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Parents’ education and household wealth cannot be presumed to operate independently of each other. However, in traditional studies on the impact of social inequality on obesity, education and financial wealth tend to be viewed as separable processes. The present study examines the interaction of parents’ education and household wealth in relation t...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 3 also shows distribution of parents' education in each household wealth quintile. As shown in Table 4, boys had a statistically higher obesity prevalence compared to girls (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in childhood obesity prevalence between different household wealth levels, father's education levels, mother's education levels, or residence registration area. ...
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Background
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Objective
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Citations
... Household wealth. The procedure to generate the household wealth index had been previously described in detail [21]. The index was generated through a principal components analysis based on the following indicators: household income, food costs as a proportion of annual income, ratio of income to expenditure, self-reported evaluation of household income compared to the local average, income growth in the last three years, satisfaction of household income, number of private cars, number of computers, if the child has his/her own room, and number of family trips per year. ...
... One study from the United States using a state level panel containing 4044 males and 4044 females from 1991 to 2010 found evidence of an Obesity Kuznets curve for white females but not for Table 2 Distribution of demographic, socioeconomic groups, proportion of people with obesity, by sex white males [31]. Interaction between wealth and education was found among women in a study using four datasets of women of reproductive age from the Egyptian Demographic and Health Surveys spanning two distinct time periods: 1992/95 (N = 11,097) and 2005/08 (N = 23,178) [32]; as well as among girls in a cross-sectional study containing 3670 children from northeast China [21]. Moderate wealth & self-employed families (M&S) were found to be the subgroup that had the highest obesity risk for girls. ...
Background
Obesogenic environment is important in driving obesity epidemic. Children spend large amount of their time in schools. School neighborhood environment, as well as its interaction with socioeconomic status (SES) needs to be explored to provide evidence for children obesity prevention policies.
Methods
Objective anthropometric measurement, a household structured questionnaire, and school geospatial analyses were carried out on 3670 children (aged 9–12 years) of 26 schools in northeast China. Interaction between SES inter-categorical intersectionality group and school neighborhood environment was tested for the effect on children’s body mass index z scores (z-BMI) and waist–hip ratio z scores (z-WHR), following formulation of SES inter-categorical intersectionality group based on household wealth, parental education, and parental occupation.
Results
SES groups formed by household wealth, parental education and parental occupation was associated with z-BMI and z-WHR for girls. Those from moderate wealth & self-employed (M&S) families had the highest adjusted z-BMI and z-WHR among all SES groups. School neighborhood environment factors interacted with SES groups in association with WHR for girls. Number of school neighborhood supermarkets and residential sites were negatively associated with z-WHR for girls from M&S families (β= -0.45 (95%CI: -0.76, -0.15) for supermarkets; β= -0.01 (95%CI: -0.03, 0.00) for residential sites). Number of school neighborhood convenience stores and public transport stops were positively associated with z-WHR for girls from M&S families (β = 0.02 (95%CI: 0.00, 0.03) for convenience stores; β = 0.23 (95%CI: 0.15, 0.31) for public transport stops). While non-significant association was found for number of vegetable stores.
Conclusion
Girls from moderate wealth & self-employed families may be the group susceptible to school neighborhood environment. Local policies targeted at improving the school neighborhood environment may be one avenue for reducing socioeconomic disparities in obesity especially for girls.
... The interaction between a father's higher education and the wealth index was found to have a significant impact on child obesity in China using a sample of fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade students from 26 elementary schools during the period (17 May-23 June, 2017), while mothers with the same level of education had no significant impact (Liu et al., 2018). ...
... The findings of the study regarding the significant impact of child age, child gender, place of residence, and mother's nutritional status are consistent with previous studies The insignificant impact of both maternal education and the interaction of wealth and maternal education across both age groups is similar to other studies (Liu et al., 2018). ...
