes, VEGF and Bcl2, respectively), successfully slowing the growth of tumors and even killing cancer cells, as well as lowering oxidative stress (MDA), improving the functions of the kidneys (urea, creatinine), liver (ALT, AST), and antioxidants (GPx, GPx, GST, CAT, GSH, TAC). SXPDT, the X-ray photo- or sono-chemical RRBP activation mechanism, and the antioxidant capacity of non-activated RRBP can all be linked to this process.
Conclusion
On the bases of the findings, EP@RRBP-CNP shows a great promise as a novel, efficient selective delivery system for localized SXPDT-activated prostate cancer treatment.
