Table 3 - uploaded by Constantin Ogloblin
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Based on two rounds of a nationally representative household survey, this paper presents an exploratory study of risk factors and the economics of the decision to smoke by adults in Russia in the second half of the 1990s. With an overall smoking prevalence of 32.2%, smoking is much more prevalent among men (61.4%) than among women (10...
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... men are much longer and heavier smokers than are women. As may be seen from Table 3, men start smoking earlier, smoke for a longer time, are less likely to quit, and when they do quit, do so later in their life than women. 3 An average male smoker smokes about 15 cigarettes per day, while an average female smoker smokes only about nine cigarettes. ...
Citations
... Earlier studies such as Chaloupka (1990) also found that changes in prices did not influence cigarette use among women in the US. In Italy and Russia, on the other hand, women were found to be more responsive to price than men (Aristei and Pieroni, 2009;Ogloblin and Brock, 2003). Ross et al. (2008) attributed this to men smoking cheaper brands of cigarettes. ...
In order to analyze the smoking patterns in economically disadvantaged communities in South Africa, this paper examines the determinants of smoking intensity, using pooled data on price and non-price determinants of smoking from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2017 and 2018 to investigate the drivers of conditional cigarette demand among daily smokers. The analysis was done using a negative binomial regression. The results show that smokers reduce the number of cigarettes smoked daily when cigarette prices increase. The conditional price elasticity of cigarette demand of -0.295 for the overall sample shows that a 10% increase in cigarette price leads to a 2.95% decline in cigarette consumption among smokers. For young smokers, a 10% increase in cigarette price causes their smoking intensity to fall by 5%. Similar to other studies, the response of female smokers to cigarette price changes is statistically insignificant. Other factors affecting the conditional demand for cigarettes are education, race, single stick sales, gender, wealth, and age. We conclude that cigarette prices play a significant role in reducing smoking intensity among the South African poor. Since the magnitude of the price effect varies across age groups, races, and genders, the policy of higher tobacco excise taxes should be accompanied by interventions targeted at those less responsive to price-related measures.
... Однако примерно в это же время тема гендерного равенства в рекламе «Virginia Slims» и других западных брендов существенно способствовала их ус-пешному продвижению на российском рынке и общему росту женского курения в России в 1990-х гг. Быстрее всего распространенность курения у женщин рос-ла в крупных городах, население которых в большей степени подвержено влия-нию западной культуры по сравнению с небольшими городами и сельской мест-ностью, где вероятность традиционных стереотипов, скорее всего, выше [Ogloblin, Brock, 2003]. ...
... Наиболее актуальными для нашего исследова-ния являются работы, выполненные на российском материале. Более высокие риски курения независимо от пола респондента отмечаются в случае злоупот-ребления алкоголем [Stickley, Carlson, 2009;Ogloblin, Brock, 2003;Kislitsyna et al., 2010]. Кроме того, для женщин вероятность курения растет в случае прожи-вания в городской местности, и в особенности в крупнейших городах [Ogloblin, Brock, 2003Арженовский, 2006]. ...
... Более высокие риски курения независимо от пола респондента отмечаются в случае злоупот-ребления алкоголем [Stickley, Carlson, 2009;Ogloblin, Brock, 2003;Kislitsyna et al., 2010]. Кроме того, для женщин вероятность курения растет в случае прожи-вания в городской местности, и в особенности в крупнейших городах [Ogloblin, Brock, 2003Арженовский, 2006]. ...
... В-третьих, подтверждается пагубная роль курения для здоровья, причем влияние сопоставимо с употреблением алкоголя. Это в некоторой степени противоречит результатам исследований смертности на агрегированных данных, которые, как правило, преуменьшают роль курения по сравнению с потреблением алкоголя, несмотря на то, что увеличение потребления табака во время переходных периодов хорошо документировано (например, Ogloblin and Brock, 2003;Perlman et al., 2007). ...
... Роль этого фактора подтверждается анализом причинно-специфических показателей смертности в течение периода и никем не оспаривается (например, Gavrilova et al., 2000;Leon, 2007;Leon et al., 1997;Shkolnikov et al., 1998а, б). Хорошо документированные пагубные последствия курения для здоровья несколько преуменьшаются в российском контексте, несмотря на неблагоприятные изменения в структуре курения, зафиксированные с ростом курения среди молодежи и женщин (например, Arzhenovsky, 2006;Ogloblin and Brock, 2003;Perlman et al., 2007). ...
