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... L. plantarum 299v also increases IL-8 mRNA levels in HT-29 epithelial cells previously stimulated by TNF-α. This IL-8 production requires the presence of live bacteria, and was not observed when adhesion between L. plantarum 299v and HT-29 cells was inhibited ( Figure 3). 16 Many probiotic strains are able to stimulate the production of IgA by B cells which help to maintain intestinal humoral immunity by binding to antigens, thereby limiting their access to the epithelium. ...
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... Environmental cytokines have a potential to reveal pro-inflammatory (IL-1-β, IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) responses. Additionally, cytokines have key roles on Th-1 differentiation and cellular immune response by the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ; Th-2 differentiation and humoral immune response by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13; Th-17 differentiation and anti-microbial response by the production of IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and TGF-β; T regulatory differentiation and immunesuppression by the production of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β (Bamola et al., 2013) In current literature, there are evidences suggesting that an important mechanism by which probiotics provide health benefits is through the modulation of cytokine production; however, the benefits are strain-dependent concerning pro-and anti-inflammatory effects. The probiotic strains of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ...
... IgA is known as the most important antibody of the mucosal immune response to microbial antigens; however, IgG has recently been raised as another key factor for mucosal innate immune response (Roopenian & Akilesh, 2007;Sabirov & Metzger, 2008). For this reason, the recent studies for developing vaccines have been focused on the production of mucosal IgG along with serum IgG and mucosal IgA (Bamola et al., 2013). It is well known that probiotics increase the total and pathogen specific secretory IgA (sIgA) levels. ...
... A general overview of the immune system(Bamola, Sharma, & Chaudhry, 2013).Furthermore, probiotics can affect the release of some immune modulators including cytokines and chemokines by unique T cell subsets. These mediators play a crucial role of the regulation of immune response in mucosal site and are responsible for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis (Marques & Boneca, 2011). ...
Adolescence is the general name of the period that starts at the age of 10-11 and lasts almost twenty years, including physical, mental and social changes. The period between 10 and 13 years of age is called pre- adolescence. In adolescence, physical, cognitive, emotional and social changes occur. . In this chapter, it was aimed to determine the hygiene characteristics of early childhood children.
... This modulation of immune system can be performed via innate cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) carried out by dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and monocytes, or lymphoid cell activation (Cross, 2002;Isolauri, Sutas, Kankaanpaa, Arvilommi, & Salminen, 2001;Ruiz, Hoffmann, Szcesny, Blaut, & Haller, 2005). (Bamola, Sharma, & Chaudhry, 2013). ...
... balance (Bamola et al., 2013) In current literature, there are evidences suggesting that an important mechanism by which probiotics provide health benefits is through the modulation of cytokine production; however, the benefits are strain-dependent concerning pro-and anti-inflammatory effects. The probiotic strains of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera as well as Leuconostoc and Lactococcus genera have shown capacity to modulate cytokine expression including TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1-β, IL-6, and IL-10 (Aydoğdu et al., 2019;Karamese et al., 2016). ...
... IgA is known as the most important antibody of the mucosal immune response to microbial antigens; however, IgG has recently been raised as another key factor for mucosal innate immune response (Roopenian & Akilesh, 2007;Sabirov & Metzger, 2008). For this reason, the recent studies for developing vaccines have been focused on the production of mucosal IgG along with serum IgG and mucosal IgA (Bamola et al., 2013). It is well known that probiotics increase the total and pathogen specific secretory IgA (sIgA) levels. ...
... Environmental cytokines have a potential to reveal pro-inflammatory (IL-1-β, IL-6, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) responses. Additionally, cytokines have key roles on Th-1 differentiation and cellular immune response by the production of IL-12 and IFN-γ; Th-2 differentiation and humoral immune response by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13; Th-17 differentiation and anti-microbial response by the production of IL-1-β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, and TGF-β; T regulatory differentiation and immunesuppression by the production of IL-10, IL-35 and TGF-β (Bamola et al., 2013) In current literature, there are evidences suggesting that an important mechanism by which probiotics provide health benefits is through the modulation of cytokine production; however, the benefits are strain-dependent concerning pro-and anti-inflammatory effects. The probiotic strains of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ...
... IgA is known as the most important antibody of the mucosal immune response to microbial antigens; however, IgG has recently been raised as another key factor for mucosal innate immune response (Roopenian & Akilesh, 2007;Sabirov & Metzger, 2008). For this reason, the recent studies for developing vaccines have been focused on the production of mucosal IgG along with serum IgG and mucosal IgA (Bamola et al., 2013). It is well known that probiotics increase the total and pathogen specific secretory IgA (sIgA) levels. ...
... A general overview of the immune system(Bamola, Sharma, & Chaudhry, 2013).Furthermore, probiotics can affect the release of some immune modulators including cytokines and chemokines by unique T cell subsets. These mediators play a crucial role of the regulation of immune response in mucosal site and are responsible for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis (Marques & Boneca, 2011). ...
