Figure - available from: Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Predicted cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) in the promoter regions of RcGRAS genes. A Illustrating the number of different CAREs in the promoters of RcGRAS genes. B The sum of each CARE belongs to four different biological categories are represented by different coloured histograms (Color figure online)
Source publication
Plant-specific GRAS transcription factors (TFs) are reported to play an essential role in regulating several biological processes, such as plant growth and development, phytochrome signal, arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis, stress responses. However, rose GRAS genes are still unexplored. In this study, 59 rose GRAS genes (RcGRAS) were identified and...
Citations
... Furthermore, MaGRAS12, MaGRAS34, and MaGRAS33 were also found to enhance yeast cell drought or salt tolerance [57]. In a study involving GRAS genes identified from roses, most genes were significantly down-regulated after exogenous GA application, the SCR, RAM1, and PAT1 subfamilies exhibited significant down-regulation under drought stress conditions, suggesting their important roles in GA and drought stress signal regulation [58]. ...
The GRAS gene family encodes a group of plant-specific transcription factors essential for regulating plant growth, development and stress responses. While the GRAS gene family has been extensively studied in various plant species, a comprehensive characterization of the GRAS gene family in Medicago ruthenica has not yet been conducted. In this study, a total of 62 MrGRAS gene family members were identified through a comprehensive whole-genome analysis of M. ruthenica, and phylogenetic analysis categorized these 62 genes into 13 distinct groups. Gene structure and conserved domain analysis showed that MrGRAS genes from the same evolutionary branch share similar exon–intron architecture and conserved motifs. A large number of hormone-responsive, growth and development and stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements were detected in the upstream sequences of MrGRAS genes. RT-qPCR analysis showed that drought stress significantly induced the expression of nine selected MrGRAS genes. Overall, this study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains, cis-regulatory elements and expression patterns of the GRAS gene family in M. ruthenica, filling the gap in the identification of the MrGRAS gene family and laying the foundation for functional analysis of the MrGRAS gene family.
... [11] 和葡萄(Vitis vinifera) [12] 中有 13 个亚 家族，葫芦(Lagenaria siceraria) [13] 中有 16 个亚 家族，CENCI 等 [14] 将被子植物 GRAS 家族分为 17 个亚家族。目前，GRAS 基因家族已在多个物种 中被报道，其中拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana) [15] 有 33 个成员、水稻(Oryza sativa) [15] 有 60 个、 玉米 (Zea mays) [16] 有 86 个、 大白菜 (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis ) [17] 有 48 个 、 毛 果杨 ( Populus trichocarpa ) [18] 有 106 个 、 中 国 蔷 薇 ( Rosa chinensis) [19] 有 56 个成员，大戟科的木薯(Manihot esculenta) [20] 有 77 个、麻风树(Jatropha curcas) [21] 和蓖麻(Castor bean) [22] 均有 48 个成员。 GRAS 基因家族在植物生长发育、激素信号 传导、逆境响应等多个生物学过程中发挥着重要 的调控作用。如 GRAS 家族成员 DELLA 蛋白作 为赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)信号转导途径的负调 控因子，通过与其他蛋白互作从而介导 GA 调控 植物生长 [23] 。此外，DELLA 还参与调控茉莉酸 (jasmonic acid, JA)信号转导 [24] 及次生细胞壁形 成 [25][26] ；PAT1 作为光敏色素 A 信号途径的正调 控因子参与光信号途径调控 [27] ；HAM 参与茎尖 分生组织的生长发育 [28] ；SCR 和 SHR 通过形成复 合体进而共同调控拟南芥根和芽的径向生长 [29] ； SCL3 参与调控陆地棉根的伸长 [30] ；在大豆中过 表达 GmGRAS37 基因可以增强植株的耐旱和耐盐 能力 [31] 。近年来，随着对 GRAS 基因的深入研究， 越来越多的证据表明，GRAS 基因家族在植物的适 应性进化和环境适应性方面起着关键的作用 [32][33][34] 。 巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis) ，简称橡胶 树，原产于巴西亚马逊河流域马拉岳西部地区， 是大戟科橡胶树属一种典型的热带雨林树种，也 是我国及世界热区的一种重要经济作物。橡胶树 所产生的胶乳是天然橡胶的主要原料。天然橡胶 是重要的战略物资和工业原料，尽管世界上有 2000 多种产胶植物，如银胶菊 [35] 、橡胶草 [36] 和杜 仲 [37] 等，但目前所使用的天然橡胶约 98%仍来源 于橡胶树 [38] [20] 、蓖麻(78.3%) [22] 和麻风树(95.83%) ...
