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Predicted average marginal effect of interviewer gender on responses to the gendered leadership item: by respondent gender.
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Public opinion surveys are a fundamental tool to measure support for women’s political rights. This article focuses on perceptions of women’s suitability for leadership. To what extent do influential cross-country surveys that include such items suffer from measurement errors stemming from gender of interviewer effects? Building on the literature o...
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... multivariate regression models (i.e., Models 1 and 2 in table 3) confirm this finding. For example, holding everything else constant in the model, men have an approximately 10-percentage-point higher chance of strongly agreeing with the statement that women make as good political leaders as men when interviewed by a woman than when interviewed by a man (the predicted probability to give this answer increases from 30 to 40 percent, as shown in figure 1). Women have an approximately 8-percentage-point higher chance of strongly agreeing with the statement that women are equally suitable for political leadership as men when the interviewer is female compared to when the interviewer is male. ...
Citations
... The inaugural gathering of the women's rights movement was convened by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott on July 19-20, 1848. The meeting resulted in the Declaration of the Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls on July 19, 1848 (Sundström & Stockemer, 2022). The meeting yielded a new development that significantly impacted women's political engagement, yet it did not inevitably lead to a surge in women's enthusiasm for exercising their electoral franchise. ...
Historically, women have confronted formidable barriers to political participation, entrenched by patriarchal norms. Despite the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in the United States, which granted women voting rights, substantive representation remains elusive. This study investigates the persistent gender gap in political representation, focusing on the 113th congressional elections. Employing liberal feminist theory and democratic principles, it aims to elucidate the urgency of addressing women's underrepresentation in legislative bodies. Through literature review and quantitative analysis of electoral data, this research seeks to uncover the impact of electoral systems on women's political engagement. Results reveal stark contrasts between countries like the US and Rwanda, emphasizing the critical role of electoral mechanisms in fostering gender parity. By illuminating these disparities, this study underscores the imperative for policy interventions to ensure equitable political participation for women, thereby advancing democratic ideals and societal progress.
... These forms included items regarding attitudes of interest, but their main focus was not on them. Another study by Sundström and Stockemer (2022) aimed to measure support for women's political leadership by using a face-to-face survey, where the responders verbally answered their level of agreement with the statements read by the researchers. The main purpose of the study was to show that the results of a faceto-face survey are significantly affected by the interview conditions, in particular, the gender of the interviewer. ...
Even though much effort has been dedicated to gender equality, there are still many areas in which these efforts have not been influential. One such issue is women's participation in the political sphere. The current study aims to pave the way for understanding the reasons behind the underrepresentation of women in the political sphere by developing and validating the Attitudes Toward Women in Politics Scale (ATWP). The study used a sample of METU students from departments other than the social sciences (N = 40). The ATWP consists of 3 dimensions and 31 items, 16 of which are reversed. The analysis results indicated that the ATWP has high internal reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha value of .855. As for convergent validity, Attitude Towards Women Managers (ATWoM) was used, and a moderate positive correlation between ATWP and ATWoM was found. Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWA) was administered for the discriminant validity, in which correlation analysis yielded a negatively moderate relationship with ATWP. Regarding criterion validity, our scale did not predict voting behavior, as measured by a single question. To conclude, it was found that the ATWP is a reliable scale, but lacks convergent and criterion validity.
Governments and organizations around the world pour money into campaigns designed to increase female political representation, including voter education campaigns. But do such campaigns promote women in politics? We argue that where single-member district contests and clientelism incentivize voters to support viable candidates - who are both likely to get elected and to perform well once in office -information about discrimination against women can undercut support for women in elections. Instead, messages that stress women candidates’ electoral viability and political successes are more effective. We work with one of the longest-running voter
education campaigns, Malawi’s 50:50 campaign, to combine randomized exposure to campaign videos with a conjoint experiment and text analysis of respondents’ answers to open-ended questions. We find that exposure to a campaign message makes participants more willing to vote for a woman. But, in line with our argument, a campaign message that includes information about the progress of women in politics has a stronger positive effect than one that discloses information about discrimination against women candidates.
When and how to survey potential respondents is often determined by budgetary and external constraints, but choice of survey modality may have enormous implications for data quality. Different survey modalities may be differentially susceptible to measurement error attributable to interviewer assignment, known as interviewer effects. In this paper, we leverage highly similar surveys, one conducted face-to-face (FTF) and the other via phone, to examine variation in interviewer effects across survey modality and question type. We find that while there are no cross-modality differences for simple questions, interviewer effects are markedly higher for sensitive questions asked over the phone. These findings are likely explained by the enhanced ability of in-person interviewers to foster rapport and engagement with respondents. We conclude with a thought experiment that illustrates the potential implications for power calculations, namely, that using FTF data to inform phone surveys may substantially underestimate the necessary sample size for sensitive questions.
