Prediction of B-cell epitopes on pkmsp142 and location of nonsynonymous changes: A. The peptide sequence of the 42-kDa region of pkmsp1 is shown, with predicted potential B-cell epitopes highlighted in red residues and non-epitope surface residues in blue within the internal stretch of the sequence. B. Based on the predicted structure of the 42-kDa region of pkmsp1 (AlphaFold ID: K7QLU5), the locations of nonsynonymous changes of each amino acid shared between former and recent isolates found in pkmsp142 are labeled in yellow. Additionally, the locations of predicted B-cell epitopes and non-epitope surfaces are colored in red and blue, respectively