This paper studies the determinants of Russian adult mortality controlling for both individual and household heterogeneity. We employ survival analysis and utilize 12 rounds of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey spanning a 14-year period. Although confirming the crucial role of excessive alcohol consumption in shaping adult mortality risks in Russia, the results are original in several other respects. We find empirical support for the importance of relative status measured in non-income terms in shaping mortality hazards. We find evidence of the influence of labour market behaviour, and sectoral and occupational mobility in particular, on longevity. The detrimental role of smoking to health is found to be comparable with the role of excess alcohol consumption, which is novel in the Russian context where the influence of smoking is typically downplayed in comparison with alcoholism. Finally, we find no micro evidence in support of the political economy view based on a positive correlation between low alcohol prices and high mortality rates found in regional-level data.
... Studies from other countries also find comparable results. Mao et al. (2003) report a price elasticity of cigarette consumption in China of -0.69, Lee et al. (2004) report a price elasticity of smoking intensity in Taiwan of -0.14, and Oglobin and Brock (2003) report a price elasticity of smoking prevalence among Russian women of -0.628. ...
This chapter compares patterns of smoking behavior across 10 countries for seven cohorts of women. The focus is on four measures of cohort-specific smoking behavior: the peak rate of smoking prevalence, the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the average smoker, the average age of smoking initiation of smokers, and the average quit age. These measures starkly expose that, along some dimensions, cross-country patterns of female smoking are converging over time, but some substantial differences remain in the youngest cohorts. To explore what factors might explain the observed variation, the chapter presents correlations among each cohort’s smoking prevalence rate in each country and year and selected economic and demographic factors in each country and year. This analysis highlights possible hypotheses that researchers might pursue and more formally test.
... Studies from other countries also find comparable results. Mao et al. (2003) report a price elasticity of cigarette consumption in China of -0.69, Lee et al. (2004) report a price elasticity of smoking intensity in Taiwan of -0.14, and Oglobin and Brock (2003) report a price elasticity of smoking prevalence among Russian women of -0.628. ...
This chapter compares patterns of smoking behavior of men relative to women in seven cohorts across 10 countries. The focus is on four measures of cohort-specific smoking behavior: the peak rate of smoking prevalence, the number of cigarettes smoked per day by the average smoker, the average age of smoking initiation of smokers, and the average quit age. Although these measures show clearly that smoking is largely a male habit, in every country younger men and women start to smoke at similar ages and, somewhat surprisingly, male and female smokers mostly quit at the same age. To explore what factors might explain the observed variation, the chapter presents correlations between the gender ratio of smoking prevalence rate in each country and year and gender ratios of selected economic and demographic factors in each country and year. This analysis highlights possible hypotheses that researchers might pursue and more formally test.
... Brainerd and Cutler (2005 show that during the 1990s, increased alcohol consumption and psychological stress were significant causes of increased mortality rates. Ogloblin and Brock (2003) investigate the risk factors and economics of the decision to smoke. Huffman andRizov (2007, 2010) study the factors contributing to rising obesity, and find a strong positive effect of diet and a strong negative effect of smoking on weight and BMI. ...
... Additionally, the relative prices for fat, protein, alcohol and cigarettes measured at the primary sampling unit (PSU) level are included in the respective specifications. Following Ogloblin and Brock (2003), the prices for alcohol, cigarettes, fat and proteins are calculated as weighted geometric averages using both the high and low prices. In the case of missing information on prices, the prices were imputed from the average for the PSU. ...
