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![Primary energy inputs per 10,000 tonnes of DCL products and our conversion to MJ [25].](publication/281940959/figure/tbl2/AS:668235888357386@1536331259724/Primary-energy-inputs-per-10-000-tonnes-of-DCL-products-and-our-conversion-to-MJ-25.png)
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Currently, there are considerable discrepancies between China’s central government and some local governments in attitudes towards coal to liquids (CTL) technology. Energy return on investment (EROI) analysis of CTL could provide new insights that may help solve this dilemma. Unfortunately, there has been little research on this topic; this paper t...
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Context 1
... by-products are converted into heat units through the prices (Table 3) and through industrial energy intensity, which was approximately 3.5 MJ/yuan in 2013 [27]. Table 4 lists the number of inputs-including fuel, raw materials, and other costs-to produce ten thousand tonnes of DCL products. Energy inputs in accordance with the DCL production phases are divided into three categories-energy investment in coal extraction, energy investment in coal transportation, and energy investment in coal liquefaction. ...
Context 2
... costs (purchase of equipment and instrument) are converted to physical quantities by industrial energy intensity. In Table 4, energy input is classified into either direct energy input (Edirect) or indirect energy input (Eindirect) and either external energy input (Eextern) or internal energy input (Eintern). Direct inputs include fuel coal, oil residue, fuel gas, and purchased electricity, whereas all others belong to indirect energy inputs. ...
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... Additionally, due to its high H/C ratio, lignite is particularly suitable for liquefaction to obtain fuel. In the industrial application of coal liquefaction technology, the coal hydrogenation reactor is a significant unit, which can be optimized by studying the kinetics of coal liquefaction [3][4][5]. ...
Studying the hydro-liquefaction kinetics of lignite contributes to optimizing the mild liquefaction process for lignite. In this paper, the direct liquefaction performance of Shengli lignite (SL) was investigated using a H2/THN system with 4 MPa of initial pressure, and reaction kinetic models were established for the heating-up stage and the isothermal stage. The result showed that the liquefaction performance of the SL was excellent, with a conversion of 62.18% and an oil and gas (O + G) yield of 29.88% at 698.15 K. After one hour of reaction, the conversion and O + G yield were 94.61% and 76.78%, respectively. During the heating-up stage, the easily reactive part of the SL was 50.07%, and it was converted directly into oil, gas, asphaltene (AS), and preasphaltene (PA) simultaneously. There was no significant secondary hydrogenation conversion of the AS and PA products. During the isothermal stage, the hard-to-react part was predominantly converted into AS and PA, while the remaining easily reactive part continue to react completely. The conversion of AS and PA into oil and gas was a rate-controlling step during this stage. The amount of unreacted coal estimated using the model calculated in the isothermal stage was 2.98%, which was significantly consistent with the experimental value of 2.81%.
... Regarding carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, interest in them has grown sharply over the last few years, highlighting the relevance of CCS in fully decarbonized societies [17] and the lack of this option in the methods in the literature [18]. However, we have omitted them because CCS is far more expensive than renewables, has a poor economics, is not a mature technology, manages only one element (CO2) of the pollutants in power plants [19] [20], and it has an extremely low or even negative net energy (EROI less than 1) ( [21], and section 2.8.1. in [22]). ...
... As with higherdevelopment producers, there was more attention to coal power. For example, Pakistan's updated NDC referenced its moratorium announced in 2020 on new coal plants and potentially buying out relatively new coal power projects; yet they also intend to focus on coal gasification and liquefication, the former of which is significantly more carbon-intensive than conventional processes [52]. Myanmar's updated NDC notes that "coal [power] will not increase beyond 2030 and completely phase out in 2050" [53]. ...
... In terms of selecting the conversion factors, while EROI can consider environmental impacts [19], most studies still calculate a standard EROI by considering only direct and indirect energy inputs [13,17,20,21]. These inputs are typically converted to thermal equivalent [22,23] or solar emergy [16], or exergy equivalent [24,25,26]. However, the latter two are not widely used due to data source limitations. ...
... The majority of these studies are multi-input, single-output production projects. When studying a multi-input, multi-output production project, such as a coal-to-oil project or the COGRCU project, for example, Kong et al. [23] used EROI to measure the various values of the standard EROI of China's Shenhua coal-to-oil project. The EROI stnd values were significantly lower when CCS technology inputs were considered. ...
