Figure 1 - uploaded by Lars Gislén
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
In this chapter we examine calendars in general and also give a condensed history of the region. We discuss the influences if Indian, Chinese, and Islamic Astronomy in Southeast Asia. Insubsequent papers in this series we will examine in detail the astronomy and calendars found in Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, VIetnam , Malaysia and Indonesia, a...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... movement of the equinoxes is caused by the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon on the equatorial bulge of the Earth. These forces cause the rotational axis of the Earth to move like that of a spinning top on a table, tracing out a cone with an apex angle of close to 23.5° and with a period of about 26,000 years ( Figure 1). Superimposed on this motion are much smaller deviations, the nutation, with shorter periodicity mainly due to the inclination of the lunar orbit relative to the ecliptic. ...
Similar publications
Background
In China, Guangdong and Yunnan are the two most dengue-affected provinces. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangdong and Yunnan during 2004–2018.
Methods
Descriptive analyses were used to explore the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution of dengue fever.
Results
Of the 73,761...
The purpose of this research is to investigate the implications of tobacco control policies and measure how these have brought about structural changes in Thailand’s tobacco leaf exports. The methodology involved employing secondary data to estimate the econometrics model and then utilizing the Chow test. The findings showed that the estimates from...
This research analyzed the barriers to the Benjaburapra Group community product entrepreneur that affected the market expansion to Thailand-Cambodia border. Data were collected by an in-depth interview; face-to-face and telephone, from 81 community product entrepreneurs and 30 border entrepreneurs. The findings indicated that the external barriers...
Movement disorders are a major cause of disability worldwide and their increasing prevalence predicts a substantial future burden of care. Impactful patient care requires availability of, and accessibility to, effective medications, knowledge, and disease awareness among both medical professionals and patients, driven by skilled personnel to harnes...
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an area with the rapid adoption of technology, the growth of internet and mobile phone users, region-wide digital initiatives to increase connectivity between markets, and the drastic acceleration of digitalization across practically all aspects of the economy. Currently, especially in the Covid...
Citations
... Later in the sixth century, based on the Pancasiddhanta treatise (a compendium of astronomy written by a prominent Indian astronomer Varahamihira), the vernal equinox was redefined as the Sun entering Mesha Rasi (Aries), and was designated as NYD. Despite shifting of the vernal equinox due to precession, this definition of NYD continues to be in use, including in the luni-solar Thai Culasakaraj Calendar, where this day is now known as the Thaloeng Sok Songkran in Thai (Gislén and Eade, 2019). Further details about Indian calendars vary by factors such as eras, regions, and religious beliefs, as well as where they have been adopted in other countries, are discussed by Saha and Lahiri (1992: 249-258), whereas the adoption of luni-solar calendars in Thai kingdoms is discussed by Riyaprao (2003). ...
In this paper we examine the orientation of Prasat Hin Phimai (an Angkorian-style Buddhist temple in Northeast Thailand) for its astronomical embodiment that could enrich the understanding of ancient culture and potentially date the temple. The obliquely-oriented Phimai Temple may have been aligned with an auspicious star observed relative to the Sun on the horizon, according to the ancient Indian Vastu Shastra principles of architecture. By comparing the azimuth of the temple, which was archaeoastronomically surveyed on-site, to that of stars estimated using precessional-corrected Stellarium, we discovered that only the Pleiades was aligned with the temple’s Eastern Gate at approximately 69.5° azimuth during the Khmer era. Further validation through traces of ethnoastronomy revealed that the Pleiades Full Moon Day (a Full Moon with the Pleiades) opposite the Sun in Scorpius may have been favored for aligning the temple, giving rise to an approximate period of orientation, and consequently the building of the original temple between 1007 and 1147 CE. These findings suggest a close connection with Mon Culture, a possible architect, and a potential patron. A New Year celebration and the entrance to the temple may have related to Agni, the presiding deity of the Pleiades.
https://www.sciengine.com/JAHH/doi/10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2024.03.04?fbclid=IwY2xjawFnEh9leHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHbRbOok7I6n0k6qYKOXZhYgKunsMTPRAVraVm-hOmrfxo66uIpQqwEvUHQ_aem_rNhwfNb_yrmIplCrB2rVOw
... A discussion on calendar timekeeping scheme in Southeast Asia is covered by Gislén (2018). An overview of the calendars in Southeast Asia is given by Gislén and Eade (2019a). In their subsequent papers, they and Lân also discussed calendars from Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (Gislé and Eade 2019b), Vietnam (Lân 2019), and Malaysia and Indonesia (Gislén and Eade 2019c), eclipse calculation (Gislén and Eade 2019d), and chronicle inscriptions (Gislén and Eade 2019e). ...
