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A frequency reconfigurable 4-port integrated ultra-wideband and narrowband
antenna structure for cognitive radio application is reported in this article. The
proposed structure comprises four distinct antennas integrated on FR-4 sub-
strate of dimensions 42 42 1.6 mm. The first antenna, named as ANT-1, is
a CPW fed UWB antenna exhibiting 10 dB im...
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Citations
... The basic idea of reconfigurable antennas revolves around the ability to modify the current distribution within the radiator through the use of electrical switches. This can be accomplished with components such as PIN diodes [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], varactor diodes [20,21], FET switches, MEMS switches [22], and other similar devices, allowing for flexible and dynamic adaptation to varying communication requirements. ...
... The existing literature showcases a variety of MIMO designs, with many utilizing connected grounds [21,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], while a significant number of studies worked on unconnected grounds [20,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Notably, reference [42] exclusively supports the concept of connected grounds. ...
This manuscript explores the development of a quad-port Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna featuring reconfigurable grounds tailored for 5G NR n77/n79 and X-band applications, utilizing PIN diodes. The research begins with the evolution of a single unit Ultra Wideband antenna, which is subsequently expanded to a reconfigurable grounds 2 × 2 MIMO antenna controlled by a single PIN diode. Further to a reconfigurable grounds 4 × 4 MIMO antenna managed by four PIN diodes. This work is innovative in its approach, as it examines and designs MIMO antennas that can switch between unconnected and connected ground states through reconfiguration techniques. This MIMO antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate, with dimensions of 0.597λ0 × 0.448λ0 × 0.0171λ0 mm³, where λ0 is determined based on the lowest resonating frequency. It operates across a frequency range of 3.2–12 GHz with connected grounds. In the majority of the band the designs show mutual coupling ≤ − 15 dB. The performance is assessed at every stage and graphs are compared for both unconnected and connected grounds. The inferences are included on all the metrics like gain, isolation, efficiency, radiation patterns, S-parameters, Mean Effective Gain, Channel Capacity Loss, Diversity Gain, Envelope Correlation Coefficient, and Total Active Reflection Coefficient. The stub introduced to connect the grounds itself act as an efficient decoupling network. The printed MIMO performance results are matches with simulated results. This work has 5G wireless applications including RF energy harvesting and cognitive radio.
... It can mitigate the problem of interference, limitation on maximum power level, and so on, because this antenna system senses the unused spectrum and communicate on the channel without having any limitation of power level. Till now, literature [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] presented several studies on the multiport integrated cognitive radio antenna systems operating in the UWB spectrum (3.1-10.6 GHz). ...
This paper presents a five‐element antennas system formed by integrating one sensing and four reconfigurable communicating antennas on a single substrate for cognitive radio applications in the 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands. The five antennas are termed as A‐1, A‐2, A‐3, A‐4, and A‐5, where A‐1 is designed to sense in the 2.4 (2.4–2.484 GHz) and 5 GHz (5.15–5.875) bands. Antenna A‐2, exhibiting two‐element MIMO configuration with A‐3, is designed to communicate in the 5 GHz band, whereas Antenna A‐4, also exhibiting two‐element MIMO configuration with A‐5, operates in the 2.4 GHz band. Each communicating antenna is incorporated with a varactor diode to accomplish continuous frequency tuning operations. Simulated maximum peak gains of A‐1, A‐2, and A‐4 are 7.07, 2.65, and 2.15 dBi, respectively. A good mutual coupling, of less than −15 dB, is noted between the sensing and communicating antennas. MIMO diversity parameters are found to be ECC ≤ 0.01, TARC ≤ −10 dB, DG ≤ 10 dB, and CCL ≤ 0.4. Overall dimensions of the proposed structure are 80 mm × 100 mm × 1.2 mm. The antenna lumped element circuit models developed in ADS software also present good matching with EM simulation. A prototype of the proposed antenna system is fabricated to validate the simulation results. Because the proposed antenna can sense the WLAN bands using the dual‐band antenna (A‐1) and can be able to communicate at the identified spectrum holes using the reconfigurable NB antennas (A‐2 to A‐5), this antenna system is an appropriate module for the cognitive radio applications in WLAN bands.
... It will be enhanced by reduction of mutual coupling among the radiating elements of MIMO. To achieve this different techniques were introduced like Neutralization Line (NL) techniques [2] achieved less gain and isolation, Decoupling Network (DN) techniques [3][4][5][6], metamaterial (MTM) concepts [7][8][9] split ring resonator (SRR) methods [10], DGS methods [11,12], slots insertion [13][14][15], parasitic elements like stubs [16][17][18][19][20], reconfigurable techniques [21,22], element to element separation without DN [23][24][25], Reconfigurable Grounds [26], and etc. ...
