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Source publication
Background:
This study investigates tourist mortality at Lake Powell over a 46-year period. To date no comprehensive long-term investigation examining the relationship between the lake environment and tourist mortality exists.
Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted of all tourist fatalities between 1959 and 2005.
Results:
There were 351...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... were utilized as the primary suicide method in five suicide incidents, two victims jumped from bridges and three were intentional self-drownings. Table 2 displays the pre-death activity for the 282 accidental fatalities at Lake Powell between 1959 and 2005. Boating and swimming were the most common pre-death recreational activ- ities with high winds capsizing boats (16), carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning from boat engines and generators (15), boat collisions with stationary objects in the water (7) and other moving boats (7) being major contributing factors. ...
Context 2
... of the swimmers were attempting to rescue another swimmer when they succumbed to exhaustion. Table 2 additionally reports that hiking and motor vehicle crashes were the only other pre-death activities totalling more than 20 fatalities. A single motor vehicle crash involving an open back cattle truck carrying 49 Boy Scouts and their leaders accounted for 13 of the 21 motor vehicle crash fatalities after the truck overturned on the unpaved Hole-in-the-Rock road. ...
Context 3
... other hiking victims were trapped in can- yons filled with water and died from hypothermia. The shore- line activity category in Table 2 involved a range of activities occurring along the lake shoreline. Eight of the 16 fatalities involved unsupervised children aged 8 months to 4 years wan- dering from their campsite and falling into the lake. ...
Context 4
... Tables 2 and 3 show additional trends at Lake Powell. Table 3 reports the number of known cliff jumping fatalities at the lake and identifies that all 14 fatalities resulted from jumps at heights from 3-61 metres. ...
Context 5
... of the jumpers suffered head trauma from impact with the water and one suffered a broken neck after hitting an obstruction in the water. In contrast, 6 of the 11 pre-death fishing incidents (Table 2) involved individuals losing their footing while fishing from shore and falling into the lake. Three other fisherman drowned while trying to rescue fel- low fishermen who had fallen in the lake and two more drowned after attempting to retrieve dropped fishing poles. ...
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... In contrast, the selection of a place away from the daily living environment is well known to be a major behavior for suicide victims. Indeed, intentional fatalities in the form of suicide accounted for the second highest (about 20%) number of all fatalities in USA National Parks (84,85). Further discussion regarding the relationship between suicides and travel is beyond the scope of the present study since we could not get any available data on the number of suicides during or after travel, whereas the relationship between travel and suicide possibly provides important information for the reconstruction of the tourism industry after the pandemic. ...
During the early stages of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, suicides did not increase in most countries/regions. Japan, however, was an exception to this, reporting increased numbers of female suicides with no changes in male suicide. To explore the trends of increasing suicides, the fluctuations of personal consumption (as an indicator of lifestyle) and standardized suicide death rate (SDR) disaggregated by age, sex, and prefecture, were determined using a linear mixed-effect model. Additionally, fixed effects of personal consumption on SDR during the pandemic were also analyzed using hierarchical linear regression models with robust standard errors. During the first wave of the pandemic, SDR for both sexes decreased slightly but increased during the second half of 2020. SDR of females younger than 70 years old and males younger than 40 years old continued to increase throughout 2021, whereas SDR for other ages of both sexes did not increase. Personal consumption expenditures on out-of-home recreations (travel agencies, pubs, and hotels) and internet/mobile communication expenses decreased, but expenditures on home-based recreations (contents distribution) increased during the pandemic. Increased expenditures on internet/mobile communication were related to increasing SDR of both sexes. Increasing expenditures on content distributions were related to increasing females' SDR without affecting that of males. Decreasing expenditures on pubs were related to increasing SDR of both sexes in the non-metropolitan region. These findings suggest that transformed individual lifestyles, extended time at home with a decreased outing for contact with others, contributed to the progression of isolation as a risk of suicide. Unexpectedly, increasing compensatory contact with others using internet/mobile communication enhanced isolation resulting in increased suicide risk.
