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Predicted probabilities of having a first child by duration of stay and marital/migration history. Notes: Controlled for birth cohort, age at migration, education. Data: German GGS 2006, unweighted
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Our study focus es on the fertility of first-generation femal e and male Turkish migrants in Germany. To evaluate whether timing effects such as fertility disruption or an interrelation of marriage, migration and childbirth occur, we examine first and second births in the years before and after immigration to Germany. The Turkish sample of the Genera...
Citations
... Higher fertility levels for non-Western immigrants were found among Eastern and Southern European immigrants in Switzerland (Rojas et al., 2018); Turkish and Sub-Saharan African immigrants in France Pailhé, 2015); Turkish immigrants in Germany (Milewski, 2007(Milewski, , 2010; immigrants from the Maghreb region in Spain (González-Ferrer et al., 2016); immigrants from Morocco and Turkey in Belgium (Van Landschoot et al., 2017); and Pakistani and Bangladeshi immigrants in the UK (Kulu & Hannemann, 2016;Kulu et al., 2017). Age at migration, marital status, and the reason for migration are strong predictors of the timing and levels of fertility (Andersson, 2004;Cygan-Rehm, 2011;Milewski, 2007;Wolf, 2016). Women who were married at the time of migration or migrated for family reasons had particularly high fertility levels whilst employment-related migrants had lower fertility levels during the first years after arrival (Castro Martin & Rosero-Bixby, 2011;Mussino & Strozza, 2012;Mussino et al., 2015;Persson & Hoem, 2014). ...
This paper examines childbearing in and outside of marriage as a manifestation of the Second Demographic Transition among immigrant populations in Switzerland. Based on full-population register data, we simultaneously analyse fertility and partnership changes at different stages of the migration process. Results from a multistate event history model show that most of the differences in family formation patterns between migrant groups and natives are in the sequencing of marriage and first birth among childless unmarried women. Out of wedlock family trajectories prove to be a common experience for European migrants, but a sustainable family pathway only among natives, as well as among immigrants from France, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Among married women, it is the risk of a third birth that marks the differences between groups; first and second birth rates are relatively similar across migrant groups. Distinguishing between the transition patterns of newly arrived immigrants and settled immigrants (characterised by various residence durations) support the disruption hypothesis among EU migrants and the interrelated life events hypothesis among non-EU groups. Family size and the partnership context of fertility highlight which family regime prevails in different population subgroups and the role that immigrants play in the Second Demographic Transition and family transformation in Europe.
... Das Muster von Frauen aus mediterranen Ländern, die ähnlich niedrige Fertilitätsraten wie Deutschland und vergleichbare Anstiege im Geburtsalter aufweisen, gleicht sich im Generationenverlauf dem der Nichtmigrantinnen an. Berücksichtigt man soziodemografische Variablen, so erklären Gruppenunterschiede in Familienstand, Bildungsniveau, Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung, Religionszugehörigkeit und Größe der Herkunftsfamilie die Fertilitätsunterschiede, zum Teil sogar ganz (Milewski, 2007(Milewski, , 2010Krapf & Wolf, 2015;Wolf, 2016). ...
Nach Jahrzehnten sehr niedriger Geburtenraten sind diese in Deutschland seit einigen Jahren wieder auf Werte angestiegen, die im europäischen Mittelfeld liegen. Dieser Beitrag skizziert anhand aktueller Daten die Entwicklung der Kohorten- und Periodenfertilität und gibt einen Überblick zu zentralen Theorien zur Geburtenentwicklung. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf dem Aufschub der Geburten im Lebensverlauf von Frauen und Männern, der Geburtenentwicklung in der migrantischen Bevölkerung und einer Einordnung des jüngsten Geburtenanstiegs.
... With respect to intergenerational non-EU origin couples in our dataset, the vast majority of first generation partners migrated after the age of 18, which in many cases can reflect marriage migration. In line with the literature (Wolf, 2016), we see that intergenerational non-EU origin couples have their first child shortly after arrival of the first generation partner: 55-60 % has their first child within four years after arrival. Finally, first generation non-EU origin couples are relatively heterogeneous in terms of partners' duration of residence and age at migration. ...
... (1)). Source: MIA Panel, 2005-2016, calculations by authors. ...
... Notes: Mixed origin couples and intergenerational non-EU origin couples are labelled as 'origin woman -origin man'. Source: MIA Panel, 2005-2016, calculations by authors. ...