... Meanwhile, several studies have extended the input hierarchy of energy production activities to the environmental governance hierarchy proposed by Murphy et al. [19]. However, only a few studies on the EmEROI of the COGRCU project focus on direct energy, indirect energy, labor, environmental governance [23,36]. In addition, in terms of measuring or predicting the EROI of fossil energy production, most studies have converted input and output energy into thermal equivalent. ...
China's energy and chemical enterprises in the resource-based urban cities face challenges of climate change targets. Coal, Oil and Gas Resources Comprehensive Utilization (COGRCU) project can address the carbon and hydrogen imbalance between conventional methanol from coal and natural gas. Moreover, it can improve energy conversion rates and carbon resource recovery. Therefore, it is a better way for energy and chemical enterprises to transition to sustainable development and advocated by enterprises in resource-based cities. In practice, the actual benefits of the COGRCU project are often different from those expected from prior assessments, and the main factors contributing to the differences need to be identified. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a post-evaluation methodology for the COGRCU project to assist energy and chemical enterprises in identifying these constraints and optimize project management. This study considers energy and monetary flows, combines emergy-based energy return on investment (EmEROI) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA), and proposes a post-evaluation methodology of the COGRCU project based on the case study of YC Group's Fuxian COGRCU project in Fuxian County. In addition, the emergy per unit money, emergy per unit labor, and bio-resources emergy per unit area of Yan'an City are measured. Results showed that indirect energy and labor input emergy are the primary contributors to improving the projects' energy efficiency. Operating costs reduction are the key factors for improving economic benefits. The indirect energy has the highest impact on the project's EmEROI, followed by labor, direct energy, and environmental governance. Several policy recommendations are raised, including strengthening policy support, such as advancing the formulation and revision of fiscal and tax policies, improving project assets and human resource management, and increasing environmental governance efforts.
... зростанням достатності запасів для видобутку та споживання із 16 років та 6 років у 2000 р. до 24 років та 16 років у 2020 р. відповідно. Проте відбувалося це не завдяки збільшенню доведених покладів рідких вуглеводнів, а за рахунок скорочення обсягів видобутку екстенсивно виснажених запасів та обсягів нафтопереробки; Безпекова компонента за нафтою та газоконденсатом 45 33 29 27 28 33 38 39 46 43 40 Достатність запасів для видобутку, років 16 16 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 15 16 17 17 19 21 23 25 27 25 24 24 Достатність запасів для споживання, років 6 40 39 34 33 34 30 29 26 29 Внутрішнє забезпечення виробництвом споживання, % 58 107 120 125 117 108 81 74 65 77 68 46 23 19 16 15 Закінчення табл. 1.1 зміною рівня внутрішнього забезпечення виробництва моторного палива власною сировиною: із 16% у 2003 р. до 31% у 2007 р., що було спричинене зростанням обсягів видобутку вуглеводнів на 22%; із 31% у 2010 р. до 92% у 2014 р., що було спричинене падінням обсягів нафтопереробки; із 91% у 2015 р. до 67% у 2020 р. -через падіння нафтовидобутку; скороченням імпортної залежності із 90% у 2003 р. до 6% у 2014 р. і її подальшим зростанням до 34% у 2020 р.; експортною залежністю у 2000-2005 рр. ...
... за зрідженим газом100 100 100 99 99 99 100 100 100 100 100 96 90 79 69 54 4545 41 40 35 ...
The monograph is devoted to the development of technical and economic foundations for the creation of a synthetic liquid fuel sub-sector in Ukraine. The state of Ukraine's energy security in the field of production and consumption of motor fuel and the impact of the war with the russian federation on it are studied; the consumer market of motor fuel in Ukraine, reserves of raw materials for the production of motor fuel and its production in the country and regions, production of motor fuel in the country are analysed; the world market of synthetic liquid fuel is studied; a feasibility study for the creation of a sub-sector for the production of synthetic liquid fuel in Ukraine is proposed / Монографію присвячено розробці техніко-економічних засад створення підгалузі з виробництва синтетичного рідкого палива в Україні. Досліджено стан енергетичної безпеки України у сфері виробництва та споживання моторного палива та вплив на неї війни з російською федерацією; проаналізовано споживчий ринок моторного
палива в Україні, запаси сировини для виробництва моторного палива та її видобуток в країні та регіонах, виробництво моторного палива в країні; досліджено світовий ринок синтетичного рідкого палива; запропоновано техніко-економічне обґрунтування створення підгалузі з виробництва синтетичного рідкого палива в Україні.
