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Today's business environment pressurises many high-technology companies to continuously improve the value of their products and services to remain competitive. Product-Service Systems (PSS) is an emerging paradigm that enables a tighter integration between product and service offering. The research described in this paper aims to propose a new PSS...
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... criteria are related with the characteristics of the service support offered by the manufacturers. Checklist criteria from Muller et al (2010) have been modified to suit the design requirements for mobile phones (Table 2). Location of service applications Availability of service centre S8 ...
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To remain competitive in today’s business environment, many enterprises improve the value of their products. One of the currently developing concepts in some literatures is Product-Service Systems (PSS). This concept is an emerging model that enables a tighter integration of both product and service for fulfilling the consumers’ needs. How to imple...
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... The R-PSS method focuses on the initial stages of the PSS development process through a holistic requirement engineering approach that integrates several tools and methodologies commonly found in a dispersed and disaggregated way in the literature. One of the main differentials of the R-PSS method related to models in the literature (Kim et al., 2015;Lee et al., 2019;Song and Sakao, 2017;Sutanto et al., 2015) is the consideration of the integration of products and services and sustainable value for different stakeholders from the initial stages of the method. Specifically, while some methods propose the development of the package of services and products in parallel (Kim et al., 2015;Marques et al., 2013), the R-PSS method proposes the integrated development of products and services from the beginning. ...
Product-service systems (PSS) are one of the business models that can promote circular economy and sustainability; however, to design this kind of solution, holistic approaches must be used, integrating different areas of knowledge. Thus, this study proposes a conceptual solution based on the PSS business model to the problem of reverse logistics of coffee capsules, through the application of the Requirements Engineering method for Sustainable PSS design, with a focus on the initial phase. With an emphasis on the business model and value proposition, a conceptual solution was developed to promote the circularity of the capsule chain based on the analysis of the main stakeholders' needs. The value proposition of the PSS solution for the issue of coffee capsules was described as the “cocreation of sustainable value to stakeholders to foster the circularity of the chain”, considering consumer involvement through education and rewards in product disposal processes. The results reinforce the need to integrate critical stakeholders to add the desired value in creating a sustainable PSS solution and the need to pivot the business model during the solution development process.
... Since the existing definitions of the PSS concept as the output of the early design phases have discrepancies (see e.g. Sutanto et al. (2015) or Song and Sakao (2017)), in this research, the PSS concept is defined as: "an actionable (implementable) and assessable (screenable) design proposal describing the total solution including the system's composition, its functionalities and business model that fulfil the requirements of the involved actor-network". ...
... stable and predictable revenue over time, prolonged product useful life and greater customer acceptance (Chiu et al., 2018). However, PSS offerings are not intrinsically sustainable (de Jesus Pacheco et al., 2022) and their sustainability performance remains case-dependent (Sutanto et al., 2015). ...
... Rather, it requires consideration of the whole system-in-use, i.e. the use context to identify "the need behind the need" (Tukker and Tischner, 2006), which comes in contrast to the focus on just product and service requirements where scant information can be obtained (Hussain et al., 2012). Therefore, an integrated approach to need elicitation and requirement consolidation is required (Sutanto et al., 2015), one that is focused on the requested function-incontext (see Section 4.2.4). Within this cluster of entities, another critical activity is the translation of the requirements into measurable engineering characteristics or specifications and their prioritisation (Geng et al., 2010;Sousa-Zomer and Miguel, 2017). ...
The design of Product-Service Systems (PSS) in manufacturing companies has been widely researched over the past three decades, with contributions from various backgrounds. However, the multidisciplinary field led to the development of disparate approaches for PSS design, which furthermore deficiently include sustainability considerations. Such discord hinders PSS uptake in industry due to the unclarity of which process to use and crucial matters to consider. This paper aims to propose a generic process model to describe the early stage of the PSS design, which is the most influential phase for the success of the PSS offering throughout its life cycle, concerning the three dimensions of sustainability. The proposed generic process model addresses early-stage PSS design in three phases and considers seven clusters of entities through five activities. To achieve this aim, existing approaches for PSS design were identified through a systematic literature review, yielding a comprehensive overview of existing approaches distilled with respect to their content, the actions they propose and the sustainability principles they discuss. The systematic review was then followed by in-depth content analysis using widely adopted methodologies in design research and manufacturing companies for process decomposition and consequently synthesis, resulting in the proposed systematic generic process model for the early-stage design of sustainable PSS. The proposed process model was further examined concerning its use implications, limitations, and potential implementation steps.
... O processo inicia com a realização de um planejamento estratégico, seguido da geração e seleção de ideias, design do PSS e lançamento. Sutanto et al. (2015) propuseram uma metodologia de design focada para o PSS orientado a produto, composta por três fases: identificação dos requisitos de design, determinação da classificação dos requisitos de projeto e integração dos requisitos de produtos e serviços. Zine et al. (2016) desenvolveram um framework que inicia com a geração de ideias, seguida do design do PSS e das questões referentes ao processo de entrega dos serviços. ...