... The Javanese calendar was inaugurated by Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Hanyakrakusuma (1593-1645 CE), or simply Sultan Agung, the third Sultan of Mataram who ruled Central Java from 1613 CE to 1645 CE. Although the counting of the year follows the Saka calendar, the Javanese calendar employs a similar lunar year as the Islamic Hijri calendar instead of the solar year system like the former (Gislén and Eade 2019a). The Javanese calendar is sometimes referred to as AJ (Anno Javanico), the Latin phrase for Javanese Year. ...
... This is the third paper in a series on the historical calendars of Southeast Asia. The first paper (Gislén and Eade, 2019a) provides an introduction to the series, and the second paper (Gislén and Eade, 2019b) deals with the calendars of Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. 2. Nowadays, people tend to use the book 二十 史 朔 闰 表 by 陳垣 (1962), and we also use this book for our figures about the Chinese calendar that are reproduced in this Chapter (rather than using Hoang's book). ...
... Studies on calendars have adopted a typology that is based on the indicators used, or general purpose of the respective calendars. As a result, calendars are classified into agricultural calendars, astronomical calendars, sky calendars, lunar calendars, solar calendars, luni-solar calendars, phenological calendars, etc. (Ammarell 1988;Armatas et al. 2016;Daldjoeni 1984;Gislen and Eade 2019;Stevenson and Millar 2013). Such approaches fragment calendric studies while also ignoring local understandings of ecology. ...
Biocultural diversity refers to the dynamic interrelationship between the Earth’s biological, cultural, and linguistic diversity. The concept draws strength from the fact that biodiversity-rich regions of the world are also rich in cultural and linguistic diversities. This volume adds to scholarship in biocultural diversity with case studies from geographical Southeast Asia. The chapters presented in the volume, based on research in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Northeast India demonstrate i) how traditional ecological calendars and calendar keepers serve as repositories of knowledge on landscapes and their resources, ii) the importance of folk medicine for healthcare in contemporary Southeast Asia, and iii) how folk names of flora and fauna serve as condensed forms of traditional knowledge on biodiversity. While highlighting the importance of customary ways of knowing and categorizing the environment in areas such as resource management, conservation, and healthcare, the chapters also demonstrate that traditional environmental knowledge and the practical skills which accompany it are not necessarily widely shared and are under constant threat. As Southeast Asia marches forward in pursuit of economic growth, it would also have to ensure that its biocultural diversity stays alive, nurturing local communities for generations to come.
... A discussion on calendar timekeeping scheme in Southeast Asia is covered by Gislén (2018). An overview of the calendars in Southeast Asia is given by Gislén and Eade (2019a). In their subsequent papers, they and Lân also discussed calendars from Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (Gislé and Eade 2019b), Vietnam (Lân 2019), and Malaysia and Indonesia (Gislén and Eade 2019c), eclipse calculation (Gislén and Eade 2019d), and chronicle inscriptions (Gislén and Eade 2019e). ...
... The Javanese calendar was inaugurated by Sultan Agung Adi Prabu Hanyakrakusuma (1593-1645 CE), or simply Sultan Agung, the third Sultan of Mataram who ruled Central Java from 1613 CE to 1645 CE. Although the counting of the year follows the Saka calendar, the Javanese calendar employs a similar lunar year as the Islamic Hijri calendar instead of the solar year system like the former (Gislén and Eade 2019a). The Javanese calendar is sometimes referred to as AJ (Anno Javanico), the Latin phrase for Javanese Year. ...
... In the past ten years there has been a great deal published in English (and lots more in Thai) about the history of astronomy in Thailand/Siam. There are national overviews by Soonthornthum (2011;; papers about seventeenth century Jesuit astronomy 2020d); about historic solar eclipses (Euarchukiati, 2020a;Kramer and Kramer, 2017;Orchiston and Orchiston, 2017;Orchiston et al., 2019a;Soonthornthum et al., 2020); about King Rama V, astronomer and the ‗Father of Thai Science (Soonthornthum and Orchiston, 2020); about traditional Thai calendars (Gislén and Eade, 2019b;2019d;Komonjinda et al., 2017); and astronomical principles associated with the design of Chiang Mai city (Saelee et al., 2020). Meanwhile, Mollerup (2012; has published two books about Thai Khmer temples, and included astronomical details about some of these. ...
... We know of no recent publications, in English, about Laos history of astronomy, but Laos is mentioned in passing in Gislén and Eade's (2019b) paper about Myanmar and Thai calendars. ...
