Figure - uploaded by Daniel Lüdecke
Content may be subject to copyright.
Predictors of physical functioning and optimism: Model 1 and 2 without interaction (standardized coefficients 1 ).
Source publication
Background: This study examines if education, income, and loneliness are associated with physical functioning and optimism in an ageing population in Germany. Furthermore, time trends of physical functioning and optimism as well as of associations with social inequality and loneliness are analyzed. Methods: The German Ageing Survey (DEAS), a longit...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... fixed effects over a period of 10 years are shown in Table 2 (regression coefficients of standardized data). Concerning the time trend (Wave), physical functioning decreases over time, indicated by the regression coefficient of −2.12, while optimism is slightly increasing (0.27). ...Context 2
... 1 and 2 illustrate the time trends of social inequalities and loneliness in terms of both outcomes of ageing well. Overall, physical functioning decreases over time (see Figure 1 and Appendix Table A2). Regarding education, physical functioning declines considerably more for lower educated persons. ...Context 3
... the interaction effects reveal highly significant values for education, a weaker but significant interaction for income, and no interaction for loneliness (see Appendix Table A1). Compared to physical functioning, there are less changes of optimism over time and the patterns (a, b, c) differ more from each other (see Figure 2 and Appendix Table A2). The association with education is rather inconsistent. ...Context 4
... fixed effects over a period of 10 years are shown in Table 2 (regression coefficients of standardized data). Concerning the time trend (Wave), physical functioning decreases over time, indicated by the regression coefficient of −2.12, while optimism is slightly increasing (0.27). ...Context 5
... 1 and 2 illustrate the time trends of social inequalities and loneliness in terms of both outcomes of ageing well. Overall, physical functioning decreases over time (see Figure 1 and Appendix A Table A2). Regarding education, physical functioning declines considerably more for lower educated persons. ...Context 6
... between education and optimism is not significant, while income and loneliness indicate low but significant estimates (see Appendix A Table A1). Compared to physical functioning, there are less changes of optimism over time and the patterns (a, b, c) differ more from each other (see Figure 2 and Appendix Table A2). The association with education is rather inconsistent. ...Context 7
... trends of physical functioning and optimism as well as of associations with social inequality and loneliness were analyzed. Compared to physical functioning, there are less changes of optimism over time and the patterns (a, b, c) differ more from each other (see Figure 2 and Appendix Table A2). The association with education is rather inconsistent. ...Citations
... 47 The level of education is associated with the physiological function and optimism of a person who is more aware of health, including knowledge, belief, service utilization, and good health behavior. 48 Occupation has a significant relationship with depression. This is due to the disruption of activities and work due to COVID-19. ...
Introduction
The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has affected the physical and mental health of individuals, families, and communities worldwide including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine anxiety and depression in the general population and factors related to anxiety and depression due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
This study employed an online cross-sectional survey of 1149 respondents. We assessed self-reports regarding current health conditions and exposure to COVID-19, anxiety, and depression in the general population in Indonesia.
Results
The results showed that 26.6% and 30.5% of the participants experienced mild to severe anxiety and depression, respectively. The ordinal regression test showed that anxiety in the community was significantly related to age, feeling infected with COVID-19, feeling that a friend/colleague is infected with COVID-19, sufficient information regarding COVID-19, and the types of symptoms that are felt (fever, cough, and cold/sore throat, difficulty breathing). Besides, education level, occupation, feeling that family is infected with COVID-19, symptoms experienced, and anxiety were significantly related to depression.
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused anxiety and depression in the general population in Indonesia. This study’s results can be a catalyst in providing psychological interventions for the general public facing the COVID-19 pandemic.
... One study in Amsterdam did not find any association between loneliness and longevity (90 years) among men and women, 15 although longevity was not necessarily healthy. Other studies found that loneliness decreases the odds of 'aging well' in older German individuals (aged 40 years) 16 and in adults (aged 18 years) from Finland, Poland, and Spain. 17 However, studies comparing highincome with upper-middle-income countries are lacking. ...
... As mentioned earlier, comparisons between studies that investigated the association between loneliness and functional ability indicators should be made with caution because these indicators have been indirectly measured in the literature, differently from this study. Longitudinal studies that included 'difficulties in getting dressed' 16,32 or 'poor handgrip strength' 33 as one item of the outcome consistently found a positive association with loneliness. These results suggest that inflammatory responses 11 caused by loneliness may generate sarcopenia, which is a major contributor to the risk of functional ability decline and physical frailty. ...