INTRODUCTION
With the development of technology, the use of
electrical energy in the society and the interaction with the
devices that produce electromagnetic field are increasing.(1)
Concerns about extremely low-frequency electromagnetic
fields are increasing. Research report are suggesting a
possible relationship between electromagnetic fields
and childhood cancers. Although the frequency ranges
of ELF-EMF fields vary between 1-300 Hz, most of the
electrical devices in daily life operate between 50 or 60
Hz.(2) With the rapid increase in mobile phone technology,
accessibility in society is increasing. They form an
electromagnetic field in the range of 900-2100 MHz. The
use of mobile phones by individuals at home, at school
and at work continuously has effects on human health and
living organisms. (3)
RF-emitting devices are widely used in industry,
telecommunications, medicine and everyday life.(4) In 2011,
the International Agency of Research on Cancer (IARC)
commission classified radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields as carcinogens for humans (2B). In the light of
epidemiological studies and scientific information, this
committee re-evaluated the recommendations regarding
the cancer risks of RF radiation in 2019. IARC has
proposed an update to the “probable” that RF recipients
may be potential (Group 2A) cancer agents.(5)
When a new electromagnetic source is planned or
installed, the health impact should be minimized as far
as possible according to ALARA (As Low as Reasonably
Achievable) principles.(4)
This chapter focuses on the effects of man-made
electromagnetic fields, which have been increasing in our
environment in recent years, on humans. These biological
effects are of great concern in society.
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields
The mechanisms of interaction between EMF and
biological systems have been studied for most of this
century. RF fields induce torques on molecules. Biophysical
modelling approaches contribute to the understanding of
radiofrequency interactions at the cellular and molecular
levels.(11) 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz RF fields have been
reported to cause oxidative DNA damage in brain tissue
of rats.(3) The workers working in the hairdressing salons
constantly interact with the hairdryer. It is stated that the
electromagnetic field created by this device reduces the
total antioxidant level and increases the oxidant level in
the blood serum of the employees.(8) High frequency EMF
waves have more energy than low frequency waves and
therefore tend to be more harmful. In general, according
to the literature review, although there is no relationship
between ELF-EMFs or RF-EMFs and childhood cancers,
they state that these results have short-term exposures. To
obtain definitive answers, long-term studies are needed.(9)
RF fields may alter the transmission of Na and K ions in
the cell membrane. (11) There are scientific reports that longterm
occupational exposure to ELF-MF can increase the
risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in men.(12) Static
and ELF-EMFs on living organisms are altering free radical
activity in the cell. However, chronic exposure leading to
the excessive and persistent presence of free radicals can
cause oxidative stress and should be avoided. (17)
In cell culture studies, ELF-EMF exposures (50 Hz,
sinusoidal, 1–24 h, 20–1,000 microT, 5 min on/10 min
off) may cause single and double-strand DNA breaks
depending on dose and time. (13)
Electromagnetic fields and cancer
Mobile phone users who use more than the long period
of 10 years, glioma, acoustic neuroma, and has been reported
Academic Studies in Health Sciences 217
to increase the risk of intracranial tumor.(4) Long-term
exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, even
below the limits (0.04 and 0.4 W/kg SAR) for humans, has
been shown to increase significantly in the number of tumors
in the lung and liver of animals compared to the control
group.(6) There is a thermal or non-thermal mechanism that
supports tumor growth of the biological process underlying
a possible relationship between exposure to mobile phones
and cancer risk.(10) Some epidemiological studies have shown
that exposure to ELF-EMFs may pose an increased risk
in certain types of adult and childhood cancers, including
leukemia, central nervous system cancer, and lymphoma.(13)
In Denmark, the incidence of cancer has been investigated in
people with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields.
In the study, it was emphasized that there is an increased risk
of leukaemia in some occupations working in the electricity
business. Besides, a slight excessive risk for male breast
cancer in these areas has been proposed, but has not been
confirmed by a coherent increase among women.(14) Studies
on cytogenetic damage and increased cancer risk in human
cells are important and needed.(15)
Some studies Show that RF fields are not related to
cancer formation.(11) Nevertheless, studies linking ELF-EMF
to cancer are weak. More and better research is needed.(16)
However, the options of cancer treatment in medicine
have been investigated. Although electromagnetic
fields (EMF) in medicine are used for therapeutic or
diagnostic purposes, the use of non-ionizing EMF for
cancer treatment is an emerging concept. Radiofrequency
radiation by clinical oncologists has been used as a
hyperthermia approach at high temperatures.(7)
Antioxidants against EMF fields
The use of ganoderma and melatonin has been reported
to protect oxidative damage caused by electromagnetic
fields.(1) Vitamins E and A play a role in reducing oxidative
stress caused by cell phone exposure to testes.(18) Different
doses of ionizing radiation were used on E.coli bacteria.
Carob, basil, ginger, rosemary, yarrow and cumin showed
a protective effect against the effects of radiation in the
study.(19)
Research methods used
Proliferative cell nuclear antigens (PCNA), TUNEL
assay, histological, histopathological and various
microscopic imaging method are used to determine the
effects of cells exposed to electromagnetic fields.(1) The
effects of electromagnetic fields on learning and memory,
the behavior of the experiment animals are made with the
Morris water tank.(2) The Comet assay method is used to
detect DNA damage at a single-cell level.(3)
Result
With the development of technology, electromagnetic
devices are increasing in our environment. Especially
in developing countries and around the world, the
interaction time with these devices increases and raises
concern. In recent years, accessibility to mobile phones
has been increasing. At the same time, occupational
electromagnetic field exposures also make workers uneasy.
Therefore, scientific studies on electromagnetic fields are
increasing and warnings are made about their effects on
the biological system. Research reports on the relationship
between cell phones and other electromagnetic field
exposures to cancer are increasing. In addition, although
there is not a complete consensus in the scientific studies,
international commissions are working on these areas.
Longer electromagnetic field exposures and more reliable
data are needed.
