Figure 4 - uploaded by Lauri J. Koskela
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Production as a flow process. The shaded boxes represent non-valueadding activities, in contrast to value-adding processing activities.
Source publication
Cover title. Thesis (doctoral)--Helsinki University of Technology, 2000. Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-296).
Context in source publication
Context 1
... second (and related) main point is in the observation that time is consumed by two types of activities when viewed from the point of view of the product: transformation activities and others, apparently non-transformation activities, categorized by the Gilbreths (1922) as transfer, delay and inspection activities v (Fig. 4). Obviously, these non-transformation activities are unnecessary from the point of view of the transformation. So, the less of them the better; best if there are none of them. As Shingo indicates, the approaches to improving these two types of activities are totally different: making the one more efficient; trying to eliminate the ...
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Citations
... In this class, the client (interested party, consumer, user) is highlighted as the focus of the development process and use of the built environment. Value generation was illustrated by Koskela (2000) based on a value generation cycle, explaining customer-supplier interactions associated with 5 principles that establish propositions for managing customer requirements. Examples of serious games that are more focused on generating value are House Factory, a simulation to understand mass customisation in the house constructions (Rocha;Miron, 2018), as well as games that simulate Target Value Design (Munankami, 2016), a project approach based on maximising value (benefits) and target cost (Macomber;Barberio, 2007), and Choose by Advantages, a multi-criteria decision-making method (Arroyo et al., 2018). ...
... Selecting serious games to use in the course studied demonstrates a certain alignment with the evolution of using these methodologies by the Lean Construction community. However, it is worth considering that in the course there is a greater emphasis on the "value generation" problem class because it is an Architecture and Urbanism course, whose central activity is design, and in essence strongly related to the value generation cycle and its principles (Koskela, 2000). ...
... (a)Koskela (2000): reducing lead time, reducing variability, minimising the number of steps or parts;(b)Womack and Jones (1996): pull and create flow; and (c)Kenley and Seppänen (2010): balancing activities. ...
The “International Group for Lean Construction” aims to adopt a new management philosophy for the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. Learning this philosophy can be supported by using active methodologies, especially serious games. This work aimed to analyse the evolution of using serious games as a teaching technique based on problem classes, in the context of the Lean Construction community. A literature review and an analysis of an empirical experience were carried out in an architecture and urbanism undergraduate course. The results demonstrate the evolution of the use of these techniques, as well as their implications for the education and training of AEC professionals.
... A filosofia da Produção Enxuta está fundamentada em um conjunto de conceitos de gestão da produção, os quais são fundamentalmente diferentes da forma tradicional de gestão, baseada na produção em massa (Koskela, 2000;Bulhões, 2009). A seguir, são apresentados alguns destes conceitos, que são relevantes para o presente trabalho. ...
Resumo Trabalho Padronizado (TP) é uma abordagem originária da indústria da manufatura que visa a padronizar e melhorar a eficiência dos ciclos de operações com base na Filosofia da Produção Enxuta. O TP tem o potencial de apoiar a implementação do Planejamento e Controle Baseado em Localização (LBPC), pois permite equilibrar a carga de trabalho entre os trabalhadores ou equipes, contribuindo para a sincronização de processos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um método para implementação do TP como um elemento adicional do LBPC. Design Science Research foi a abordagem metodológica utilizada, sendo conduzido um estudo empírico em uma empresa atuante no mercado imobiliário, na qual o método para implementação do TP foi concebido e implementado. Os seguintes benefícios foram identificados no estudo: aumento do grau de padronização das operações, melhoria na sincronização entre processos, aumento do engajamento da mão-de-obra com padrões de processo, e melhoria em termos de confiabilidade em relação a prazos. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa para o avanço do conhecimento foi a adaptação da abordagem do TP ao contexto da construção civil como um elemento adicional do LBPC.
... This was also shown in the results of the fuzzy model, where the system state became more unbalanced with intervention 2 and less balanced and near-optimal with intervention 2 and 3. This highlights a major finding of the research: efforts to improve production systems may lead to suboptimal results if not taken from a holistic perspective, as mentioned by Koskela (2000). ...