This paper presents evidence on the impact of individual as well as regional characteristics on the dynamics of fat, protein, alcohol and cigarette consumption, and on the diversity of the diet in Russia between 1994 and 2005. All those aspects of nutritional behavior are important inputs to the production of health. A dynamic panel data model is used to estimate demand functions for fat, protein, alcohol, cigarettes and diversity of the diet. The results suggest the existence of strong habits in drinking and smoking, and the absence of habits in fat and protein consumption. We also found evidence of habit formation for food diversity. Comparing nutritional behavior of younger and older consumers, we find significant differences in the demand for fat and cigarettes. Older consumers seem to be more persistent in their drinking and smoking behavior. Similarly, men show higher habit persistence for alcohol and cigarette consumption. The results also suggest that among individual determinants, especially education, income and employment have statistically significant impacts on consumption behavior. Regarding the macroeconomic variables, economic growth is negatively related to protein consumption, while regional unemployment rate is negatively affecting the demand for protein and food diversity. Finally, Russian consumers react to the price changes of alcohol, cigarettes, fat and protein as suggested by theory. Consumer demand for food diversity responds negatively to price changes of alcohol and cigarettes, but positively to the price of fat.
... For outpatient service, two models are employed to estimate the effects on outpatient care demand. First, as the utilization of outpatient visit is a binary response, Probit regression model is used with the probability of outpatient visit as the dependent variable [32]. Second, as the number of visits for patients who have utilized outpatient services is count data with the exclusion of zero, the zero-truncated negative binomial (ZTNB) regression model is used with outpatient visits as the dependent variable [33]. ...
... However, elasticity cannot be read directly from coefficients in Probit model. Accordingly, the estimated results from Probit models could be transferred into elasticity of demand measured by probability of outpatient visit and probability of inpatient visit through the following calculation [32]: Note: The control variable NCMS is excluded in this regression as the majority was not covered by NCSM in 2003 (Please refer to the summary statistics in Table 2). ** Significant at 5%. *** Significant at 1%. ...
Only limited empirical studies reported own-price elasticity of demand for health care in rural China. Neither research on income elasticity of demand for health care nor cross-price elasticity of demand for inpatient versus outpatient services in rural China has been reported. However, elasticity of demand is informative to evaluate current policy and to guide further policy making.
Our study contributes to the literature by estimating three elasticities (i.e., own-price elasticity, cross-price elasticity, and income elasticity of demand for health care based on nationwide-representative data. We aim to answer three empirical questions with regard to health expenditure in rural China: (1) Which service is more sensitive to price change, outpatient or inpatient service? (2) Is outpatient service a substitute or complement to inpatient service? and (3) Does demand for inpatient services grow faster than demand for outpatient services with income growth?
Based on data from a National Health Services Survey, a Probit regression model with probability of outpatient visit and probability of inpatient visit as dependent variables and a zero-truncated negative binomial regression model with outpatient visits as dependent variable were constructed to isolate the effects of price and income on demand for health care. Both pooled and separated regressions for 2003 and 2008 were conducted with tests of robustness.
Own-price elasticities of demand for first outpatient visit, outpatient visits among users and first inpatient visit are -0.519 [95% confidence interval (-0.703, -0.336)], -0.547 [95% confidence interval (-0.747, -0.347)] and -0.372 [95% confidence interval (-0.517, -0.226)], respectively. Cross-price elasticities of demand for first outpatient visit, outpatient visits among users and first inpatient visit are 0.073 [95% confidence interval (-0.176, 0.322)], 0.308 [95% confidence interval (0.087, 0.528)], and 0.059 [95% confidence interval (-0.085, 0.204)], respectively. Income elasticities of demand for first outpatient visit, outpatient visits among users and first inpatient visit are 0.098 [95% confidence interval (0.018, 0.178)], 0.136 [95% confidence interval (0.028, 0.245)] and 0.521 [95% confidence interval (0.438, 0.605)], respectively. The aforementioned results are in 2008, which hold similar pattern as results in 2003 as well as results from pooled data of two periods.
First, no significant difference is detected between sensitivity of outpatient services and sensitivity of inpatient services, responding to own-price change. Second, inpatient services are substitutes to outpatient services. Third, the growth of inpatient services is faster than the growth in outpatient services in response to income growth. The major findings from this paper suggest refining insurance policy in rural China. First, from a cost-effectiveness perspective, changing outpatient price is at least as effective as changing inpatient price to adjust demand of health care. Second, the current national guideline of healthcare reform to increase the reimbursement rate for inpatient services will crowd out outpatient services; however, we have no evidence about the change in demand for inpatient service if insurance covers outpatient services. Third, a referral system and gate-keeping system should be established to guide rural patients to utilize outpatient service.
