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-Primary, active faults (Emre et al., 2013) and the distribution of historical earthquakes (BC 2000-AD 1900) in Turkey and surrounding areas (Modified from Duman et al., 2018).
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... is located on the Alpine-Himalayan Seismic Belt which is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. Recently, the compiled historical catalog lists or identifies 2247 events for the time period from 2000 BC to 1900 AD with 212 earthquakes with an intensity (Io) of nine (IX) greater during the last 4000 years ( Soysal et al., 1981;Ambraseys 2009;Albini et al., 2013) Figure 1. During the last century and in the instrumental catalog 203 events are registered with a magnitude of 6.0 and greater in Anatolia and the surrounding region (Kalafat et al., 2011;Kadirioglu et al., 2016;Duman et al., 2018) (Figure 2). ...
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... building stock in the zone is composed of low-rise buildings that were constructed in the mid 1980s. The strategy followed in Fikirtepe relies on the demolishing the 1,500 small buildings to clear the area, and then the construction of high-rise buildings according to the most recent design codes and engineering practices, Figure 10. The total budget of the renewal was predicted as €4 billion. ...
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... of the property owners had legal agreements with the investors either for payment or for ownership of the new buildings. The view of Fikirtepe has significantly changed from a poor environment, Figure 11, to a modern environment, Figure 12. ...
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... of the property owners had legal agreements with the investors either for payment or for ownership of the new buildings. The view of Fikirtepe has significantly changed from a poor environment, Figure 11, to a modern environment, Figure 12. ...
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... demolishment of a single building in the non-detached buildings does not make a sound in the seismic risk reduction in the urban areas. For example, the building in the middle of Figure 13 demolished within the regulations given in the law. This action is not a real renewal success within the perspective of reducing the risk for an area but only for a single property. ...
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... damage from natural disasters frequently exhibits a nonlinear (faster than linear) growth with time. This growth is observed for both the number of disasters and for the associated losses (examples are shown in Figs. 1, 2). ; the definition of a country-level disaster is given in EM-DAT Glossary and means a disaster that has affected a particular country, if several countries were affected the disaster is indicated several times. ...
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... data presented by DEMP, the only competent authority for disaster and emergency related to Turkey, were examined. When the data provided by the Turkey Disaster Information Base, which is associated with DEMP (Figure 1), there are 7.456 data for natural disasters in Turkey. Among the 7.456 natural disasters in Turkey, earthquakes were the most common disaster. ...
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... clear that there has also been a social re-organization aimed to push the economically weak population to the suburban areas. (Dikec, 2009) With this new urban regime, it was possible to undertake planning and renewal projects anywhere in Turkey, regardless of the intended outcome. Moreover, new laws have given public institutions, through TOKI ( Fig. 1), the power to carry out such projects, including expropriation, repressing the inhabitants' right to opposition, resistance and ...
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... in order to propose an issue that is not just fatalistic, we must try to analyze the process that could lead to changes in the experienced reality. At least four different stages have been identified: a) the perception, selection, and relevance of the topic or issue; b) the knowledge of the topic or issue; c) the incorporation of the issue or problem; and d) the possible change of attitudes and behavior in relation to the issue or problem (Figure 1). ...
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... geological data relating to the surface effects detected immediately after the seismic events, as well as the numerous geophysical data available (accelerometric data, radar interferometry and GPS), all agree in attributing the genesis of the 2016 seismic events to the faults system of Monte VettoreMonte Bove, consisting of several segments of normal and / or transtensive faults, which extends for about 30 kilometers in the NO-SE direction. (Aringoli et al., 2016, 2018). ...
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... above all of trust! 148 Figure 1 -Area and municipalities into the so called "seismic crater". ...
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... other three studied field kitchens were located in the Lazio Region; one in the municipality of Accumoli, managed by the Tivoli Radio-Rescue Volunteers Association -AVRST (hereafter "Accumoli"), and two in the municipality of Amatrice (hereafter "Amatrice 1" and "Amatrice 2") managed respectively by the Lazio Region Civil Protection and by the national coordination of ANPAS. Table 1 lists the field kitchens surveyed, Figure 1 shows their locations and Figure 2 shows a collage of some pictures taken during the surveys. ...
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... curiosity about the concept of "resilience" has been stimulated after reading the "etymological journey" of Alexander (2013); then, I felt the need of a personal investigation, in order to bring a sharper focus on some crucial historical passages and connections. Some authors find captivating links with Ancient Greek Stoicism, Daoism, and Taoism (resilience as interpretation of detachment: Atkinson et al., 2009;Robertson, 2012;Morris, 2004;Wong, 2006; resilience as warrior selfgovernance, Sherman, 2005 the young slave (see Note 6) accuse rebounds from own client (see Note 7) skittish elephants in Zama battle (see Note 8) (see Note 11) Figure 1 -Appearance of the term resilience in Latin authors. ...