Purpose-The paper aims to provide a door-to-door holistic perspective on the state of a production system based on several metrics and their relationships, to utilize a combination of tools and techniques and to develop a unique model for production system assessment. The study addresses the limitations of narrow approaches by proposing a new metric as a single indicator of the production system's overall state. Design/methodology/approach-The research methodology adopted is design science research. It proposes a framework that combines value stream mapping, simulation and fuzzy logic to study the impact of different lean interventions on the overall state. An offsite construction facility was used as a case study. Data were gathered using methods such as ethnography, interviews, time and motion studies, shopfloor observations, video surveillance and database exploration. Findings-The paper highlights how some interventions can have local improvements but lead to negative impacts on the overall system state. It emphasizes the importance of having a holistic approach to analyze and improve the true state of a production system. Research limitations/implications-The study excludes impacts of the supply chain and assumes the system to be confined within the shopfloor. Researchers are encouraged to include those variables in future studies. Practical implications-The study presents a practical framework and tool that can be tailored to any production system and be used to improve its performance. Originality/value-This paper proposes a unique framework and a new metric for system state assessment and improvement.
... It is crucial to understand. Excellent flow continuously achieves prerequisites and the value transformations of inputs (Koskela 2000). Unrealistically, optimal flow is a process in which value is added constantly in preparation and installation with no waste (Sacks 2016). ...
The contracting business is high-risk, requiring high management intensity and producing a low reward. As a result, the risk of financial and reputational reverses is high. This is one motivation for creating Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to enable better company management by applying information technology. This paper proposes a construction project management methodology leveraging the digital twin (DT) approach to the current ERP systems' compensation. Based on a systematic review and functional analysis of the available ERP system for a precast concrete factory, unautomated operational activities are highlighted with proposed software architecture to embed best practices. This will enable a valuable change as more technology and systems-oriented assist professionals in constructing work. The digital transformation effect is one of many that should emerge with other technology-construction practices implemented into stakeholder software as they jointly collect information, plan, communicate, execute and adjust the next action on each project constructed.
... An inputoutput analysis can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of production and identify optimization potentials for sustainability in production, as it takes into account the byproducts of processes (Fet, 2023). Figure 4 illustrates the transformation process of production according to Koskela (2000) and Schenk et al. (2014). The production process consists of technological and logistical subprocesses that work together in a coordinated and targeted manner to produce desired products in the desired quantity, quality, and time, and at the right cost (Schenk et al., 2014). ...
... Inputs such as material, labor, energy, and machines are required for the production process. These production factors are combined in the production process, known as throughput, and result in both desired and undesired outputs (Koskela, 2000;Schenk et al., 2014). It is important to note that changes to input variables will affect the process and output variables, which may impact the achievement of intended goals (Gomes da Silva & Gouveia, 2020). ...
Manufacturing companies face a volatile environment with multiple sustainability challenges threatening their competitiveness. To meet these challenges, they need to adapt quickly to the changing demands and environment to improve their sustainability in production. Therefore, this contribution presents a holistic and multidimensional model for sustainable production systems based on three levels: elements, overarching elements, and dimensions. First, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to capture the state of research. Second, two studies were conducted to identify and cluster the relevant sustainability elements. One of the studies is based on the SLR findings, which were verified by an expert survey. The other is based on a document analysis of sustainability reports. Finally, both studies are compared, and the results are presented. In total, 40 elements, such as energy efficiency, and eight overarching elements, such as efficiency, can be identified in addition to the three dimensions of economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
... Definition Reduce or cope with process variability Process variability can emerge from several causes, such as natural variability, set-ups, operator availability, and rework (Koskela 2000). Practical approaches for decreasing variability are identifying and eliminating root causes of problems and implementing standardised work (Koskela 1992). ...
... Increase process transparency Process transparency involves making processes visible to facilitate control and improvement (Galsworth 1997). The lack of transparency increases the propensity to err, reduces the visibility of errors, and diminishes motivation for improvement (Koskela 2000). Reduce cycle time (short control cycles) ...
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... Lean construction focuses on minimizing non-transformative steps (waiting, inspection, handling), especially through reduction of variability (Koskela, 2000). As pointed out by Hopp and Spearman (1996), variability is defined as the lack of uniformity of a class of entities, which can be random (equipment downtime) or systematically observed in a given system (product diversity). ...
Construction projects are remarkably unique, given the specific nature in which their production processes are organized and the high levels of variability and uncertainty that permeate their entire life cycle. Several initiatives can be implemented to mitigate the effects associated with unpredictability in construction projects. The Last Planner System has emerged as a valuable tool to provide greater confidence in the planning of construction projects. Another practice that has been increasingly adopted in the sector is the use of buffers. Despite the incipient perception that buffers may be associated with waste, studies conducted in airports and logistics centers have suggested their use as a valuable ally in combating uncertainties and protecting the production system. Research also points to the combined use of buffers with pull planning to reduce the effects of variability. In view of the foregoing, this study aimed to investigate the use of slack practices together with the long-, medium-, and short-term plans of the Last Planner System. The investigation used as a reference the following classifications of time off practices mapped in the literature: Redundancy, work-in-progress and margins of manoeuvre. The research was based on a case study of Brazilian horizontal housing developments. The main finding highlights the synergy between the categories of time off practices found and the objectives established by each of the horizons of the Last Planner System. Furthermore, other dimensions of analysis, such as logistics, supplies, security, may arise due to the nature of the project typology, and the need for practices that mitigate the uncertainties inherent in the execution of these projects.
