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Bituminous hot mix is one of the most widely used and costly flexible pavement layer. It involves a huge outlay of investment. Precise engineering and usage of proper materials can make it more cost efficient, durable, convenient for users and most importantly ecofriendly. To reduce the cost of construction engineers all over the globe are investig...
Citations
... interstitial spaces between the coarse and fine aggregate particles, thereby enhancing the overall density and mechanical strength of the asphalt mixture [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
This study investigated the efficacy of utilizing waste Brick Powder (BP) as a partial or complete replacement for the filler in Hot Asphalt Mixes (HAM). BP was used to substitute Portland Cement (PC) in varying proportions: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The mixes were evaluated based on Marshall properties, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR). The findings revealed increased Marshall stability, stiffness, and ITS in the mixes containing BP. The flow decreased for HAM containing BP, particularly for those with a complete replacement of cement having utilized BP as the filler, indicating an improved ability of the HAM to withstand loads. The tests conducted at 25, 40, and 60 °C showed that the ITS increased steadily with an increased BP proportion, which is beneficial for rutting resistance, as high service temperatures influence rutting, and high ITS corresponds to a longer rutting life of the asphalt mix. The effect of improving the tensile strength at 60 °C was higher than at 25 °C and 40 °C. Additionally, the BP mixes demonstrated greater resilience to moisture effects compared to the reference mix. The use of BP as an alternative filler for PC did not significantly impact the volumetric properties of the HAM. It was determined that BP could be successfully added to the HAM at a 100% replacement rate as a filler, with an ideal asphalt content of 5.6%. The results suggest that the processing and management of waste bricks can be a sustainable development strategy.
... Conventional and non-conventional filler materials play an important role in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture production, including crushed stone dust (CSD), cement, marble, volcanic cinder, and limestone, which pass through a 0,075 mm sieve. These materials, particularly HMA, are increasingly accepted as filler materials when building roads [2][3][4]. Previous studies [5][6][7] have confirmed that the applicability of these materials is mainly based on their availability and particle size distribution. Fine materials can act as fillers or extenders in asphalt-cement binders. ...
The performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) typically hinges on the quality of the ingredients utilized in blending the asphalt concrete. In this study the Superpave mix design method is used to investigate the performance of HMA with recycled brick powder (RBP) added as a filler. A non-probability sampling technique was used to gather samples. The engineering characteristics of materials used in HMA components, such as bitumen (80/100 penetration grade), aggregates, RBP, and crushed stone dust (CSD), were verified against standard specifications. The impact of RBP as a filler substance on the Marshall properties, stripping tests, moisture susceptibility, and permanent deformation in asphalt mixtures were assessed. Chemical analysis of the RBP indicated that silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, and iron oxide collectively constituted 62,68; 14,74 and 9,16 %, respectively, of its composition satisfying the minimum requirements for natural pozzolan materials. The RBP specific gravity and plastic index, were 2,66 and non-plastic, respectively. HMA specimens were prepared with conventional filler CSD in three proportions (4, 5, and 6 %) and eight bitumen contents from (3,0-6,5 %) with 5,0 % of CSD selected as the control mix. The CSD filler in proportions of 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 % was combined with RBP in proportions of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 %, respectively, to replace the 5 % CSD control mix. The optimum bitumen content was maintained at 5,45 %. The replacement rates of 3 % RBP + 2 % CSD meet ERA standard specifications for Marshall properties, offering a cost-effective solution with low permanent deformation (2,88 mm) and high tensile strength ratio (94,39 %). Incorporating RBP in HMA aligns with the criteria suggested in the Superpave aggregate gradation for up to 3 % RBP + 2 % CSD replacement of conventional filler in HMA production.
... The flow value of the optimal binary modified mix, or BM3, which is 3.35 mm, and BM6, which is 3.7 mm, is likewise within the limit that has been given. Mixes containing more than 10% plastics as a replacement exhibit significantly higher flow values than average (Harun-Or-Rashid & Islam, 2020;Korayem et al., 2018). The Marshall Flow studies of various percentages of fiber and bitumen content are shown in Fig. 20. ...