... The explanatory variables (x) in our demand equation include the following variables found to be important in determining smoking prevalence among Russian women in the 1990s (Ogloblin and Brock (2003)). The individual's age and age squared are included to model the expected concave age-smoking profiles. ...
Using the latest data (2009) and one historic year (2000) from a Russian nationally representative household survey, a tobit demand model is estimated to examine influences on both the decision to smoke and the quantity of cigarettes bought by Russian women of working age over the past decade. Our results suggest that better educated women smoke significantly less. The estimated price elasticity of women’s demand for cigarettes (?0.541) implies that a moderate excise or “sin” tax on cigarettes combined with rising female education levels could effectively halt the recent rise in female cigarette consumption.
... Brainerd and Cutler (2005 show that during the 1990s, increased alcohol consumption and psychological stress were significant causes of increased mortality rates. Ogloblin and Brock (2003) investigate the risk factors and economics of the decision to smoke. Huffman andRizov (2007, 2010) study the factors contributing to rising obesity, and find a strong positive effect of diet and a strong negative effect of smoking on weight and BMI. ...
... Additionally, the relative prices for fat, protein, alcohol and cigarettes measured at the primary sampling unit (PSU) level are included in the respective specifications. Following Ogloblin and Brock (2003), the prices for alcohol, cigarettes, fat and proteins are calculated as weighted geometric averages using both the high and low prices. In the case of missing information on prices, the prices were imputed from the average for the PSU. ...
This paper presents evidence on the impact of individual as well as regional characteristics on changes in fat, protein, alcohol and cigarette consumption, and on diet’s diversity between 1994 and 2004. The results from a dynamic econometric model suggest that among individual determinants such as initial levels of consumption, gender, education, household income changes, and access to a garden plot all have a significant impact on the changes in consumption behavior in Russia. Regarding the macroeconomic variables, inflation has a significant impact on changes in alcohol and cigarettes consumption, while unemployment changes significantly impact smoking behavior. Russian consumers only respond to own price changes of fat and protein, but do not respond to own prices for alcohol and cigarettes. Analysis of subsamples conditional on initial consumption behavior reveals significant heterogeneity in consumption patterns, which is important for effective policy targeting different population groups in achieving healthier lifestyle choices in Russia
... Brainerd and Cutler (2005) show that during the 1990s increased alcohol consumption and psychological stress were significant causes of increasing mortality rates in Russia. Ogloblin and Brock (2003) investigate the risk factors and economics of the decision to smoke in Russia. Baltagi and Geishecker (2006) test a theoretical model of addiction using Russian panel data, and find some evidence of addictive behavior for alcohol consumption of Russian males. ...
... consumption and smoking, a high-fat diet, and lack of leisure-time exercise are the most important causes of heart disease and premature mortality in Russia (Cockerham, 2000). Brainerd and Cutler (2005) show that during the 1990s increased alcohol consumption and psychological stress were significant causes of increasing mortality rates in Russia. Ogloblin and Brock (2003) investigate the risk factors and economics of the decision to smoke in Russia. Baltagi and Geishecker (2006) test a theoretical model of addiction using Russian panel data, and find some evidence of addictive behavior for alcohol consumption of Russian males. During the pre-transition period all transition countries, except Romania, exh ...
... Living farther away from Moscow reduces smoking but increases drinking. Residents living close to or within the capital are predicted to smoke significantly more during the transition, possibly because the supply and advertising of cigarettes has increased in Moscow since the start of the economic reforms in Russia (Ogloblin and Brock, 2003). Turning to results for subsamples reveals again interesting heterogeneity. ...
This paper examines changes in aspects of the lifestyle of Russian adults between 1994 and 2004. We present evidence on the impact of individual as well as regional characteristics on changes in fat, protein, alcohol and cigarette consumption, and on diet’s diversity. The results from a dynamic econometric model suggest that among individual determinants, initial levels of consumption, gender, holding a university degree, household income changes and having access to a garden plot have a significant impact on the changes in consumption behavior in Russia. Regarding the macroeconomic variables, inflation has a significant impact on changes in alcohol and cigarettes consumption, while unemployment changes significantly impact smoking behavior. Analysis of subsamples conditional on initial consumption behavior reveals significant differences in consumption patterns, which is important for effective policy targeting different population groups in achieving healthier lifestyle choices in Russia.