... Brainstorming, por ser aplicado também nessa etapa, pode auxiliar na geração de ideias criativas (Rozenfeld et al., 2006;Peruzzini;Marilungo;Germani, 2015). Embora na categoria de PSS orientado a produto muitas vezes os "componentes do produto" são projetados antes que os "componentes de serviço" (Tran;Park, 2014), na etapa de desenvolvimento sugere-se que o processo de design de produto seja conduzido em paralelo com o design de serviços (Marques et al., 2013;Sutanto et al., 2015;Zine et al., 2016). Isso permite que os produtos sejam desenhados de forma a facilitar a sua manutenção, reparo e reciclagem (Pieroni; McAloone; Pigosso, 2019; Kuo et al., 2019). ...
Este estudo teve como objetivo propor um modelo referencial para introdução do Product-Service System (PSS) orientado a produto em empresas de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas. Após revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, um diagnóstico sobre sustentabilidade e PSS orientado a produto foi realizado em empresas de máquinas agrícolas por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos. Os resultados demonstraram que, embora algumas práticas relacionadas à sustentabilidade sejam realizadas pelas empresas, na maioria delas as questões ambientais e sociais não constituem um tópico dominante no desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços. Além disso, identificou-se que as empresas já oferecem serviços pertencentes ao PSS orientado a produto, mas, na maioria delas, esse processo ainda não é estruturado e normalmente as ofertas não são projetadas considerando aspectos ambientais. Conclui-se que há oportunidades de aprimoramento e oferta de novos serviços que possam aumentar a satisfação dos clientes e contribuir para a sustentabilidade. Dessa forma, o modelo referencial proposto fornece orientações sobre os procedimentos necessários para execução do PSS orientado a produto. O estudo contribui com as discussões acadêmicas sobre o potencial sustentável do PSS, principalmente no sentido de fornecer subsídios que possam auxiliar a sua prática nas organizações.
... This leads to a change in business modelsespecially in producing enterprisesfrom solely product-oriented business models towards more service-oriented ones, in a process that is also termed "servitization and productization" (Reim et al., 2015). Producing enterprises try to provide additional value and satisfy their customers through product service bundles that are also known as product-service systems (PSS) (Zheng et al., 2019;Sutanto et al., 2015). In addition to the product ownership PSS provide higher value through the use of assets. ...
In a smart product-service system (smart PSS), non-tangible services are bundled with tangible products as well as options for information and communication technologies. Enterprises offer smart PSS in order to provide added value for customers and deal with increasing competitive pressure. However, the development of these complex systems also presents enterprises, especially SMEs, with challenges. In order to identify the challenges in the development of smart PSS and requests for corresponding support, a multi-method study was conducted with eighteen participants from German SMEs.
... The PDS is a listing of the critical parameters, specifications and requirements for the product that is going to be designed [64] and is mainly driven by three major forces: customer demand, market changes and technological requirements. Table I shows the PDS for the Apple iPhone product family at this present time. ...
div>Products continuously evolve over time. Realizing the pattern of product family evolution along with proper estimation of features for future products has been regarded as a critical issue for business success. Focusing on this issue, a dynamic model for product family evolution combined with forecasting is proposed in this research work. The proposed model considers the influence of market demand, customer needs and technological requirements that are time-dependent. The methodology is a four-phase model. For each phase, the effectiveness of the developed approach is demonstrated with numerical simulation results and validated with a case study of Apple’s iPhone product family.</div
... The PDS is a listing of the critical parameters, specifications and requirements for the product that is going to be designed [64] and is mainly driven by three major forces: customer demand, market changes and technological requirements. Table I shows the PDS for the Apple iPhone product family at this present time. ...
div>Products continuously evolve over time. Realizing the pattern of product family evolution along with proper estimation of features for future products has been regarded as a critical issue for business success. Focusing on this issue, a dynamic model for product family evolution combined with forecasting is proposed in this research work. The proposed model considers the influence of market demand, customer needs and technological requirements that are time-dependent. The methodology is a four-phase model. For each phase, the effectiveness of the developed approach is demonstrated with numerical simulation results and validated with a case study of Apple’s iPhone product family.</div
... PSS design methods were developed based on PSS problem, context and application. Some researchers have used a sequential or waterfall procedure (Hussain et al., 2012;Maussang et al., 2009;Sutanto et al., 2015) while others used simultaneous development of products and services (Sakao & Shimomura, 2007;Tomiyama, 2001) similar to concurrent engineering. ...
Current market trends show that customers no longer perceive value in a product but in the solution it provides. Consequently, businesses are realigning their value proposition to provide solutions than just selling products. Such offerings combined with the advancement in smart capabilities have given rise to cyber-physical product-service systems (CPPSS), which enable customised solution through value co-creation between customers and providers. Among other benefits, CPPSS could support Sustainable Development Goals 9, 12 and 17 by creating partnerships to transform industry towards responsible production and consumption. Therefore, industry and academia are looking for a holistic design method to build CPPSSs catering to evolving customer needs. This research used the design science research method to propose a service-centric CPPSS design model and demonstrated its application using multiple case studies. This study has implications for project management practice as using the Design Science Research process explains how CPPSS projects are managed.