Although the gender gap in labour force participation has narrowed considerably in many European countries, life course scholars have shown that the transition to parenthood exacerbates gender inequality in couples’ division of paid work. Hitherto, variation by migration background has received limited attention in research on the effect of parenthood on couples’ gender division of paid work. This is remarkable given that such heterogeneity is theoretically informative on differential interconnectedness of life course events, but may also inform policy makers on the life course transitions that induce migrant-native differences in women’s labour force participation. This study adopts a life course perspective and uses longitudinal microdata from Belgian social security registers to examine variation in couples’ gender division of paid work around family formation by migration background. Taking into account couples’ migration background - by considering the origin group and migrant generation of both partners – we identify four patterns of gender dynamics around family formation in couples where at least one partner is of migrant origin. These four patterns emerge from (dis)similarities with native couples with respect to their pre-birth division of paid work on the one hand and their changes in this division around family formation on the other hand. These results highlight that combining an account of couples’ division of paid work prior to the birth of a first child with a perspective focussing on how the division of paid work changes around family formation is necessary for a thorough understanding of variation by migration background.
... The two subsequent hypotheses-the disruption hypothesis and the hypothesis of interrelation of life events-focus on the impact of the move itself (Wolf 2016). The disruption hypothesis posits that migration is a stressful event that entails significant economic costs, disconnection of social networks, and psychological pressure, all of which may affect fertility and partnership dynamics before and on arrival in the receiving country (Cantalini and Panichella 2019). ...
While there is a large literature investigating migrant marriage or fertility, little research has examined how childbearing and partnerships are interrelated. In this paper, we investigate how childbearing and partnership trajectories evolve and interact over the life course for immigrants and their descendants and how the relationship varies by migrant origin. We apply multichannel sequence analysis to rich longitudinal survey data from France and find significant differences in family-related behaviour between immigrants, their descendants, and the native French. Immigrants’ family behaviour is characterized by stronger association between marriage and childbearing than in the native population. However, there are significant differences across migrant groups. Turkish immigrants exhibit the most conservative family pathways. By contrast, the family behaviour of European immigrants is similar to that of the native population. The study also demonstrates that the family behaviour of some descendant groups has gradually become indistinguishable from that of the native French, whereas for other groups significant differences in family behaviour persist.
Supplementary material for this article is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2022.2049856
... Previous research has typ i cally found a neg a tive asso ci a tion between age at migra tion and fer til ity prior to arrival for women who migrate as adults (Tønnessen and Wilson 2019;Toulemon 2004;Toulemon and Mazuy 2004;Wilson 2013). Fertility tends to be ele vated for women imme di ately after arrival (Toulemon 2006;Waller et al. 2014), although this pat tern of ele va tion is less evi dent for men (Wolf 2016). For women, Forced Migration and the Childbearing of Women and Men evi dence of ele vated fer til ity exists for both inter nal (Hoem and Nedoluzhko 2016) and inter na tional immi grants (Toulemon 2006). ...
It is well known that migrant fertility is associated with age at migration, but little is known about this relationship for forced migrants. We study an example of displacement in which the entire population of Finnish Karelia was forced to move elsewhere in Finland in the 1940s. This displacement was unique because of its size and scale, because we have data on almost the whole population of both men and women who moved, and because of the similarity between origin and destination. These aspects enable us to investigate the disruptive impact of forced migration, net of other factors such as adaptation and selection. For all ages at migration from one to 20, female forced migrants had lower levels of completed fertility than similar women born in present-day Finland, which suggests a permanent impact of migration. However, women born in the same year as the initial forced migration showed no difference, which may indicate the presence of a counterbalancing fertility-increasing effect, as observed elsewhere for people born during a humanitarian crisis. There is less evidence of an impact for men, which suggests a gendered impact of forced migration-and its timing-on fertility. Results are similar after controlling for social and spatial mobility, indicating that there may be no major trade-off between reproduction and these forms of mobility.
... In many West ern countries, restric tions on labor migra tion in the mid1970s led to the increased prom i nence of fam ily reunification and mar riage migra tion (Akgündüz 1993). Previ ous work has suggested that fam ily migra tion is impor tant for child bear ing out comes (Andersson 2004;Baykara-Krumme and Milewski 2017;Frank and Heuveline 2005) and has addi tion ally shown that fer til ity varies by type of fam ily migra tion, includ ing mar riage migra tion and fam ily reunification (Wolf 2016). Drawing on this work, I dis tin guish among dif fer ent migra tion and mar riage path ways and, thus, explore chang ing selec tiv ity by fam ily migra tion type as a poten tial source of migrantcohort var i a tion in fer til ity. ...