... In this regard, the research and development of the applicability of fuel compositions based on industrial wastes [7][8][9][10] and the technologies of direct coal liquefaction [11,12] have become very active in recent decades. Still, aside from the positive effect, limitations and disadvantages of composite liquid fuels (CLFs) should be borne in mind. ...
... Composite liquid fuels generically include several components to form a homogeneous mixture of combustible and non-combustible components, solid and liquid. The most popular solid combustible components are coals [11][12][13]39,40] and their derivatives (sludge, filter cake, middlings, semi-coke) [6,9,41]. Peats, solid carbon-containing industrial waste (for example, tire pyrolysis residues) [7], and organic components (sawdust, nutshells and husks, dried algae) [16,17,[42][43][44] can also be successfully utilized in the energy sector as part of CLFs. ...
... Water is a non-combustible binder in fuel suspensions, where the mass fraction of water can be up to 50% [11][12][13]39,40]. However, suspensions of the listed components are characterized by composition instability due to certain stratification. ...
This article discusses the atomization of composite liquid fuels. A large group of injectors is considered. A comparative analysis of the atomization characteristics (droplet sizes and velocities, jet opening angles) and the influence of the fuel characteristics (density, viscosity, component composition) and the process parameters (the ratio of the fuel–air mass flow rates, the features of the jet formation) has been carried out. Finally, the most effective types of injectors, which provide for the necessary characteristics of fuel atomization for its combustion, have been determined. The most favorable conditions for the applicability of each type of atomization have been formulated. Possible mechanisms of secondary fragmentation of droplets of composite fuels have been analyzed: those resulting from mutual collisions of droplets in the flux and from the interaction with a solid surface as well as those resulting from thermal overheating in the presence of a phase boundary or a large gradient of component volatility. A conclusion is made about the need of using a synergistic effect of primary and secondary atomization of fuel suspension droplets.
... This occurred in Germany in the first half of the 20th century and in South Africa starting from the Second World War and then in China at the beginning of the 21st century. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL), the catalytic hydrogenation of coal at high temperature and pressure, was realized in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s [65] and was renewed recently in China with two large plants belonging to the Shenhua group [66]. The process [67] utilizes two-stage reactors at about 455 • C and 170 atm, using γ-FeOOH as a catalyst precursor fed together with sulfur so that a ratio of Fe:S = 1:2 and a ratio of Fe/coal = 0.5-1.0%. ...
The properties and the applications of the main monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and the three xylene isomers) and the industrial processes for their manufacture from fossil raw materials are summarized. Potential ways for their production from renewable sources with thermo-catalytic processes are described and discussed in detail. The perspectives of the future industrial organic chemistry in relation to the production of high-octane bio-gasolines and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as renewable chemical intermediates are discussed.
... There exist several life-cycle assessments (LCAs) for CCS at the regional level [15][16][17] . A net energy study of coal liquefaction in China reported a considerable reduction of the EROEI of the process if CCS was added to the plant, which could lead to "extremely low, even negative" net energy returns, although this is a fundamentally different application to electricity generation 18 . A 2006 CCS and sRE life-cycle comparison in the German context did not evaluate net energy performance, but found that, on a life-cycle basis, CCS emissions are considerably greater when compared with offshore wind farms in the North Sea and concentrated solar power plants in North Africa per unit of energy delivered 19 . ...
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for fossil-fuel power plants is perceived as a critical technology for climate mitigation. Nevertheless, limited installed capacity to date raises concerns about the ability of CCS to scale sufficiently. Conversely, scalable renewable electricity installations—solar and wind—are already deployed at scale and have demonstrated a rapid expansion potential. Here we show that power-sector CO2 emission reductions accomplished by investing in renewable technologies generally provide a better energetic return than CCS. We estimate the electrical energy return on energy invested ratio of CCS projects, accounting for their operational and infrastructural energy penalties, to range between 6.6:1 and 21.3:1 for 90% capture ratio and 85% capacity factor. These values compare unfavourably with dispatchable scalable renewable electricity with storage, which ranges from 9:1 to 30+:1 under realistic configurations. Therefore, renewables plus storage provide a more energetically effective approach to climate mitigation than constructing CCS fossil-fuel power stations.