Abstract: GRAS is a plant-specific transcription factor, which plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development, and abiotic stress response. GRAS gene family has not been reported in Hevea brasiliensis. In this study, bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosome positions, and cis-acting elements of promoters of GRAS gene family members in H. brasiliensis. The expression patterns of HbGRAS were analyzed by transcriptome data and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 91 GRAS family members were identified from H. brasiliensis genome, named HbGRAS1-HbGRAS91, with molecular weights ranging from 14.07-89.46 kDa. The results of subcellular localization prediction showed that HbGRAS was mainly localized in the nucleus and chloroplast. Those proteins were divided into 14 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. The gene structures and motif compositions within the same subfamily were relatively conserved. The 91 GRAS family members were distributed in 17 chromosomes and two scaffolds except for chromosome 11 in rubber tree.
... The gene expression profiles present invaluable insights and serve as pivotal indicators for predicting the potential functions of MsPOT1 genes [36]. An in-depth analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns assumes the most importance in unraveling the specific roles of MS. gene040108 gene across diverse tissues of alfalfa. ...
Extensive bodies of research are dedicated to the study of seed aging with a particular focus on the roles ofreactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ensuing oxidative damage during storage, as a primary cause of seed vigordecreasing. ROS diffuse to the nucleus and damage the telomeres, resulting in a loss of genetic integrity. Pro-tection of telomeres 1 (POT1) is a telomeric protein that binds to the telomere region, and plays an essential rolein maintaining genomic stability in plants. In this study, there were totally four MsPOT1 genes obtained fromalfalfa genome. Expression analysis of four MsPOT1 genes in germinated seed presented the different expressions.Four MsPOT1 genes displayed high expression levels at the early stage of seed germination, Among the four POT1genes, it was found that MS. gene040108 was significantly up-regulated in the early germination stage of CKseeds, but down-regulated in aged seeds. RT-qPCR assays and RNA-seq data revealed that MsPOT1-X gene wassignificantly induced by seed aging treatment. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MsPOT1-X gene in Arabidopsisthaliana and Medicago trunctula exhibited enhanced seed vigor, telomere length, telomerase activity associatedwith reduced H2O2 content. These results would provide a new way to understand aging stress-responsiveMsPOT1 genes for genetic improvement of seed vigor. Although a key gene regulating seed vigor was identi-fied in this study, the specific mechanism of MsPOT1-X gene regulating seed vigor needs to be further explored.
... Gene expression profiles offer valuable insights into the potential functions of MsTERT genes and serve as crucial indicators to decipher their roles [40]. A thorough investigation of tissue-specific expression patterns is of paramount importance in elucidating the specific functions of MS. gene79077 across diverse alfalfa tissues. ...
Numerous studies have investigated seed aging, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species diffuse into the nucleus and damage telomeres, resulting in loss of genetic integrity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays an essential role in maintaining plant genomic stability. Genome-wide analyses of TERT genes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) have not yet been conducted, leaving a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying seed aging associated with TERT genes. In this study, four MsTERT genes were identified in the alfalfa genome. The expression profiles of the four MsTERT genes during seed germination indicated that MS. gene79077 was significantly upregulated by seed aging. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MS. gene79077 in Arabidopsis exhibited enhanced tolerance to seed aging by reducing the levels of H2O2 and increasing telomere length and telomerase activity. Furthermore, transcript profiling of aging-treated Arabidopsis wild-type and overexpressing seeds showed an aging response in genes related to glutathione-dependent detoxification and antioxidant defense pathways. These results revealed that MS. gene79077 conferred Arabidopsis seed-aging tolerance via modulation of antioxidant defense and telomere homeostasis. This study provides a new way to understand stress-responsive MsTERT genes for the potential genetic improvement of seed vigor.