... • Cliffs or waterfalls (Flaherty & Caumes, 2018;Girasek et al., 2016) • Dangerous animals (Appleby et al., 2018;Cherry et al., 2018;Gunther & Haroldson, 2020) • Extreme climate or weather conditions, lightning (Jeuring & Becken, 2013;Ströhle et al., 2018) • Floods or flash-floods (Espiner, 2001;Sakals et al., 2010) • Remoteness (Gstaettner et al., 2019a;Saxon et al., 2015) • Rivers and lakes (Heggie, 2018;Peden et al., 2016a, b) • Rockfalls, landslides (Muzzillo et al., 2018;Stock et al., 2014) • Tree falls (Shibasaki et al., 2010) • Volcanoes (Erfurt-Cooper, 2014;Bird & Gísladóttir, 2020;Heggie & Heggie, 2004) • Water currents or rips (Ménard et al., 2018;Wilks, 2017). ...
In a context where visitors seek enjoyment, adventure and fun, re-occurring injury and death represents a complex reality for national park management agencies. At one level, there is a need to understand why visitor incidents and accidents occur. Yet, arising at another level is the issue concerning who is responsible for preventing incidents. This chapter presents an overview of the current state of research on the complexities involved in managing risk in national parks from the pre-COVID-19 era and explores implications from the analysis under the new normal paradigm. Using Western Australia (WA) as a case study, we ponder what a new normal might look like in times when international travel restrictions coincide with government initiatives promoting regional tourism, and what this may mean for managing risk in our parks.
... Nevertheless, deaths of travellers happen during travel or at destinations due to illness, accidents or misfortune, or post-travel from a cause acquired during the trip. Such events may be presented as case studies or as statistics, for example, of national tourists dying overseas [4] or visitors dying at a particular location [5]. A death can be the reason for travel, for example, to attend a funeral or to retrieve the body of a loved one. ...
Still an evolving field in travel medicine, psychological travel health has not yet been linked to tourist products that may affect travellers’ mental wellbeing. Dark tourism, the travel to sites linked to death, atrocities and suffering, is a product that, on the one hand, attracts people with a keen interest in death-related attractions and, on the other hand, may inflict psychological scars. Of particular concern are travellers with undiagnosed or diagnosed mental illness.
This is the first article bringing travel medicine and dark tourism together. Understanding dark tourism is crucial to appreciate the wide variety of potential stimuli leading to anything from amusement to travel-related psychoses. Travellers’ motivations for and emotional responses to visits of ‘dark’ sites provide an important input into individually tailored psychological pre and post-travel health care. Relevant recommendations include suggestions for education, clinical practice and much needed further multidisciplinary research.
... They are called as Millennials because of their closeness to the new millennium and being raised in the more digital age. This generation is influenced by computers and a greater acceptance of nontraditional families and values [1]. This generation is also depicted as the generation that was born during the dawn of a digital era and a smaller interconnected world due to technology, these digital natives spent more than 6 hours/day online and were at the forefront of globalization with access to an unprecedented amount of information, opinions, and cultures [2]. ...
... Between February of 2018 and 2019, there was a 3% increase in the number of short-term visitor arrivals to Australia 2 . International studies have highlighted an increased risk of drowning in the non-resident population [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] , with children and adult males identified as being at greatest risk 3,4,12,13 . A 10-year review of Australian fatal unintentional drownings found that international travellers accounted for 4.3% of such incidents in Australian waterways 14 . ...
As 17% of all drownings occur at beaches, a study of unintentional fatal drownings at South Australian (SA) metropolitan beaches was undertaken, specifically evaluating the risk for individuals born overseas. All cases of fatal unintentional drowning between July 2002-June2018 at SA beaches were sourced from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database. Demographics and causal factors were analysed for all SA drownings and specifically for those at metropolitan beaches amongst those known to be born overseas. Fifty-seven drowning deaths at SA beaches were identified. Of the 54% (n=31) of beach drownings which occurred at metropolitan beaches, 36% (n=11) of decedents were overseas-born. Risks were highest for individuals from Burundi and lowest for those from the United Kingdom. Drowning deaths at SA metropolitan beaches among overseas-born most commonly involved children who were swimming or merely playing at the water’s edge, in summer and during afternoons. With increasing tourism forensic pathologists will encounter greater numbers of individuals from overseas who have drowned. This means that specific and different cultural processes and attitudes to medicolegal investigations will be encountered. Preventive efforts aimed at reducing beach drowningamong at-risk groups should also includeculturally-appropriate campaigns.
... Such as boating, fishing, scuba diving, and water skiing. For this reason, the lake is very prominent in the increasing number of tourists [31]. ...