The yearly production of plastic garbage is rising in the current environment as a result of the fast population rise. Recycling and reusing plastic trash is essential for sustainable development. The need of the hour is to utilize waste polythene for various supporting reasons since it is not biodegradable. These materials are made of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Due to the enhanced performance and elimination of the environmental issue, adding plastic waste to flexible pavement has emerged as a desirable choice. A composite material known as bituminous concrete (BC) is often utilized in construction projects such as road paving, airport terminals, and stopover areas. It includes mineral aggregate and black top or bitumen, which are combined, laid down in layers, and then compacted. The bituminous mixture in this research article was combined with plastic to use a chemical stabilizer. The ideal bitumen content is replaced by 0, 15%, 27%, and 36% plastic, as well as the bitumen's weight, stability, and Marshall value to create hypothermal. A linear scale is used to compare the flow rates to the bituminous mixture. The characterization of plastics contains bituminous materials are done by the SEM–EDX, XRD, FTIR and BET analysis. There have been several studies on the addition of trash to bituminous mixes, but this one is focused on the use of plastic waste as a modification in a bitumen binder for flexible pavement. According to research, bituminous mixes containing up to 4 percent plastic waste are excellent for sustainable development.
... So, the roads can handle lots of cars and last longer. The test results showed that adding plastic waste and filler material to bituminous mixes makes them more stable (Rashid et al. 2020, Islam et al.2021. This shows that the aggregates have good resistances to properties such as weight, crushing, impact, and water absorption. ...
The environment is a fragile ecosystem, continuously affected by human activities, and one of the biggest challenges that the environment is facing today is single-use plastic waste. It endangers both human and animals' health. Most of the plastic wastes are typically made from polyethylene (PE), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) materials, which are commonly found in household and commercial waste as water bottles, cold drink bottles, biscuit covers, plastic cups and foam etc. In this research, three primary categories of plastic waste are primarily employed, namely PET (used in water bottles and food packaging), PE (commonly found in plastic bags and trash bags), and PS (widespread use in foam cups and plates). The study focuses on the reuse of this plastic waste as a modifier in asphalt mix design. The coating over the aggregate was done using shredded plastics by heating at 110-180°C temperature. After curing, the PCA was utilized to prepare Marshall hot asphalt mix and investigate the properties such as Marshall stability, flow value, air void, and void filled with bitumen (VFB). Marshall mix design properties due use of PCA also show a phenomenal improvement in comparison to the asphalt concrete prepared using virgin aggregate. The study involved the use of three different mixes, namely Mix-I which is conventional mix, Mix-II and Mix-III, each containing, 1% and 2% of plastic coating over coarse aggregate. The results indicated that the optimal percentage of bitumen for Asphalt concrete was 4.73% for the conventional mix and 4.63% for the PCA Asphalt mix. The unit weight of the conventional mix is 2368 Kg/m 3 , while Mix II (with 1% Plastic content) has a slightly higher unit weight of 2372 Kg/m 3. Mix III (with 2% Plastic content) has a different unit weight altogether.The experimental findings revealed that the Marshall stiffness values for the conventional mix, 1% and 2% plastic content were 6.07 kN/mm, 6.46 kN/mm and 6.22 kN/mm, respectively. This helps to have a better binding of bitumen with PCA due to increased bonding and area of contact between Polymers and Bitumen. Overall, this approach shows promise for mitigating the bad environmental influences of plastic waste while improving the properties of aggregate and bituminous concrete as well. The use of PCA in road construction can be a promising solution for environmental conservation as well as sustainable flexible pavement design.
... According to the findings of this research, it is recommended that the sub-base composition of roads consist of a combination of 50% recycled aggregates and 50% fresh aggregates. The use of concrete debris derived from demolished structures as a sub-base material has the potential to contribute significantly towards the attainment of social, economic, and environmental sustainability objectives (Mazhar et al., 2023, Rashid et al., 2020. ...