The research article outlines the evolution of a quad-element Luna-shaped UWB MIMO with enhanced isolation and gain using novel decoupling networks. The described MIMO module is tailored on a FR4 substrate of area 45 × 45 mm² (0.378 λ0 × 0.378 λ0), where λ0 is estimated at 2.52 GHz, and 7 mm (0.0588 λ0) element to element separation between the radiators. It has 4 Luna-shaped radiators. The results achieved are S11 ≤ − 10 dB over the band 2.52–11.10 GHz, S21 ≤ − 20.75 dB, and S31 ≤ − 20.10 dB. The peak gain is 6.6 dBi, maximum efficiency is 98%, ECC ≤ 0.15, TARC ≤ − 10 dB, DG ≤ 10, MEG ratio ≈ 1, and CCL < 0.3 bps/Hz. This MIMO module is simulated by ANSYS HFSS and also measured results are presented.
... Upadhyay et al. [7] proposed for another reconfigurable antenna having the application of an intelligence transport system using PIN diodes. A co-planar waveguide hexagon antenna is presented in [8] for cognitive radio communication using PIN diode offering frequency hopping from 3.75 to 12.67 GHz. Another UWB adjustable antenna is reported by Abdulhameed et al. [9], consisting of two PIN diodes obtaining four different modes of frequencies. ...
This research article represents the design of a simple, smaller, and novel frequency reconfigurable patch antenna for 5G communication using PIN diodes. This antenna operates in both mid-5G and high-5G bands. The antenna is intended to operate in eight distinct modes with three PIN diodes in 5G wireless communication covering 27.46–50 GHz of high-5G band (range n257/n258/n260/n261/n262) and frequencies of the 3–6 GHz of mid-5G band (range n77/n78/n79/n46). The antenna has an overall size of 20 mm × 25 mm × 1.6 mm and is placed upon a low-cost FR4 substrate. A higher radiation efficiency from 75% to 98% is achieved in all the different modes. The resonant frequencies are around 3.46, 4.43, 5.83, 31.8, 35.5, and 46 GHz in different modes of operation. Different switching statuses have been carried out in this research work and their performances have also been illustrated in the form of surface current distribution in different resonant frequencies. The simulated and measured results are compared to highlight its proposed design operation.
Nowadays, RF energy harvesting systems are good alternative for energizing low-power electronic devices. This chapter proposes such system consisting of RF to DC signal converter with a dual-band impedance matching network (DBIMN) and diamond slotted MIMO antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna captures unused ambient RF energy in GSM1800, Wi-Fi, ISM, sub-6 GHz, and X-bands. It shows S11 ≤ −10 dB from 1.38GHz to 12.88GHz, S21 ≤ −22.23 dB, and S31 ≤ −17.41 dB. The peak gain is 7.3dBi. The DBIMN is achieved by lumped parameter-based LC matching network. The proposed rectifier design is optimized for different power levels using harmonic balance to operate in sub-6 GHz 5G NR n3/n78 bands. The voltage doubler rectifies the captured RF energy using a pair of Schottky diodes SMS-7630 with capacitor and DC pass filter for harmonic rejections. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are 72.8% and 62% at 5 dBm and 56.2% and 44.1% at −5 dBm for 5 kΩ load. The RF to DC converter has output voltage from 0.9 to 3 V.
This paper aims to propose a 4‐port integrated antenna system that is capable of exhibiting ultra wideband (UWB) and narrowband (NB) characteristics using excitation switching reconfiguration. In line with the requirements of the Cognitive Radio (CR), the UWB functionality makes the antenna capable of spectrum sensing and the NB feasibility allows the antenna to communicate with the spectrum. The proposed antenna is having a compact dimension of 40 mm × 35 mm × 1.6 mm and is printed on FR4 substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4. The antenna performance is analyzed as 3 scenarios. In all three, the antenna is found to cover the entire UWB spectrum approved by the federal communications commission (FCC), from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. In addition to the UWB characteristics, each scenario provides at least one NB characteristic. In Scenario 1, the NB antenna 1 provides coverage from 6.87 to 8.67 GHz whereas, in Scenario 2, the NB antenna 2 provides dual‐band coverage from 2.99 to 4.27 GHz and 8.47 to 11.40 GHz. In Scenario 3, the NB antenna 3 operates in a single band from 4.09 to 7.09 GHz. Isolation between the antennas is found to be less than −15.9 dB in all the Scenarios. The lumped equivalent models of NB antennas are simulated and optimized in Applied Wave Research (AWR) software to match the antenna S‐parameters at their resonance frequencies. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The comparative analysis of the antenna with the previous works in the same area is also included in this paper.