... The Rosa chinensis genotype (CSIR-IHBT-IC-4) was cultivated in pots filled with a soil, peat, and sand mixture in a 1:2:1 ratio, within a greenhouse environment, following the method described by Kumari et al. (2023). To induce HS, the plants were exposed to a temperature of 42 °C for a duration of 24 h. ...
DNA methylation is a well-recognized epigenetic modification linked to plant development, and it serves a crucial function in safeguarding the genome, governing gene expression, and enhancing stress resilience in plants. This mechanism is carried out by several conserved cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases). In the present study, a total of 10 C5-MTases were identified in rose. Our comprehensive examination, encompassing the study of conserved domains, gene structures, and phylogenetic analysis, led to the categorization of RcC5-MTases into four distinct subgroups: CMT, MET, DRM, and DNMT2. During the present study, numerous cis-elements that play roles in plant growth and development, phytohormone responsiveness, stress adaptation, and light sensitivity were also identified. A significant downregulation in the expression of RcC5-MTase genes (RcCMT1, RcCMT2, RcMET1, RcMET2, RcDRM1, and RcDRM3) were observed under HS, while the heat shock factor RcHsp17.8 was significantly upregulated, contributing to heat tolerance. RcCMT2 expression decreased by 9.8-fold at 6 h, 17.24-fold at 12 h, and 15.88-fold at 24 h under HS. Although RcDRM1 showed non-significant downregulation at 6 and 12 h, a significant decrease of 7.76-fold was observed at 24 h. RcDRM3 consistently showed significant downregulation at all time points, with the highest decrease of 21.79-fold observed at 24 h. Overall, the present investigation provides significant insights into the expression and function of rose C5-MTase-encoding genes. This information will be valuable for future experimental research on the processes of epigenetic control in rose.
... In t These resu family exp distributed (Figure 1), (Wang et (120. Vol. 15, No. 7;2023 directly or indirectly reflect the similarities and differences in their functions. Through phylogenetic analysis and genetic structure research, we explore the evolution process of plant genes and predict and explain their functions. ...
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual vegetable crop of the family Asteraceae. It is the most consumed leaf vegetable in the world and is highly valued for its edible and medicinal value. Using transgenic technology, introducing functional genes into plants can shorten the breeding time and improve the quality of lettuce. However, in the genetic transformation of lettuce, the application of transgenic technology is limited by the low conversion rate. In this experiment, using ‘S39’ cotyledons as the test material, to establish a stable genetic transformation system. The results showed that when the leaf regeneration medium was 0.01 mg/L 6-BA and 0.4 mg/L NAA, the highest regeneration rate reached 97.9%, which was the best leaf regeneration hormone concentration. When the infection fluid was used in the OD600 value of 0.2, the infected leaves were in good condition and controllable Agrobacterium was the most suitable infection fluid concentration. When the infection time was 15 min, the infection effect was the best, the leaves grew well, and the resistant plants could grow. The screening in a medium containing 30 mg/L of Kana concentration and 250 mg/L of Cef was the suitable medium formulation. NAA 0.1 mg /L and 6-BA 0.2 mg /L were selected as the optimal concentrations in the rooting medium.
... The GRAS family has been reported as a plant-speci c TF in more than 50 species [22]. Up to now, there are over 30 mono-and dicotyledonous plants, such as rice, maize, Arabidopsis, barley, rose, and so on have been carried out genome-wide GRAS gene family identi cations and analyses [30,31] . Previously, based on the conserved domains and functions, the GRAS gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana has been divided into eight subfamilies, including DELLA, SCL3, LAS, SCR, HAM, SHR, LISCL, and PAT1 [32] . ...