The disposal of Construction and Demolition waste has become a matter of great concern nowadays. For this reason, recycling and the reuse of waste materials like recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and waste ceramic course (WCC) in road pavements may lessen landfill disposal. In this study, the behavior of riverine sand using waste ceramic course (WCC) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) for road base or sub-base construction was analyzed. 0%-50% by weight (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of WCC and RCA was added to the soil and sample was prepared. Modified Proctor Test was performed for the samples. Due to the increase of RCA and WCC in the sample, the change in Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) values was keenly observed. The MDD value raised from 1.84 gm/cm 3 to 2.12 gm/cm 3 for WCC starting from 0% to 50%. Again, the MDD value increased from 1.84 gm/cm 3 to 2.14 gm/cm 3 for RCA starting from 0% to 50%. So, in this study, the optimum percentage of WCC is 50% and RCA is 50% for MDD. The OMC value decreased from 12.50% to 10.71% for WCC starting from 0% to 50%. Similarly, the OMC value decreased from 12.50% to 10.03% for RCA starting from 0% to 50%. Thus, in this study, the optimum percentage of WCC is 50% and RCA is 50% for OMC. Moreover, the potential of these materials to improve the soil strength parameters was explored. As all the materials used in this study are waste from construction work, these materials might be an alternative solution for the construction of base or sub-base course of flexible pavement.
... Fatani and Khan [37] were the first to discuss how cement and gypsum perform in asphalt mixtures. The impact of various filler ingredients on the Marshall stability of bitumen mixes was extensively covered in a recent review study by Rashid and Islam [38]. The stability of the mixes can be improved by adding gypsum and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to bitumen. ...
... Lower percentages of cement and gypsum addition enhance the mixes' Marshall stability. The highest Marshall stability of PAP with a NCA reported by [29,38] was 8.274 kN and 7.90 kN, significantly lower than the values of the present study. According to the research by Sholichin and Sutama [39], using flyash and polypropylene fiber increased stability. ...
In recent years, urban waterlogging has resulted in a high risk of accidents, loss of life, economic loss, and water pollution in large and medium-sized cities. This study aims to propose porous asphalt pavement by a newly developed method for preventing and controlling urban waterlogging. Porous asphalt mix designs have been studied by incorporating recycled coarse aggregate proportions (12.5 mm: 9.5 mm: 6.3 mm) in the mixes (S1 to S10). The Marshall stability test evaluated the stability and flow of the prepared mixes. The developed model on the falling head permeability test measured the permeability of the mixes. The developed model evaluated the initial permeability coefficient (k 0) and permeability coefficient (k 360) after exposure to the samples for one year in the open environment. The results of porous asphalt mixes show a closed relation between stability and flow. The stability was found to increase by decreasing flow. The aggregate ratio (12.5 mm: 9.5 mm: 6.3 mm) 2:1:0 achieved the highest stability, 20.2 kN, while a 0:1:1 ratio has the lowest, 11 kN. The maximum permeability coefficient (k 0) and (k 360) were recorded as 0.351 cm/sec and 0.237 cm/sec, respectively. The mix, S8, achieved the highest stability value, 20.2 kN, when (k 0) and (k 360) were 0.188 cm/sec and 0.104 cm/sec, well within the recommended value from (0.0347 cm/sec to 0.1157 cm/sec). It can be concluded that mix S8 is the best mix of the present study in terms of best aggregate proportion, stability and flow, and permeability coefficients of (k 0) and (k 360).
... The average impact value for the pavements should not be more than 30% for the top layer of the pavements. However, the highest allowed value for the paving material is 35% for bituminous Macadam and 40% for water bound Macadam base course (Khanna and Justo, 2011). ...
Plastic waste is a major environmental issue that poses a significant threat to wildlife on land and in the ocean. Despite taking hundreds of years to break down, most plastic waste ends up in landfills or the natural environment, harming wildlife in the process. Common types of plastic waste, such as water bottles, cold drink bottles, biscuit covers, plastic cups, and foam, are typically made of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyethylene (PE), and Polystyrene (PS), which have a softening point that varies between 110-180°C. To address this issue, this study intended to explore the use of waste plastics (PET) as a coating or layer for aggregate surfaces. By heating aggregate and adding shredding plastics over the aggregate surface, a coat or layer is formed. The coated aggregate was then cooled and tested to investigate its improvement in mechanical properties. A reduction of aggregate impact value and Los Angeles abrasion by 1.64% and 1.88% respectively was observed. Overall, this approach shows promise for mitigating the bad environmental influences of plastic waste while improving the properties of aggregate and bituminous concrete as well.
... The rest of production undergo large chemical and thermal treatments, size dimensions classification, as well as other required finishing operations for being used in the wide-ranging new high technology applications. Aluminum hydroxide and its related products highly required on the market are very important materials with various industrial applications, mainly as: filers and fire retardants [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], desiccants [20-26], adsorbents and water purification reactants [27-37], coating materials [38-47], composite materials [48-56], catalysts and catalyst support [57-66], environmental alumina [66-67] and synthesis of chemical compounds [67-69]. ...