Objectives:
This study aimed to estimate five harmonized healthy aging indicators covering functional ability and intrinsic capacity among older women and men from Brazil and England and evaluate their association with loneliness.
Study design:
This was a cross-sectional study.
Methods:
We used two nationally representative samples of men and women aged ≥60 years from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) wave 2 (2019-2021; n = 6929) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging wave 9 (2018-2019; n = 5902). Healthy aging included five separate indicators (getting dressed, taking medication, managing money, cognitive function, and handgrip strength). Loneliness was measured by the 3-item University of California Loneliness Scale. Logistic regression models stratified by sex and country were performed.
Results:
Overall, age-adjusted healthy aging indicators were worse in Brazil compared with England for both men and women. Considering functional ability, loneliness was negatively associated with all indicators (ranging from odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.52] in English men regarding the ability to take medication to OR = 0.49 [95% CI 0.27-0.89] in Brazilian women regarding the ability to manage money). Considering intrinsic capacity, loneliness was negatively associated with a higher cognitive function (OR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.55-0.95 in English women) and a higher handgrip strength (OR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.45-0.83 in Brazilian women). Lonely women demonstrated lower odds of a higher number of healthy aging indicators than men in both countries.
Conclusions:
Country-specific social environments should be targeted by public policies to decrease loneliness and promote healthy aging later in life.
... Past studies have explored the relationship of loneliness, isolation and living alone on the health and well-being of older people. LIL may cause depression, cardiovascular disease, reduced quality of life, low self-rated health, anxiety, reduced cognitive or physical function, frailty, insomnia, mortality, suicide, and work disability in older adults [1,3,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Such negative effects may be worse for individuals with lower education, lower income, and disability [16]. ...
... LIL may cause depression, cardiovascular disease, reduced quality of life, low self-rated health, anxiety, reduced cognitive or physical function, frailty, insomnia, mortality, suicide, and work disability in older adults [1,3,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Such negative effects may be worse for individuals with lower education, lower income, and disability [16]. ...
Background:
Loneliness, isolation, and living alone are emerging as critical issues in older people's health and well-being, but the effects are not consistent. The purpose of this study was to examine the clustering of loneliness, isolation, and living alone, the risk factors and the associations with psychological well-being.
Methods:
The data were collected from the 2019 Taipei City Senior Citizen Condition Survey by face-to-face interviews and included a community-based sample (n = 3553). Loneliness, isolation, and living arrangement were analyzed by cluster analysis to define Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters, and linear regression was used to examine association of clusters with psychological well-being.
Results:
Five clusters of older adults were identified and named as follows: Not Lonely-Connected-Others (53.4%), Not Lonely-Isolated-Others (26.6%), Not Lonely-Alone (5.0%), Lonely-Connected (8.1%), and Lonely-Isolated-Others (6.9%). Demographics, financial satisfaction, physical function, family relationship, and social participation were related to the Loneliness-Isolation-Living-Alone clusters. Compared with the Not Lonely-Connected-Others cluster, the Lonely-Connected cluster and Lonely-Isolated-Others cluster had higher depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction, and the Not Lonely-Isolated-Others cluster reported lower life satisfaction; the Not Lonely-Alone cluster was not different.
Discussion:
Loneliness and isolation are negatively associated with psychological well-being, and living arrangement is not the determinant to loneliness or isolation. Older adults are suggested to strengthen their informal social support, and the government may encourage social care and create an age friendly environment to reduce loneliness and isolation.
It is well known that people are living longer. Better medicine and health care systems are two of the main factors behind this. In recent times, there has been a real focus on global public policy whereby countries across the world understand the social and economic of population aging. Key institutions that have driven this global understanding are the United Nations (UN) and the World Health Organization (WHO). By applying a global policy perspective, the authors of this chapter examine the contemporary debates on aging and social care. In this work, the authors explore three countries, namely, China, India, and Japan. The authors provide an analytical narrative for each country, explaining why people are living longer, the economic and social pressures, and the policy interventions that have been put in place.