... After the 1973 oil cri sis incited a ban on recruit ment, some guest work ers returned to their ori gin countries, with finan cial support from the West Ger man gov ern ment; how ever, many stayed and con tin ued bring ing in rel a tives through fam ily reunification chan nels. In Germany, fam ily reunification law allowed both fam ily reunions and mar riage migra tion-the lat ter becom ing more dom i nant since the 1980s, par tic u larly among men from Turkey and for mer Yugoslavia (Kalter and Schroedter 2010;Wolf 2016). In the 1970s and 1980s, about half of the migrants to Germany could be attrib uted to fam ily reunification from for mer labor-send ing countries (Münz and Ulrich 1998). ...
... Model 1 controls for age at migration; model 2 adds control for education; and model 3 adds control for mar riage/migration history. Source: 1984-2016German SOEP (2017. *Statistically significant difference at p < .05 ...
Although a growing literature explores the relationship between migration and fertility, far less scholarship has examined how migrant childbearing varies over time, including across migrant cohorts. I extend previous research by exploring migrant-cohort differences in fertility and the role of changing composition by education and type of family migration. Using 1984–2016 German Socio-Economic Panel data, I investigate the transition into first, second, and third birth among foreign-born women in West Germany. Results from an event-history analysis reveal that education and type of family migration—including marriage migration and family reunions—contribute to differences in first birth across migrant cohorts. Specifically, more rapid entry into first birth among recent migrants from Turkey stems from a greater representation of marriage migrants across arrival cohorts, while increasing education is associated with reduced first birth propensities among recent migrants from Southern Europe. I also find variation in the risk of higher parity transitions across migrant cohorts, particularly lower third birth risks among recent arrivals from Turkey, likely a result of changing exposures within origin and destination contexts. These findings suggest that as political and socioeconomic circumstances vary within origin and destination contexts, selection, adaptation, and socialization processes jointly shape childbearing behavior.
... In contrast to the idea that migration disrupts childbearing, some authors have found an immediate increase in fertility rates after arrival among migrant groups, which may be due to the fact that migration is often "interrelated" with the family formation process such as spousal reunification or partnership formation (Andersson 2004;Kulu 2005;Singley and Landale 1998). This arrival effect occurs among Turkish migrants in Germany due to the frequency of marriage migration (when women marry and join partners already living abroad) (Milewski 2007;Wolf 2016). In contexts where migration is closely interrelated with marriage and childbearing, one could expect a postmigration increase in contraceptive use to the extent that marriage and childbearing prompts more intentional family planning practices. ...
This paper integrates contraception into the extant migrant-fertility framework using the case of internal migration within Turkey. Drawing from the 2013 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey data, we show that migration is positively associated with age of first modern contraceptive use. As women's migration is quickly followed by family formation, women also take up modern contraception after first childbirth, likely due to new encounters with medical professionals, differing contraceptive access and other social exposures. We also find that women whose childhoods were spent in urban areas have a higher risk of first modern contraception relative to women from rural areas, thus suggesting the enduring importance of socialization. These results show how selection processes, life-cycle factors, and sociocultural norms jointly shape modern contraceptive behavior in Turkey. Our results also demonstrate a need for increased reproductive care in rural areas and suggest continued fertility decline with urban migration.
... The numbers of papers on fatherhood among migrant men in Europe (Cantalini & Panichella, 2019) and on fertility among both migrant women and men are very small (Kraus, 2017, Wolf, 2016Wolf & Mulder, 2019). The few such studies that exist investigated different regional contexts, addressed different outcomes, and focused on the first migrant generation only. ...
... However, when emigrants have been compared to stayers at origin, the results have been mixed. Support for this assumption was found for female migrants from Turkey living in Europe (Baykara-Krumme & Milewski, 2017) but not for women and men from Ghana living in Europe (Wolf, 2016) or for Russian women living in Estonia (Puur et al., 2017). ...