Citation: Ahmed, P. M. & Mostafa, N. M. (2023). The relationship between socio-demographic factors and the prevalence of childhood obesity in Egypt Abstract Due to the alarming status of childhood obesity in Egypt, this paper seeks to examine the association between socio-demographic factors and obesity among children from birth until those aged 18 years in Egypt. The study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze this relationship by providing both descriptive and empirical analyses of childhood obesity, where a multivariate logistic regression model is estimated using the 2014 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. The findings of the study indicated that child age and gender, maternal nutritional status, place of residence, and the interaction of wealth and region among children aged less than 5 in certain regions were found to have a significant impact on childhood obesity. On the other hand, wealth score, maternal education, the interaction of wealth and region for children aged (5-18) years, and wealth and maternal education did not have a significant impact. Based on these results, it is recommended to work on impacting the food choices of Egyptian households to be healthier through spreading awareness among the different economic classes, whether rich or poor, and especially among women. Furthermore, policies should target promoting better and affordable access to healthier food choices, especially among the poorest segments of the population, along with encouraging physical activities within schools. Although several studies have investigated this relationship, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to analyze this relationship for children from birth until those aged 18 years, using the 2014 DHS. Moreover, the study aimed at exploring the impact of the interaction between wealth and each of maternal education and place of residence on childhood obesity in Egypt.
... Os dados sociodemográficos incluíram perguntas sobre o grau de escolaridade dos pais e o ambiente familiar (Liu et al., 2018). A secção de hábitos alimentares incluía perguntas sobre as atitudes e comportamentos alimentares, tais como frequência das refeições e hábitos de lanche, dentro ou fora da escola (Magklis et al., 2019). ...
... Sociodemographic data comprises questions about the household environmental and parental educational level (Liu et al., 2018). The eating habits section contains questions concerning food attitudes and behaviours, such as meal regularity and snacking habits, within or outside school (Magklis et al., 2019). ...
Introduction: The Mediterranean diet (MD) is widely known as a healthy eating pattern for preventing and reducing childhood obesity. School has been described as a privileged setting for modulating eating habits and health promotion. Objective: The study aimed to analyse the effects of a nutrition education programme on the nutritional status and MD adherence in children and adolescents from São Miguel Island, Azores. Methods: A total of 298 students from the 1st to the 3rd cycle were included. An anthropometric assessment (height, weight, and waist circumference) was performed, and participants completed a questionnaire which included KIDMED Index at baseline and after the intervention. This programme had grade-appropriate nutritional education activities, promoting the Mediterranean food pattern. Results: After the intervention, students with a higher education level showed improvements in nutritional status. We verified an increase in the obesity prevalence in 1st cycle students (26.7% vs 32.2%) and a decrease in the 2nd and 3rd cycles (26.4% vs 20.7% and 21.5% vs 20.7%, respectively). Concerning to KIDMED index, in 1st cycle students, we observed a decrease in the percentage of optimal adherence (52.2% vs 47.8%). Otherwise, in 2nd and 3rd cycles, students enhanced their optimal MD adherence (31.0% vs 35.6% and 27.3% vs 30.6%, respectively). It was found a negatively correlation between MD adherence and body mass index (RS = - 0.154, p = 0.010) and between MD adherence and waist circumference (RS = - 0.138, p = 0.021). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a nutrition education programme is more effective in improving nutritional status and MD adherence in adolescents, compared with children.
... Initially, as income rises, weight gain occurs as result of caloric imbalance and the consequent access to higher amounts of food, but at certain point, this tendency changes and the people start to prefer healthier nutritional options and invest in their overall well-being [31]. During this process, education is believed to act as a "social vaccine" [32], the actual responsible for the obesity level decrease after a critical income level is reached. Considering the high positive correlation between years of education and income, a equivalent relationship between education and overweight is settled. ...
Background: Childhood overweight and obesity levels are rising and becoming a concern globally. In Costa Rica, the prevalence of these conditions has reached alarming levels. Spatial analyses showing geographical patterns and risk factors are required to develop tailored and effective public health actions.
Methods: A Bayesian spatial mixed model was built to understand the geographic patterns of childhood overweight and obesity prevalence in Costa Rica and their association with some socioeconomic factors. Data was obtained from the 2016 Weight and Size Census (school age children) and 2011 National Census.