Lettuce is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in the world, but it is prone to high-temperature stress in the cultivation process leading to bolting, which affects the yield. The plant-specific transcription factors, GRAS proteins, play an important role which regulates plant growth development and abiotic stress. However, there is no comprehensive study of the GRAS gene family in lettuce. In this study, the complete LsGRAS genome was identified its expression was analyzed. The results showed that the 59 LsGRAS genes were classified phylogenetically divided into 4 conserved subfamilies and distributed unevenly on 9 chromosomes, with 50% physically adjacent to at least one another and 100% localized on the nucleus. Chromosome localization and gene structure analysis suggested that duplication events and a large number presence of intronless genes might be the reason why the LsGRAS gene family expands massively. Combined with gene annotation and interaction network analysis, the expression pattern of the LsGRAS gene under high-temperature treatment was analyzed, revealing the potential different functions of the LsGRAS gene under high-temperature stress. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information and candidate genes for improving the ability of lettuce to tolerate high-temperature stress.
... To date, GRAS transcription factors have been studied in many species and have been identified in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (33) [12] (Lee et al., 2008), rose (59) [24], rice (57) [25], tomato (53) [26], and grape (52) [27]. The GRAS gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant, has been well studied, and the functions of several family members have been verified. ...
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial herb from the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. It is famous in China and abroad. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is controlled by structural genes and regulated by transcription factors. GRAS transcription factors are widely found in plants. They can be used as tools to modify plant metabolic pathways by interacting with promoters or regulatory elements of target genes to regulate the expression of target genes, thereby activating the synergistic interaction of multiple genes in metabolic pathways and effectively improving the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, there are no reports on the involvement of the GRAS gene family in ginsenoside biosynthesis. In this study, the GRAS gene family was located on chromosome 24 pairs in ginseng. Tandem replication and fragment replication also played a key role in the expansion of the GRAS gene family. The PgGRAS68-01 gene closely related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was screened out, and the sequence and expression pattern of the gene were analyzed. The results showed that the expression of PgGRAS68-01 gene was spatio-temporal specific. The full-length sequence of PgGRAS68-01 gene was cloned, and the overexpression vector pBI121-PgGRAS68-01 was constructed. The ginseng seedlings were transformed by Agrobacterium rhifaciens-mediated method. The saponin content in the single root of positive hair root was detected, and the inhibitory role of PgGRAS68-01 in ginsenoside synthesis is reported.
... GRAS genes were identified in several plant species using genomewide characterization and expression analysis, such as Arabidopsis and rice (Tian et al., 2004), maize (Tian et al., 2004), Chinese cabbage (Song et al., 2014), castor bean , tobacco (Huang et al., 2015), Medicago truncatula , Malus domestica (Fan et al., 2017), grapevine (Grimplet et al., 2016), pepper , Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder) (Chang et al., 2021) and rose (Kumari et al., 2022). Based on previous studies in Arabidopsis and rice (Tian et al., 2004), DELLA, SHR, SCL3, PAT1, LAS, SCR, HAM, and LISCL subfamilies were further identified in the GRAS gene family. ...
... Based on previous studies in Arabidopsis and rice (Tian et al., 2004), DELLA, SHR, SCL3, PAT1, LAS, SCR, HAM, and LISCL subfamilies were further identified in the GRAS gene family. Several different subfamilies were identified in different plants, such as lotus (Wang et al., 2016) and mustard (Li et al., 2019) (at least nine groups), tomato (10 groups) (Huang et al., 2015), and tea trees (at least 13 groups) (Wang et al., 2018),and Chinese white pear (12 groups) (Chang et al., 2021) and rose (17 groups) (Kumari et al., 2022) Following their sequence, structure and phylogenetic relationships, the functions of their members were also explored and identified as being involved in various biological processes in different plants, including root radial pattern formation (Di et al., 1996;Helariutta et al., 2000), nodulation signal transduction (Hirsch et al., 2009), photosensitive pigment A signal transduction (Bolle et al., 2000), axillary meristem formation (Stuurman et al., 2002), gibberellin signal transduction (Peng et al., 1997;Silverstone et al., 1998;Ikeda et al., 2001), male gametogenesis (Morohashi et al., 2003), and biotic and abiotic stress resistance (Yuan et al., 2016). ...