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... refers to terms related one each other, but never completely overlapping; "everyone [pulls] resilience towards its own meaning to adapt it to its own" purpose. Furthermore, "authors recall earlier concepts and rely on them, drawing some sort of circle where every term is linked to the other but without enough information to know just how they relate to one another" (see Figure 10, Table 2; quotation: Reghezza-Zitt et al., 2012; and references therein). ...
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... to Chandler's interpretation, it could be possible to define the 'bounce-back' or 'elastic' approach as homeostatic, while the evolutionary or 'ductile' resilience can be recognized in the autopoietic one" (from Cerè et al., 2017;Chandler & Coaffee, 2017; and reference therein). But meanwhile, the supporters of quantitative resilience based on functionality are digging deeply, analyzing and grouping technical, organizational, social, and economic patterns (TOSE; Table 4 from: Bruneau et al., 2003;Tierney & Bruneau, 2007) of communities prone to hazards/disasters (Figure 11: NRC, 2006). The study starts from the measure of the seismic resilience, characterized by 4R: Robustness, Redundancy, Resourcefulness, Rapidity; when an event happens, the quality of the infrastructure immediately decreases (vertical line); then, it gradually restores until normality (Figure 12; Bruneau et al., 2003). ...
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... meanwhile, the supporters of quantitative resilience based on functionality are digging deeply, analyzing and grouping technical, organizational, social, and economic patterns (TOSE; Table 4 from: Bruneau et al., 2003;Tierney & Bruneau, 2007) of communities prone to hazards/disasters (Figure 11: NRC, 2006). The study starts from the measure of the seismic resilience, characterized by 4R: Robustness, Redundancy, Resourcefulness, Rapidity; when an event happens, the quality of the infrastructure immediately decreases (vertical line); then, it gradually restores until normality (Figure 12; Bruneau et al., 2003). 54 (Community and Regional Resilience Initiative) Reports (i.e. ...
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... community earthquake loss of resilience (100% pre-event; reduced, as an example, to 50% immediately after the event). Figure 12 -Measure of seismic resilience; conceptual definition (adapted from Bruneau et al., 2003). Table 4: TOSE dimensions of resilience (adapted from Bruneau et al., 2003). ...
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... 55 (a GIS-based software model which produces loss estimates for earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis, developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA) is situated apart in Figure 13, because "resilience is taken into account in a non-explicit way" and other "geo-environmental hazards" are considered "as an indirect aftereffect of the primary seismic event" (from: Cerè et al., 2017). After some initial frameworks proposed by several authors ( Bruneau et al., 2003;Chang & Shinozuka, 2004;Rose & Liao, 2005;Miles & Chang, 2006;Cagnan et al., 2006; see also Cimellaro et al., 2016; and references therein), "the resilience concept as input to decision support methodologies has been applied to hospitals, lifeline structures, and cities"; "several methods for the quantification of infrastructures' resilience have been proposed that can be grouped in probabilistic methods, graph theory methods, fuzzy logic methods, and analytic methods" (from: Cimellaro et al., 2016; and references therein). ...
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... is a project sponsored by the European Commission within the framework of the FP7 programme. MOVE (Figure 14) considers four key factors: (a) exposure to a hazard or stressor; (b) susceptibility (or fragility); (c) societal response capacities or lack of resilience; (d) adaptive capacities. The framework does not provide a specific assessment method (qualitative or quantitative) or a pre-defined list of indicators; rather, it outlines key factors and different dimensions of vulnerability that can serve as a basis for a systematic operationalization of vulnerability ( Birkmann et al., 2013). ...
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... provides a model (acronym: AGIL) with a tetradic structure ordered hierarchically (Table 6; Zwick, 2014;Olsson et al., 2015). To the Parsons' AGIL hierarchy, prefer the neologism 'panarchy' (from the Greek god Pan, god of chaos and play) to describe the adaptive cycle model (Figure 15). Table 6 -AGIL scheme (Parsons, 1951;1966;1970;; definitions taken from Olsson et al. (2015). ...
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... my personal flight over the historical evolution of the resilience concept (summary in Figure 16), stimulated by the reading of the Alexander's work (2013), I tried to point out some open questions about the different approaches to resilience across various disciplines, analyzing a huge amount (but non exhaustive, of course) of scientific literature. Four leading threads can be pulled out from the mess: (i) first, originating from the early Rankine's and later Bruneau formulations, several methods for the quantification of the 'engineering resilience', with special focus on structural and infrastructural domains, have been implemented, until to very articulated networks; this 'bounce-back' or 'elastic' approach (oscillations around a steady state) can be considered as 'homeostatic'; ...