El objetivo del estudio es conocer la prevalencia de soledad y aislamiento social en mayores de 65 años en Ourense y sus factores asociados. Métodos: estudio descriptivo trasversal, muestra aleatoria de personas mayores de 65 años a las que se realizó una entrevista entre junio de 2010 y junio de 2011. Tamaño muestral: 486 pacientes (soledad estimada del 35%). Se administró la escala OARS-MFAQ (Olders American Resource and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire), que recoge variables sociodemográficas, recursos sociales, económicos, salud física, mental y la capacidad para llevar a cabo actividades básicas de la vida diaria (ABVD) y actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AIVD). Se les hizo la pregunta «¿Se encuentra usted sola/solo?», con cuatro posibles respuestas: siempre, a menudo, casi nunca, nunca. Resultados: se entrevistó a 572 personas de una edad media de 79 años (desviación estándar [DE]: 6,79). Soledad: 32,7%; vive sola/solo: 17%; sin contacto semanal: 18,9%; aislamiento social: 1,4%. Fueron factores asociados a la percepción de soledad: ser mujer, tener pensión y nivel educativo bajos, depresión, deterioro cognitivo, pérdida de visión, dependencia para las AVBD, tomar psicofármacos en los 6 meses previos y la necesidad de mejoras en la vivienda. La práctica de ejercicio regular constituyó un factor protector. Conclusiones: la soledad en nuestra población es similar a la descrita en otros ámbitos, se asocia a desigualdad de género, factores sociales y demográficos, depresión y deterioro cognitivo. Los profesionales de Atención Primaria deben identificarla y abordarla. Palabras clave: soledad, personas mayores, aislamiento social, promoción de la salud, condicionantes sociales de la salud.
Das Thema soziale Ungleichheit in der Gesundheit findet in der Public Health- und sozialepidemiologischen Forschung seit vielen Jahren große Aufmerksamkeit. Auch in Deutschland belegen zahlreiche empirische Studien den Zusammenhang zwischen abnehmendem Sozialstatus und schlechter Gesundheit. Dieser „soziale Gradient“ zeigt trotz umfangreicher Forschung und öffentlichem Interesse im Zeitverlauf keine Tendenz sich zu verringern. Aufgrund der Aktualität und Relevanz der Thematik untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit in Deutschland. Zu Beginn der Arbeit wird hierzu die Entwicklung des Forschungsgebiets auf internationaler Ebene dargestellt sowie theoretische Grundlagen erörtert. Im Anschluss fasst eine umfangreiche Literaturübersicht mit Hilfe einer systematischen Querverweissuche den aktuellen Forschungsstand empirischer Studien in Deutschland zusammen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für eine Vielzahl an Krankheiten ein Zusammenhang mit Einflussfaktoren auf individueller und sozialräumlicher Ebene gefunden werden kann. Die Einordnung und Kontrastierung der Studien erlaubt, neue Forschungsperspektiven zu identifizieren. Diese bilden die Grundlage der darauffolgenden empirischen Analysen, welche umfangreiche Befragungsdaten der Studie „Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell“ des Robert Koch-Instituts nutzen. Zum einen wird der Einfluss sozialer Einflussfaktoren auf den Gesundheitszustand auf Bundesebene untersucht. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die sozioökonomischen Faktoren Einkommen, Bildung und Arbeit auch bei Berücksichtigung intermediärer Faktoren einen eigenständigen und signifikanten Einfluss auf die Gesundheit ausüben. Durch die Verknüpfung mit aggregierten Raumdaten kann ebenso gezeigt werden, dass der soziale Gradient je nach Attraktivität des Lebensraums unterschiedlich ausgeprägt ist und spezifische Faktoren wie z.B. eine hohe Ärztedichte oder eine geringe Feinstaubbelastung im Zusammenhang mit einem guten subjektiven Gesundheitszustand stehen. Zum anderen wird mit dem Ruhrgebiet ein spezifischer Lebensraum im Hinblick auf soziale Unterschiede in der Morbidität und Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen in der älteren Bevölkerung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse weisen für alle betrachteten Erkrankungen soziale Disparitäten auf – insbesondere Bluthochdruck, Adipositas, koronare Herzkrankheiten und COPD. Die Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen spiegelt diese höhere Krankheitslast hingegen nur teilweise wider. Die Ergebnisse erlauben ein besseres Verständnis der Einflussfaktoren sowie der Krankheitslast und Versorgungsbedarfe sozial benachteiligter Bevölkerungsgruppen. Auf Grundlage dieser Resultate werden Perspektiven zur Verbesserung der gesundheitlichen Chancengleichheit in Deutschland sowie strukturschwachen Regionen diskutiert. Die Arbeit liefert somit neue Erkenntnisse zur sozialen Ungleichheit in der Gesundheit in Deutschland und leistet einen Beitrag zur sozialepidemiologischen Forschung.