... Cambodia also is mentioned in passing in Gislén and Eade's (2019b) paper about Myanmar and Thai calendars, and Mollerup (2018) includes some Cambodian temples in his book about Khmer temples. ...
In this short chapter we begin by introducing the History & Heritage Working Group of the Southeast Asian Astronomy Network and defining what we mean by ‘Southeast Asian astronomy’. We then summarize English-language publications about Southeast Asian history of astronomy that we are aware of that have appeared since 2010, and we use bullet points to highlight the different types of research projects that we feel can most effectively be undertaken for the various countries belonging to the Southeast Asian Astronomy Network (SEAAN). We then ask how to trigger history of astronomy research in those SEAAN nations that currently are inactive. For those who already are involved in or planning such research, we discuss the role that Working Groups and Project Groups of the International Astronomical Union can play in helping facilitate and foster such research, and review various conference, publication and workshop options. We then discuss graduate studies in Southeast Asian history of astronomy, identify candidates we think worthy of entry into a hypothetical ‘Southeast Asian History of Astronomy Hall of Fame’, and end by discussing the structure of this book and the possibility of a follow-up volume.
... Traditional astronomy in this area is a combination of local indigenous astronomy, Chinese influence and Indian influence. For traditional calendars in this area see Eade (1995) and Gislén and Eade (2019a;, and for Indian astronomy viewed from a Southeast Asian perspective see Ôhashi (2009; 2016b). The Tai (傣, Dai in Chinese pinyin transliteration) people in Sipsong-panna (西双版纳, Xishuang-banna in pinyin transliteration) in Yunnan (云南) Province of China are closely related to the Thai people, and have traditional astronomical texts. ...
Throughout Southeast Asia, over the centuries the original traditional local astronomical knowledge has been subjected to varying degrees of Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Western influences. In this chapter we will overview the astronomical traditions in Mainland Southeast Asia and island Southeast Asia, and identify their foreign elements. Vietnamese astronomy was largely influenced by Chinese astronomy. Other areas of Mainland Southeast Asia were influenced by Chinese and Indian astronomy, and the Indian influence was sometimes substantial. Island Southeast Asia was influenced mainly by Indian astronomy and Islamic astronomy. As Southeast Asian astronomy has its special features, it is necessary to compare it carefully with foreign astronomy, and we shall see that there are various examples of what we refer to as ‘multiplex astronomy’.
... An overview of the calendars in Southeast Asia is given by Gislén and Eade (2019a). In their subsequent papers, they and Lân also discussed calendars from Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (Gislén and Eade 2019b) This chapter is organized as follows. After this Introduction, the following section briefly covers the calendars from ancient and contemporary times, which includes the pre-Gregorian and Gregorian calendars. ...
A perpetual calendar, a calendar designed to find out the day of the week for a given date, employs a rich arithmetical calculation using congruence. Zeller's congruence is a well-known algorithm to calculate the day of the week for any Julian or Gregorian calendar date. Another rather infamous perpetual calendar has been used for nearly four centuries among Javanese people in Indonesia. This Javanese calendar combines the Saka Hindu, lunar Islamic, and western Gregorian calendars. In addition to the regular seven-day, lunar month, and lunar year cycles, it also contains five-day pasaran, 35-day wetonan, 210-day pawukon, octo-year windu, and 120-year kurup cycles. The Javanese calendar is used for cultural and spiritual purposes, including a decision to tie the knot among couples. In this chapter, we will explore the relationship between mathematics and the culture of Javanese people and how they use their calendar and the arithmetic aspect of it in their daily lives. We also propose an unprecedented congruence formula to compute the pasaran day. We hope that this excursion provides an insightful idea that can be adopted for teaching and learning of congruence in number theory.
... This is the fifth paper in a series reviewing the traditional calendars of Southeast Asia. The first paper (Gislén and Eade, 2019a) introduced the series; Paper #2 (Gislén and Eade, 2019b) was about Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, with emphasis on the first two nations; Paper #3 (Lân, 2019) was about Vietnam; and Paper #4 (Gislén and Eade, 2019c) about Malaysia and Indonesia. 2. For specialist terms used in this paper see the Glossary in Section 12.3. ...
Many of the calendrical records in Southeast Asia contain information on the longitudes of the Sun, the Moon and the planets – something that is valuable for the dating of these records. Both the Burmese and the THai use calculations schemes for these longitudes that are almost identical to the original Suryasiddhanta schemes.After the change to the Thandeikta calendar the Burmese changes some of the paramaters involved, in general following those of the modern Suryasiddhanta.