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... exploited in future studies. Furthermore, the presence of the concept of resilience, coming from other cultures and countries worldwide, should be more extensively investigated; to this goal, additional contributions are strongly encouraged. http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/-054_0039,_Seneca_maior._Lucius_Annaeus,_Controversiae,_LT.pdf; Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; head picture from: https://www.bookdepository.com/Letters-from-Stoic-Seneca/9780140442106; Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; book cover from: https://www.abebooks.it/ricerca-libro/titolo/l-annaei-senecae-philosophi-operaomnia/autore/seneca/sortby/1/. 5a Lucius Annaeus Seneca Minor (ca. 4 BC; 65 AD), De Ira; ...
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... worldwide, should be more extensively investigated; to this goal, additional contributions are strongly encouraged. http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/-054_0039,_Seneca_maior._Lucius_Annaeus,_Controversiae,_LT.pdf; Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; head picture from: https://www.bookdepository.com/Letters-from-Stoic-Seneca/9780140442106; Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; book cover from: https://www.abebooks.it/ricerca-libro/titolo/l-annaei-senecae-philosophi-operaomnia/autore/seneca/sortby/1/. 5a Lucius Annaeus Seneca Minor (ca. 4 BC; 65 AD), De Ira; Liber III, V; Collectio Documenta Catholica Omnia, Tabulinum De Rebus Laicorum, Materia De Antiqua Aetate, Argumentum 30 De ...
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... Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; head picture from: http://www.succedeoggi.it/2017/09/la-voce-ovidio/; last access May 14, 2019. Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; book cover from: https://genius.com/Ovid-the-metamorphoses-of-ovid-book-i-fable-1-annotated; last access May 14, 2019. ...
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... Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; head picture from: http://www.succedeoggi.it/2017/09/la-voce-ovidio/; last access May 14, 2019. Fig. 1: last access May 14, 2019; book cover from: https://genius.com/Ovid-the-metamorphoses-of-ovid-book-i-fable-1-annotated; last access May 14, 2019. ...
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... to the ground, activation and reactivation of large landslides and DSGSD (deep seated gravitational slope deformation) dolines, mud volcanoes and liquefaction phenomena, landslides and small dams, changes in the water regime of the springs and the flow of rivers, cracks and / or fractures and / or deformations on network infrastructures, etc. (Fig. 1, 2). ...
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... 2 -Schematic cross section (see Fig. 1).: 1) mainly calcareous formations; 2) marly calcareous formations; 3) calcareous and marly calcareous formations; 4) arenaceous-pelitic formations ...
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... Castelluccio basin is an intra-mountain depression, located in the central Apennines and filled with fluvial-lacustrine sediments deposited during the middle Pleistocene up to the Holocene ( Coltorti & Farabollini, 2002); the basal units are instead represented by micritic and pelagic limestones of Jurassic-Miocene age ( Pierantoni et al., 2013 Fig. ...
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... the three municipalities most affected, the percentage of buildings damaged varies from 16% to 20% of the total and almost all of them are residential and most of the damage is concentrated in the historic centers, cross-checking the data of Copernicus for damage caused by the shock of August 24, 2016 with data from the 2011 census (ISTAT, 2011) 5 , OpenStreetMap Extracts and GeoFabrik we visualized the impact of the earthquake in our case study in Fig.1. In our representation, the severely affected buildings are in red, the medium affected buildings are in fuchsia and non-affected buildings are in blue. ...
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... in Fig.1. In our representation, the severely affected buildings are in red, the medium affected buildings are in fuchsia and non-affected buildings are in blue. As far as their intended use is concerned, residential buildings (i.e. the majority) have no outline; productive buildings have a lilac outline, service buildings are orange. As shown in fig. 1, the historical center of Amatrice has suffered the most serious damages: about 75% of the buildings have been ...
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... chapter discusses the results of a specific portion of a broader project on earthquake resilience, which was carried out in the Marche Region, in the municipalities of Visso, Ussita and Castelsantangelo sul Nera (Province of Macerata) ( Figure 1); territories strongly affected by the seismic events of August 24 th and October [26][27][28][29][30]2016. The three selected towns are quite representative of the typical small cities of a mountain environment in Central Italy, with a low population density (Table 1), and a local economy devoted to agriculture, livestock, and forestry, as well as summer and winter tourism. ...