This paper addresses the fertility behavior of Turkish men in Europe from a context of origin perspective. Men of the first and subsequent migrant generations are compared with “stayers” from the same regions of origin in Turkey. We pay special attention to the men’s reasons for migration by distinguishing between work and nonwork motivations for migration. We use data from the 2000 Families Study, which was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in Turkey and in western European countries; the sample consists of about 3,500 men. We analyze the transitions to fatherhood as well as to second and third births using event-history analyses; and we investigate the cumulated number of children using Poisson regression analysis. As the men were aged 18–92 at the data collection, we carry out separate models for birth cohort groups. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis of the interrelatedness of events. First-generation migrant men show elevated first birth transitions, which are closely linked to marriage and migration. However, in contrast to the pattern that is often found for women, this effect is observed for labor as well as for nonwork migrants. The rates of transition to a second and a third birth differ less from those of stayers. Analyses of cumulated fertility at age 41 or older further suggest that the migrants’ overall numbers of children are smaller than those of the stayers in Turkey. Thus, our findings indicate that there are dissimilation processes and crossover trends among emigrant men characterized by higher rates of transition to family formation linked to migration but lower overall fertility.
... Three competing hypotheses are commonly discussed in this area of demographic research: namely, the socialisation, adaptation, and interrelation-of-events hypotheses. While the socialisation hypothesis states that the behaviour of migrant women is primarily determined by the cultural patterns they learned in their country of origin, the adaptation hypothesis assumes that migrant women's demographic behaviour will -with increasing duration of stay -converge to the behaviour of the "majority population" in the destination country (Andersson 2004;Wolf 2016). Adaptation may occur through "cultural convergence", as migrants acquire norms and values of the ideal number of children or of the optimal age at first birth that are similar to those of the native population. ...
Objective: This chapter introduces the reader to the Special Issue "Female Employment and Migration in European Countries". Background: While there is a large body of research on the labour market performance of male migrants, women’s employment behaviour after migration has only recently moved into the focus of attention. Method: This Special Issue draws on various research methods and data sources, including register, census, and survey data. Some of the studies focus on specific national contexts, such as the German, Spanish, Dutch, and Belgian situations. Other studies compare female migrants across European countries and between origin and destination countries. Results: The contributions in this Special Issue help to disentangle the complex interplay of socio-economic factors, family and fertility behaviour, gender role attitudes, and institutional constraints and policies that shape the employment behaviour of migrant women after they migrate. Conclusion: In many European countries, the employment rates of first-generation female migrants, and particularly those of women from non-EU countries of origin, lag behind the employment rates of native women. While prior research has often reported that socio-economic and cultural factors play a role in shaping the employment behaviour of female migrants, the contributions in this volume also emphasise the strong relevance of institutional factors in the receiving country, including migration, family, and labour market policies.
... First, most studies on migrant fertility concentrate on women only, neglecting entirely the location of the male partner. Few other studies include migrant men's migration trajectories or their socioeconomic characteristics and the impact on fertility (Guetto and Panichella 2013;Kraus 2019;Milewski 2007;Wolf 2016;Wolf and Mulder 2018). However, male and female migration and fertility trajectories tend to be 'coordinated and interdependent' and part of a joint household strategy (Lindstrom and Giorguli-Saucedo 2007, p. 827). ...
This study takes a 'country-of-origin' or dissimilation perspective to compare the timing of births and completed fertility of international migrants and of those who stay at origin. In order to disentangle selection effects determining differential fertility behaviour of migrants, other mechanisms explaining migrant fertility (disruption, interrelation of events) are also examined. Furthermore, we take into consideration the prevalence of polygamy in Senegal to enhance our knowledge of migrant fertility in this specific context. For the empirical analysis, we use longitudinal data collected in the framework of the MAFE-Senegal project (Migrations between Africa and Europe), which includes retrospective life histories of non-migrants in Senegal and migrants in France, Italy and Spain. We estimate discrete time hazard models and Poisson regressions for male and female respondents separately to analyse the timing of first and higher-order births as well as completed fertility. The results show a strong disruptive effect of migration on childbearing probabilities for men and women, clearly related to the geographic separation of partners due to the out-migration of the man. Increased birth risks in the first year upon arrival could be observed for migrant women following their husbands to Europe, suggesting an interrelation of migration and fertility events. Regarding completed fertility, migrants have significantly fewer children by the age of 40 compared to their non-migrant counterparts, which among men is largely driven by a strong negative effect of polygamous migrants.