... EROI analysis is applied in three areas: 1) To measure the performance of different energy systems, which is the most common application. Energetic physical performance of different energy supply processes are evaluated by EROIs analysis, including oil and gas (Brandt, 2011;Brandt et al., 2015;Cleveland, 2005;Court and Fizaine, 2017;Dale et al., 2011b;Freise, 2011;Gagnon et al., 2009;Gately, 2007;Grandell et al., 2011;Guilford et al., 2011;Hall et al., 2014;Hu et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2013;Kong et al., 2016;Moerschbaecher and Day Jr., 2011;Nogovitsyn and Sokolov, 2014;Poisson and Hall, 2013;Safronov and Sokolov, 2014;Xu et al., 2014), coal (Court and Fizaine, 2017;Hall et al., 2014;Hu et al., 2013), shale oil and gas Sell et al., 2011;Yaritani and Matsushima, 2014), oil sand , power generation (including wind and solar power generation) (Dupont et al., 2018;Huang et al., 2017;Kittner et al., 2016;Kunz et al., 2014;Leccisi et al., 2016;Neumeyer and Goldston, 2016;Raugei et al., 2012;Raugei and Leccisi, 2016;Swenson, 2016;Weißbach et al., 2013), coal to liquid and gas (Kong et al., 2015;Kong et al., 2016), jet fuel (Trivedi et al., 2015) , energy production sector (Brand-Correa et al., 2017;, and biofuel (Beal et al., 2012;Font De Mora et al., 2012;Pechsiri et al., 2016). 2) To compare the impacts of technology and depletion. ...
Both domestic oil and gas and imported oil and gas are essential to meet the enormous energy demand in China, which is incurred by its rapid economic growth. However, which is better than another? To address this issue, an energy return on investment (EROI) analysis, which is a useful method to evaluate the physical performance of an energy process, is applied. Besides, the EROIs time series of offshore domestic oil and gas and onshore domestic oil and gas are calculated, and the causes of the change tendency of EROIs time series are studied. The EROIs of imported oil and gas from different import countries are also calculated, laying the foundation for optimization of the import structure from an EROI perspective. Moreover, environmental inputs, which cause the externality of an energy process, are also studied. The results show that the EROIs of the entire domestic oil and gas fluctuate between 8.5 and 12, and the EROIs of the imported oil and gas lie in the range between 2.9 and 9.5. We conclude that: 1) The EROIs of domestic oil and gas is higher than those of imported oil and gas, indicating that domestic oil and gas has a higher physical efficiency than imported oil and gas. 2) The change tendency of EROIs is influenced by the extractions of natural gas. Moreover, the EROIs of imported oil and gas are additionally related to oil and gas prices. 3) From an EROI perspective, LNG and pipeline gas are better than imported crude oil. Australia, Kazakhstan, and the USA should be prioritized for China to import LNG, pipeline gas, and crude oil respectively. 4) Environmental inputs reduce the EROIs. Therefore more caution should be paid on the reduction of environmental inputs.
... To meet worldwide environmental standards, it is still necessary to reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants. While carbon dioxide capture and storage and an integrated coal-gasification combined cycle represent some of the potential solutions, they are yet to become economically feasible [4][5][6]. Thus, the most effective and realistic way to solve future global energy demands is to increase the efficiency and equate to a greenhouse gas reduction of coal-fired power-generation systems [7]. To support the growth within this industry, this paper presents the most profitable way for newly constructed coal-fired power plants to use said efficiencies through analyses of power-cycles and associated life-cycle costs. ...
Many existing financial models for power plants chose a design based on the maximum thermal efficiency excluding the operational (OPEX) and capital (CAPEX) cost variations of technical factors. These factors are often fixed because including them in financial assessments can be burdensome and it is assumed that maximum efficiency equals maximum profit. However, this assumption may not always be right. Through 19,440 power plant steam-cycle design solutions and their associated OPEX and CAPEX, this study found the eighth most thermally-efficient solution to be $1.284 M more profitable than the traditional thermally-optimized design solution. As such, this paper presents a model incorporating technical factors through parametric estimation by minimizing the burden on decision makers. While this may reduce precision, it allows for quick cost assessments across differing design solutions. The data for model development was collected from a Korean-constructed, operational 600 MW coal-fired power plant in the Philippines. Using the Thermoflex software, nearly all design configurations’ heat rate outputs are simulated. Profitability is then optimized based on the resultant design configuration’s impact on revenue and CAPEX and OPEX costs. The simulation inputs included variables found to be most impactful on the steam generated power efficiency per existing literature. Lastly, the model includes an assessment of cost impacts among recent environmental regulations by incorporating carbon tax costs and a sensitivity analysis. The economic analysis model discussed in this paper is non-existent in current literature and will aid the power-plant project investment industry through their project feasibility analyses.