GRAS (gibberellin acid insensitive, repressor of GAI, and scarecrow) genes are important regulators of plant growth and development, secondary metabolism, stress and signal transduction. Carmine radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a well-known red radish pigment container that is cultivated in Fuling, Chongqing city. To investigate the potential functions of GRAS transcription factors in carmine radish, the gene structure, evolution and expression patterns of GRAS were comprehensively analyzed using bioinformatics. A total of 48 candidate GRAS gene family members were identified and comprised 11 clusters: LISCL (13), PAT1 (10), SHR (4), DELLA (4), SCR (4), SCL4\7 (2), SCL3 (3), SCL32 (3), DLT (2), LAS (1) and NSP2 (1). These cluster underwent phylogenetic analysis. Transcriptome data revealed potentially different functions for RsGRAS genes in different tissues and in response to heavy metal tolerance. The results showed that 10 RsGRAS genes from four subfamilies (PAT1, DELLA, SCR, and LISCL) were high (FPKM > 5) in all of the tested tissues. RsSCL33a-1, RsSCL26, RsRGL3, RsSCL13-2, RsSCL1-2, RsSCL32-2, RsSCL28-1 and RsSHR-2 were identified with great alterations in both radish cultivars under heavy metal (Cd) stress. RsSCL32-2, RsSCL28-1 and RsSCL13-2 were significantly changed in response to various heavy metal stresses in the heavy metal-tolerant radish 'XCB' compared to the heavy metal-susceptible radish 'HX' (carmine radish). This study provides comprehensive insight into the GRAS genes in carmine radish for genetic improvements of carmine radish.
... It contains vitamin C and has high antioxidant properties linked to its phenolic and betacyanin content [4]. Several transcription factors (TFs), including WRKY [5], MYB [6], MADS-box [7], ARF [8], AP2/EREBP [9], HB [10], SBP [11], bZIP [12], APX [13] and the GRAS family, are being explored to identify their specific roles in plants [14]. Significant research has been conducted on the GRAS gene family in many crops, including Arabidopsis thaliana [15], Chinese cabbage [16], switchgrass [17] Medicago sativa [18], cassava [19], GRAS-protein physical and chemical properties, including each protein's molecular weight, isoelectric point and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY), were computed using the Expasy ProtParam Tool, https://web.expasy.org/protparam/ ...
... Green and red genes are designated as hub genes because they interact with more than 10 genes. Different colors show the interactions of the genes as follows: green (16)(17)(18)(19)(20), red (11)(12)(13)(14)(15), yellow (6-10) and gray (2-5). ...
... Green and red genes are designated as hub genes because they interact with more than 10 genes. Different colors show the interactions of the genes as follows: green(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), red(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), yellow (6-10) and gray(2)(3)(4)(5). ...
Simple Summary
The GRAS gene family plays a critical role in regulation of growth, defense, light and hormone responses. We identified 45 GRAS genes in the pitaya genome and categorized them into nine respective subfamilies: PAT1, SHR, LISCL, HAM, SCR, RGL, LAS, DELLA and SCL-3. Among these 45 HuGRAS family members, we reported nine candidate genes that played key roles in the growth and development of the pitaya plant.
Abstract
The GRAS gene family is one of the most important families of transcriptional factors that have diverse functions in plant growth and developmental processes including axillary meristem patterning, signal-transduction, cell maintenance, phytohormone and light signaling. Despite their importance, the function of GRAS genes in pitaya fruit (Selenicereus undatus L.) remains unknown. Here, 45 members of the HuGRAS gene family were identified in the pitaya genome, which was distributed on 11 chromosomes. All 45 members of HuGRAS were grouped into nine subfamilies using phylogenetic analysis with six other species: maize, rice, soybeans, tomatoes, Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis. Among the 45 genes, 12 genes were selected from RNA-Seq data due to their higher expression in different plant tissues of pitaya. In order to verify the RNA-Seq data, these 12 HuGRAS genes were subjected for qRT-PCR validation. Nine HuGRAS genes exhibited higher relative expression in different tissues of the plant. These nine genes which were categorized into six subfamilies inlcuding DELLA (HuGRAS-1), SCL-3 (HuGRAS-7), PAT1 (HuGRAS-34, HuGRAS-35, HuGRAS-41), HAM (HuGRAS-37), SCR (HuGRAS-12) and LISCL (HuGRAS-18, HuGRAS-25) might regulate growth and development in the pitaya plant. The results of the present study provide valuable information to improve tropical pitaya through a molecular and conventional breeding program.