The terms mechano-chemistry and mechanical activation of solid materials were introduced in chemical literature by Ostwald at the beginning of the XX century. Both terms cover a whole range of interconnected phenomena taking place during the mechanical action on solids or their separate parts participating in chemical reactions, phase transitions, mixing and creating composite materials, alloying and crystal growth in the solid state, deformation and changing physical and thermal properties, all of them at low temperature. The common effects of the mechanical activation on solid material are fracturing and reduction of particle sizes, generation of new reactive surfaces, diffusion of atoms of the reactant phase through the product phase, and quite significantly, accumulating energy in crystalline or amorphous structure (enough twists in atomic and molecular networks, tensions in atomic bond and active sites to trigger the nucleation of new phases). Mechanical activation is very used to produce all clean alumina mineralogical phases with uniform particle size dimensions from nano to macro size. Also, mechanical activation may extend the specific surface of some minerals, enhancing the yields in the solid-liquid extraction process. With adequate precursors, all phase transitions from amorphous to alfa α-Al2O3 can be carried out on the same route as in thermally activated alumina, but some other routes, impossible by thermal activation, might be followed. The difference between the two activation ways is that mechanical activation is made at room temperature.
... The ow value of the optimal binary modi ed mix, or BM3, which is 3.35 millimeters, and BM6, which is 3.7 millimeters, is likewise within the limit that has been given. Mixes that contain more than 10% rubber as replacements have ow values that are signi cantly higher than average [39][40]. The Marshall Flow studies of various percentages of ber and bitumen content are shown in Fig. 14, as may be seen there. ...
The yearly production of plastic garbage is rising in the current environment as a result of the fast population rise. Recycling and reusing plastic trash is essential for sustainable development. The need of the hour is to utilize waste polythene for various supporting reasons since it is not biodegradable. These materials are made of polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Due to the enhanced performance and elimination of the environmental issue, adding plastic waste to flexible pavement has emerged as a desirable choice. A composite material known as bituminous concrete (BC) is often utilized in construction projects such as road paving, airport terminals, stopover areas, etc. It includes mineral aggregate and black top or bitumen, which are combined, laid down in layers, and then compacted. The bituminous mixture in this research article was combined with plastic to use a chemical stabilizer. The ideal bitumen content is replaced by 0, 15, 27, and 36% plastic, as well as the bitumen's weight, stability, and Marshall values, to create hypothermal. A linear scale is used to compare the flow rates to the bituminous mixture. There have been several studies on the addition of trash to bituminous mixes, but this is focused on the use of plastic waste as a modification in a bitumen binder for flexible pavement. According to research, bituminous mixes containing up to 4 percent plastic waste are excellent for sustainable development.
... The performance of cement and gypsum in Asphalt Mixes was first introduced by [21]. A recent review article by [22] discussed the effect of different filler materials on Marshall's characteristics of bitumen mixes. According to the studies conducted by the investigators mentioned above, ordinary portland cement (OPC) and gypsum in bitumen material can improve the stability of the mixes. ...
Highlights The stability and permeability relationship of the porous asphalt mix has been evaluated. The impact of permeability and stability on aggregate ratios of PAP is studied. Sample J is the best design mix in terms of stability and permeability. The approach adopted is efficient in the design of PAP. Abstract The systematic behavior of porous asphalt pavement (PAP) under normal traffic conditions has been studied in detail in the present work. In the first phase, an observation program measured the stability by Marshall Test for all the prepared design mix samples with normal bitumen (60/70). For the permeability test in the second phase of observation, a model is developed in the laboratory on the same falling head permeability test. The maximum permeability reaches 0.394 cm/sec for a fresh sample and 0.245 cm/sec after one year of environmental exposure. The maximum stability was 26.9 kN, and the average value obtained was 21 kN. The present work approach provides effectively reliable results in terms of stability and permeability of porous asphalt mix. The primary goal of this research is to reduce the possibility of floods and increase driver protection during inclement weather. A particular emphasis was placed on the mix ratio differences between aggregates to achieve the desired permeability while maintaining the necessary stability. The findings indicate that the checked sample looked excellent in terms of permeability.