Results: Average years of schooling increase the levels of overweight and obesity until reaching an approximate value of 8, then, they start to decrease. Besides, for every 10-point increment in the percentage of homes with difficulties to cover their basic needs and in the percentage of population under 14 years old, there is a decrease of 8 and 15 points, respectively, in the odds of obesity.Spatial patterns show higher values of prevalence in the center area of the country, touristic destinations, head of province districts and in the borders with Panama.
Conclutions: Especially for childhood obesity, the average years of schooling is a non-linear factor, describing a Kuznets curve phenomenon. Lower percentages of households in poverty and population under 14 years old are slightly associated with higher levels of obesity. Districts with high commercial and touristic activity present higher risk of prevalence.
... In this study, potential interactions between maternal education level with household income were checked. Based on the literature, we postulated that the association between education level and OWM/OWC would be different across household income based on the previous studies [45,46]. We also examined the potential interactions between maternal age and maternal education level. ...
Along with the increasing overweight and obesity trends among adults and children globally, numerous studies have suggested a strong association between maternal overweight and obesity among their offspring. We sought to report the prevalence and associated factors of intergenerational overweight and obesity among mother–child pairs in Malaysia from 2006 to 2015. Data were analysed from three waves of the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study conducted in 2006, 2011 and 2015. A mother and the youngest child from each household formed ‘mother–child pairs’ and were grouped according to their body mass index categories. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with overweight mother/overweight child pairs (OWM/OWC), with normal weight mother/normal weight child pairs (NWM/NWC) as the reference group. The prevalence of OWM/OWC increased from 15.3% to 21.7%, while the prevalence of NWM/NWC decreased from 28.4% to 23.8% between 2006 and 2015. Older maternal age and having primary and secondary education levels were positively associated with OWM/OWC. Conversely, older child age, Chinese ethnicity, large household size and low-income households were inversely associated with OWM/OWC. In conclusion, intergenerational weight gain is a worrisome trend in Malaysia. These findings may help in guiding priority setting for obesity prevention strategies in Malaysia.
... In this study, potential interactions between maternal education level with household income were checked. Based on the literature, we postulated that the association between education level and OWM/OWC would be different across household income based on the previous studies [45,46]. We also examined the potential interactions between maternal age and maternal education level. ...
... This may be because low-income families tend to have a higher BMI, and parents with lower incomes usually have a lower educational background. 16,17 Parents who have a higher BMI given their inappropriate eating habits and lifestyle tend to raise their children the same way, and their low schooling background along with a low family income affect the food quality at home. 18 The data found in the current study comply with the ones provided by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), showing a significant inverse association of parents' schooling level and family income with the child's BMI. ...
Objective
The nutritional status resultant from dietary habits along with socioeconomic conditions and the school environment are directly related to the individual's health condition not only in their childhood but also throughout adulthood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of socioeconomic factors on the anthropometric profile and to analyze a probable association between this profile and biochemical markers in children attending public daycare centers.
Methods
: It is a transversal study developed in a probability sample of clusters of children from 6 months to 5 years old. Anthropometric and socioeconomic data were gathered at the CMEIs, questionnaires on the nutritional status were applied and blood was collected at the Family Health Units (USFs).
Results
Female children are three times more likely to be underweight; in families with five members, it is 1/3 more likely that children of higher-educated parents are overweight. Among the results of the biochemical tests, hypervitaminosis A was a relevant aspect, positively correlating with copper (p=0.005) and zinc (p=0.008).
Conclusion
Therefore, since the influence of the family is an important predictor of overweight and its future outcomes related to nutritional deficiencies and inadequate dietary intake, educational interventions are vital as a way to pave the path to prevention.
... We investigated seven associated factors with antibiotic usage in children with febrile illnesses based on existing literature [13,26,31,32,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Explanatory variables utilised in this study are defined in Table 3. Table 3. Measurement of explanatory variables. ...
... The outputs of bivariable analysis were reported as unadjusted odds ratio (UORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A conceptual framework technique was used to explore the causal pathways between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables based on empirical knowledge from the findings of previous studies and the authors' experience ( Figure 1) [26,31,32,[36][37][38][39][40][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Details about causal graphs are described in Jewell 2003 [48]. ...