... Employing process models is a good practice for structuring what information should be created in each moment of the design process, reducing the likelihood of forgetting relevant information (Browning et al. 2006;Gericke and Blessing 2011). There are several process models for PSS design available in the literature, such as the ones proposed by Hein et al. (2018), Alonso-Rasgado and Thompson (2006), Nguyen et al. (2014), Sutanto et al. (2015), among many others. However, formalizing the initial phases of design may hinder innovation, which is even more intense when market and technology uncertainties are high (Poskela and Martinsuo 2009). ...
Designing Product-Service Systems (PSS) is associated with multiple problems and challenges, usually derived from its multidisciplinarity and partially intangible nature. One particular issue is the high likelihood of ignoring the creation of relevant information regarding one or more PSS elements during the early design phases. Proceeding to later stages (e.g., detailed design) without generating the required information regarding all PSS elements and their relationships may lead to rework and lack of integration. Dealing with this problem requires adequate planning and evaluation of the artifacts (such as documents and models) created in the initial design phases. As a fundamental theoretical basis to support the creation of solutions that may help project managers dealing with this challenge, this paper presents a concept map to structure the concepts that compose artifacts resulting from the initial stages of PSS design and how those concepts interrelate. This concept map aims to structure which classes of information should be defined in the early phases of the design process before proceeding to a detailed design. The concept map was created by extracting concepts and relationships proposed in classifications, taxonomies, ontologies, meta-models, and concept maps in the PSS and servitization fields. Those documents were identified through a comprehensive systematic literature review. The resulting concept map was verified for completeness against formal documentation of two retrospective PSS design projects. The final proposed concept map is composed of 143 concepts interconnected through 278 relationships. In its current format, the concept map may be used as a checklist to support project managers in planning and evaluating early phases of PSS design based on information completeness. Researchers may also employ it to deploy ontologies, approach further knowledge and information-related challenges in PSS design, or structure PSS-related model-based systems engineering approaches. In future research, this concept map shall be deployed in a meta-model based on artifacts commonly used in PSS design, structuring a computational tool to allow and support practical application on planning and evaluating PSS design projects.
... In this case, there are different kinds of benefits PSSs can generate. In economic terms, sustainable PSSs can create differentiation, have flexible offers, encourage innovation, increase customers' loyalty, put businesses in a better strategic position [23,27], increase revenues for providers and offer better value propositions for customers [28]. In terms of social benefits, sustainable PSSs can create awareness of relationships between stakeholders, contribute to building collaborative networks, make markets more diverse while benefiting the customers and, finally, they can enable people to access services, through communal and rental systems, previously inaccessible due to costs or physical restrictions [18,20]. ...
Sustainable product-service systems (PSSs) have proven to be a very good alternative for developing new business models and transforming traditional offers into sustainable ones. Environmental, social and economic benefits support the idea of developing this type of system. However, there are identified challenges that have stopped the expansion of the concept into the market. The framework that explains the principles and building blocks of a circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation can be an interesting lens to analyse the challenges companies faced when they wanted to implement a sustainable PSS. This framework is particularly useful to understand the internal and external forces companies are dealing with in a transformation from traditional business models to ones like sustainable PSSs that need special conditions of operation. Design for sustainability as an area of study will shift in the coming years to focus its attention on the requirements of circular economics as the paradigm of production and consumption. Sustainable products, services and systems will be developed according to the conditions established by those circular conditions.
... Manufacturers have begun to realise that making a profit only from product sales offers limited opportunities and that it is difficult to maintain a competitive advantage (Qu, Yu, Chen, Chu, & Tian, 2016;Sutanto, Yuliandra, Tjahjono, & Hadiguna, 2015). Moreover, the rise of foreign competitors has increased competition via price (Saccani, Perona, & Bacchetti, 2017). ...
... However, most organisations lack knowledge and skills in PSS design (Reim et al., 2015). As PSS design is the starting point where many decisions are made, it is a central point that can capture or add value; hence, the PSS solution needs to be strengthened (Sutanto et al., 2015). Based on engineering disciplines, current PSS design research does not incorporate all aspects required to support organisations that want to develop integrated products and services offerings (Cenamor et al., 2017;Sakao, Sandström, & Matzen, 2009). ...
Increased competition, new consumption paradigms, and concern for the environment are motivating organisations to include services in their offerings, and orient their strategies to develop Product-Service Systems (PSS) that will bring value to consumers. However, to design new eco-efficient PSS, additional knowledge needs to be considered to streamline the design and to make it more effective. Lean-Green approaches embrace value and efficiency in PSS solutions, correlated to the sustainable characteristics of PSS. This paper aims to identify lean and green strategies to design eco-efficient PSS from a literature review. Using content analysis, Lean-Green strategies to add value in PSS design were grouped according to their eco-efficient potential. A graphical representation was proposed to synthesise the research findings. PSS allow multiple life cycles and enable strategies that consider the value flow, design for efficiency, improve longevity, and later capture value by reuse, remanufacture, and disassemble. The proposed structure shows how enterprises can begin the PSS design, systematically using Lean-Green strategies to add value by means of offering an eco-effective solution, taking advantage of sustainable production patterns that will thus enable sustainable consumption.