This study aims to analyze the rise of community participation in the management of Sipin lake. The tourism management will be effective with community involvement, while the lack of participation caused the failure of development; even people resist the government policies. Various literature discusses this issue focus on a normative perspective that considers the community has to be involved. This article relevant to analyze the participation from the bottom perspective, which focuses on the process, actors, and factors. This study uses a qualitative explorative method, the data collected from an interview, observation, and various sources. The result shows that participation in the management of tourism objects rise from the process of taking a role by actors for reasons of economic benefits, concern for environmental and cultural conditions, and response to policies. This study highlights that the rising factor of participation is a response to the planning and policy implementation that not involve non-governmental actors.
... Heggie reports among the first original studies addressing lake tourism-associated mortality. 2 His retrospective study of tourist fatalities over a 46-year period at Lake Powell in the USA reveals that 73% of deaths at this popular reservoir resulted from accidental injuries. The detailed analysis of the preceding circumstances provides fascinating glimpses into the risk factors for accidental death in this tourism setting. ...
... Nearly half (46%) of all drownings occurred in large bodies of water, including lakes, rivers and the sea. Over a third (36%) of fatalities at Lake Powell occurred in the 10-19 and 20-29 years age groups, 2 supporting the recommendation that preventive efforts should be targeted at younger individuals. Drowning was the second leading cause of accidental deaths in American travellers overseas in 1975 and 1984, accounting for 16% of all travel fatalities. ...
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Dams have often been constructed for hydropower, water storage and to support socioeconomic development, particularly in areas of water stress. In many places, the water stored in human-made reservoirs is essential to meet the development objectives of water supply, agriculture, industry, energy generation and other sectors. However, in the absence of adequate foresight and planning, many past dams have had considerable negative impacts on ecosystems and the livelihoods of affected communities, resulting in conflicts and health hazards. While enhanced human health and well-being could be considered as the ultimate outcome of development programs, the public health impact of dams remains an issue that is often neglected by policy makers and investors. National policies and international guidelines, such as those of the World Commission on Dams (WCD), have been used to improve planning and impact assessment of dams. Here, we provide an analysis of four large dams, across three continents, and show that they had limited consistency with WCD principles and guidelines. Moreover, health aspects were largely neglected during planning, construction and operation of these dams, but seriously undermine their intended benefits. This perspective paper discusses impacts of dams on energy and food, ecosystem health, inclusion, and ultimately human health and wellbeing. We argue that a One Health perspective, based on these four categories, can support the systematic consideration of environmental, animal, and human health determinants. A dedicated One Health approach to dams and reservoirs remains to be developed but could potentially improve how dams, both existing and future, support more inclusive development.
Injury is a leading cause of death for tourists and a common complication of travel. Advice for travellers predominantly focuses on infectious diseases. Injury is contextually specific (e.g., environment, age, gender), and consequently, prevention strategies to reduce injury should also be context-specific. There are few recent global studies on tourist injuries; indeed, it is impossible to measure tourist injuries on a global scale (and even at a country-specific level), due to various challenges. Some visitor safety information is accessible to tourists, but a broad, multi-modal approach encompassing novel approaches is required to reach those most at risk. This chapter describes the risk factors and prevention strategies for the most common injuries sustained by tourists. This includes the common mechanisms such as motor vehicle crashes, drowning, envenoming, injury from alcohol use, burns, falls, and violence.
On one side the Republic of Iraq is a potential tourist destination, on the other hand, the country is synonymous with years of civil and regional disturbances. The levels of civil unrest, political instability, and widely reported cases of human right abuses in the country and the region at large, have created economic uncertainty, especially in the country’s tourism sector. To this end, this study employed a survey method to investigate the impact of political/economic stability, legal services, functional local authority and accessibility to the tourism destination. Three hundred questionnaires collected from conveniently accessed respondents were administered for data analyses with the aid of IBM SPSS Statistics tool. In the study, empirical evidence of examined hypotheses was found as significant with the three factors having positive on the tourism sector development in Iraq. This investigation also offers policy directives to stakeholders of the tourism sector development in Iraq especially in the area of rendering quality legal services to protect the right of the tourists from potential human right abuses and security issues. Furthermore, the study revealed the critical roles of political and economic instability, functional local authorities, and accessibility of destination.