... Outro gargalo foi a consciência dos colaboradores junto as tarefas previamente planejadas em cronograma, modificando estrategicamente o fluxo de materiais e equipes [20]. A Lean Constuction trouxe um melhor fluxo de informações, materiais e trabalhos, evitando perdas nas etapas dos processos de produções das obras [21]. ...
A indústria da construção civil apresenta posição de destaque no mercado brasileiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi aplicar a filosofia Lean construction em uma obra de construção investigando a satisfação dos stakeholders. A metodologia foi composta por uma pesquisa descritiva aplicada a um estudo de caso com abordagem quali-quanti, assim dividido: por uma revisão da literatura, pela aplicação da filosofia Lean Construction e por uma investigação da satisfação através dos questionários. Os resultados foram apresentados em dois eixos, a saber: aplicação do Lean Construction na obra através da implementação dos princípios: kanban, heijunka, andon, kaizen e gerenciamento visual, e posteriormente foram aplicados questionários que apresentaram 87% de satisfação com o uso da filosofia, obtendo uma média geral de 4,35 pontos e um desvio padrão de 0,66. Desta forma, o estudo mostrou que a aplicação da filosofia Lean Construction obteve satisfação das partes interessadas, demonstrado uma evolução da indústria da construção na aceitação de boas práticas.
... Para isso, as técnicas e os métodos tradicionais desempenham um papel crucial na gestão de projetos de construção, oferecendo abordagens consolidadas que têm resistido ao teste do tempo. São eles: Esta última metodologia recentemente também vem sendo considerada como uma técnica inovadora na área do planejamento, uma vez que inova ao incorporar conceitos mais contemporâneos na busca pela eliminação de desperdícios e pela melhoria contínua, encaixando-se de maneira mais eficaz nos desafios complexos do cenário atual da construção civil [14]. Junto desta, à medida que a indústria da construção evoluiu, outras técnicas foram desenvolvidas para enfrentar os desafios modernos, sendo elas: ...
A construção civil representa uma parcela bastante representativa no Produto Interno Bruno (PIB) brasileiro, sendo de extrema importância para o país. No entanto, ela ainda enfrenta ineficiências no planejamento, nos custos das obras e em uso mais amplo de tecnologias digitais. Assim, uma pesquisa foi realizada a partir de revisão da literatura e da aplicação de questionário com escala de respostas pré-determinadas e perguntas fechadas, com profissionais da área das 5 regiões brasileiras, a fim de identificar os obstáculos enfrentados no setor para otimizar o planejamento e controle da produção de obras e, posteriormente, propor melhorias para o mercado. Como resultado, este estudo identificou que a qualidade do planejamento foi considerada “Regular”, e o uso de tecnologias digitais, de “Moderado” a “Mínimo”. Considerando que o uso das técnicas tradicionais é predominante no mercado e a aderência da obra ao cronograma de médio e longo prazo é extremamente baixa, constata-se que ainda há um grande potencial inexplorado no desenvolvimento e adoção de tecnologias digitais.
... No entanto, ao longo dos anos, o setor da construção convive com consideráveis obstáculos na sua jornada para assegurar a excelência de processos e produtos [1] [2]. A qualidade na construção civil é influenciada por uma série de fatores, que incluem a complexidade dos projetos, a interação entre os diversos intervenientes, os métodos construtivos, a seleção de materiais, a competência da mão de obra e os processos de gestão [3][4] [5]. Além disso, as expectativas dos clientes, em relação à qualidade e ao cumprimento dos prazos, desempenham um papel fundamental nesse contexto [6]. ...
O termo "Dojo", originário do japonês e tradicionalmente associado às artes marciais, foi adaptado ao contexto Lean como um ambiente dedicado à aprendizagem e melhoria contínua. O artigo apresenta uma análise da implementação de um Dojo como estratégia para apoiar a abordagem Built-In Quality (Qualidade Incorporada) na indústria da construção. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma empresa de construção modular, focando inicialmente na execução de Drywall, uma atividade crítica do processo produtivo analisado. Os resultados destacam o aumento da eficiência operacional e da qualidade percebida como principais benefícios da implementação do Dojo. O estudo contribui para a compreensão da eficácia do Dojo como ferramenta-chave para promover a qualidade incorporada na construção civil e destaca as especificidades e oportunidades associados à sua adoção na construção industrializada.