... Likewise, the arrow from children's age to antibiotic usage depicted the influence of age on their antibiotic usage [34]. We assessed the overall effect of age in model 2. Similarly, the household wealth index and parents' education affect children's antibiotic usage and have an interaction effect [41][42][43][44]. We used model 3 to account for the effect of the household wealth index and the parents' education level. ...
Fever in children under five years of age is a common and predominantly self-limiting sign of illness. However, in low- and middle-income countries, antibiotics are frequently used in febrile children, although these children may not benefit from antibiotics. In this study, we explored the prevalence of, and factors associated with, antibiotic use in children under five years old with febrile illness in Bangladesh. We analysed data from the 2017–2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to determine the prevalence of antibiotic use in children under five years of age with a febrile illness. We used a causal graph and performed a multivariable logistical regression to identify the factors associated with antibiotic use in children under five years old with febrile illness in Bangladesh. Of the 2784 children aged less than five years with fever included in our analysis, 478 (17%, 95% CI 15% to 19%) received antibiotics. Unqualified sources, including unqualified providers and pharmacies, contributed to 60% of antibiotic prescriptions in children with fever, followed by the private medical sector (29%) and the public sector (23%). The highest use of antibiotics was found in children under six months of age (25%). Children with parents who completed secondary or higher education were more likely to receive antibiotics (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.61 (95% CI 1.63 to 4.16)) than children whose parents did not complete primary education. Educational interventions promoting rational use of antibiotics and improved regulations governing over the counter purchase of antibiotics in Bangladesh may improve antibiotic dispensing practices.
... The respondents were asked to report personal background information (i.e., age, sex, parents' education levels, and families' financial status). With regard to indicators for measuring SES, researchers have suggested that family SES was a composited variable which can be accessed via parental' educational levels and family income (Davis-Kean, 2005;Lê-Scherban et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2018). Data on parents' education levels and families' financial status were collected as the observed indicators of the latent construct of SES in the current study. ...
This study investigated Taiwanese middle school students’ perceptions of their parents’ rearing behaviors, examining the gender invariance of the students’ appraisals. First, we examined and revised the s-EMBU for Taiwanese middle school students. Second, multigroup analyses were conducted to confirm the measurement invariance between boys and girls. Finally, we investigated the associations between family socioeconomic status and students’ perceptions of their parental rearing behaviors. There were two samples of Taiwanese middle school students. Sample 1 included 598 students and was used to verify the s-EMBU scale, which measured individual perceptions of parental parenting behaviors, including rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection. Sample 2 included 1,153 students who responded to the revised s-EMBU scale. A SEM with a multigroup analysis was conducted to examine the differences in structural weights for each gender. The results confirmed the measurement invariance between boys and girls for the revised s-EMBU. The latent mean structural analyses revealed that Taiwanese middle school girls perceived a higher level of parental emotional warmth, while boys perceived higher levels of parental rejection and overprotection. In addition, the study also demonstrated that SES was related to parental rearing behaviors for boys rather than girls. The study revised and validated the measure of s-EMBU with Taiwanese middle school samples, confirming the measurement invariance between boys and girls. In conclusion, the findings could help us understand middle school students’ perceptions of parental rearing behaviors, providing some insights into parenting approaches.
... In addition, family background also played a significant role in shaping children's body mass. The current literature suggests that children who grow up in more affluent families have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity [17], and children with siblings are less likely to be overweight and obese than children in one-child families [10]. In addition, children's risks of overweight and obesity are positively associated with parental education and BMI [10,17]. ...
... The current literature suggests that children who grow up in more affluent families have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity [17], and children with siblings are less likely to be overweight and obese than children in one-child families [10]. In addition, children's risks of overweight and obesity are positively associated with parental education and BMI [10,17]. ...
... In addition, parents' education attainment had a significant impact on children's growth. Well-educated parents may have better nutrition knowledge and care more about children's growth, and they have higher motivation to adopt a healthy lifestyle as role models for their children [17]. It should be noted that a father's and mother's education may have different impacts on children's growth status. ...
