Figure - uploaded by Andre Torre
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Rapid urbanization in China has triggered the mass migration of rural populations to cities. These policies have resulted in a shortage of construction land for the urban population and in an inefficient use of rural homestead, causing a tremendous waste of rural land resources. Rural homestead transfer has been identified as a tool to solve this p...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... high assets specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency are associated to government-oriented structure, low assets specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency to market driven structure, and medium transaction attributes to a mixed-initiated by both the government and the market model. Our research reveals that the observed results are slightly different (see Table 3). Observed Government system Market-system Market-system Market-system Theoretical prediction Government system Market-system Government and market mixed initiated system ...Context 2
... high assets specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency are associated to government-oriented structure, low assets specificity, uncertainty, and transaction frequency to market driven structure, and medium transaction attributes to a mixed-initiated by both the government and the market model. Our research reveals that the observed results are slightly different (see Table 3). Observed Government system Market-system Market-system Market-system Theoretical prediction Government system Market-system Government and market mixed initiated system ...Citations
... In reality, grassroots self-governing organizations are established at the most basic level of Chinese society and are directly in contact with the masses. They are voluntarily organized by the masses to manage their affairs according to their living areas, grassroots autonomous organizations in the system, interests, emotions, and other aspects of embedded in the grassroots people and are the most basic implementation subject of rural policy, which has a strong correlation with farmers and is one of the important forces affecting the withdrawal of farmers' homestead (Shi et al. 2022;Tang et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021). Then, how to give full play to the embedded characteristics of grassroots organizations to promote farmers to actively withdraw from the homestead? ...
... Combined with the actual research situation and the existing embedding index division system, the three factors obtained from the factor analysis are named institutional embedding, organizational embedding, and emotional embedding. Among them, the institutional embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations refers to the standardization and legitimacy of grassroots autonomous organizations in the process of promoting farmers to exit the homestead, as well as the guarantee of farmers' right to know (Shi et al. 2022;Tang et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021). This paper adopts the structure, politics, and other indicators to express. ...
... This paper adopts the structure, politics, and other indicators to express. The organizational embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations means that in the process of promoting homestead withdrawal, grassroots autonomous organizations fully consider the reasonable demands of farmers, protect the legitimate interests of farmers, and respect the will of farmers (Shi et al. 2022;Tang et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021). This paper uses benefit and cognitive indicators to express. ...
In the context of the rapid rise of the village revitalization in China, the study examines the impact of grassroots autonomous organizations embedding level and farmer non-agriculture employment on the farmer homestead exit behavior. Based on 421 household surveys in Qionglai, this study obtained three results through empirical analysis. (1) The system embedding level of grassroots autonomous organization and the interests embedding level of grassroots autonomous organization have a significant positive impact on the farmer homestead withdrawal behavior, but the emotion embedding level of grassroots autonomous organizations has a significant negative impact on the farmer homestead withdrawal behavior. (2) The farmer non-agriculture employment level is beneficial for the farmer homestead exit behavior. (3) Further mechanism analysis shows that the non-agricultural employment level plays an inhibitory role in the positive influence of grassroots organizations to mobilize farmers to exit homestead. Therefore, it is suggested that when mobilizing farmers to voluntarily withdraw from the homestead, grassroots organizations should actively improve their embedding level, improve the construction of farmers’ social network, and accelerate the accumulation of farmers’ material capital.
... At present, the main ways to effectively utilize integrated rural homesteads include leasing, equity participation, cooperative operation, compensated withdrawal, and quota trading [26][27][28]. From the perspective of the influencing factors of homestead transfer, some scholars pointed out that the livelihood dependence of different types of farmers in different regions on land transfer would affect homestead transfer [29], while intergenerational differences among farmers could also be an important factor [30]. The transfer of homesteads has brought about an increase in land densification, thereby increasing the value-added benefit of homesteads [31], in which the location of homesteads also plays an important role [24], thus promoting the effective transformation of homesteads to different types of rights realization [25]. ...
... The reason why a large number of disputes arise, even after repeated judgments of the court, is the lack of judicial governance; that is, the insufficient supply of legal rules, and the inconsistent judgments made by courts at all levels based on different interpretation methods in response to these legal difficulties [28]. Under the background that the adaptability problem of land value-added benefit distribution rules has become the standardization perplexity of homestead disputes, some scholars have proposed to distribute the value-added benefit of homestead through the moderating value of collectivity and homestead value-added tax [29], as well as the transfer of use rights, in order to achieve a balance between government guarantee fairness and market promotion efficiency [30]. Based on the analysis of the distribution of value-added benefit from homesteads, some scholars believed that the current homestead system caused a high degree of idleness in homesteads [31], and based on the analogy of the compensation model for cultivated land compensation, they proposed a compensation mechanism for homestead land that would effectively allocate the increased benefits within the collective property rights and mitigate the degree of rural housing vacancy [32]. ...
... 29 (2021) Lu 02 Min Zhong No. 7968: Both parties should abide by the agreement and perform in good faith, and the agreement has been performed for nearly 20 years, and Han and others are now suing for the return of the house, which violates the principle of good faith and is not conducive to maintaining the stability of the transaction. 30 In this case, the court found on the basis of the Reply of the People's Government of the Wine Selling Town: "Zhang Shifang and others have not had a homestead dispute, there is no problem of confirming rights, and decided not to file a case". 31 The right to use the homestead involved in this case has been registered by the government to confirm the owner, and the plaintiff Mou cannot apply for confirmation of the right to use again. ...
In the process of urban-rural Integration, the reform of the “separation of three rights” of homesteads has released huge institutional dividends for the vigorous utilization of rural homesteads. With the gradual deepening of the reform of the homestead system the number of disputes related to the transfer of the land use of rural homesteads is increasing rapidly. Based on the quasi-case research method, this paper integrates the relevant case facts, the focus of the dispute, the legal basis, and other case elements and realizes the judgment of case similarity based on the legal argument model, which aims to solve the problem of realizing justice in the distribution of land value-added benefit in homestead disputes. It also puts forward the realization mechanism reform suggestions based on the perspective of judicial governance, so as to demonstrate the ways in which conflicts arise and are resolved in the distribution of value-added benefit in China’s rural homestead transfer system. By using the search tool of the “China Judgment Document Network” to screen a total of 305 valid samples, it was revealed that the core problem of China’s homestead governance is the unfair distribution of land value-added benefit; that is, it is difficult to achieve effective distribution of land value-added benefit among farmers, collectives, and governments. The core litigation points in rural homestead disputes include homestead policies and the application of law, the litigability of cases, the scope of the subject, and the realization of powers, as well as the quantitative basis and rule scheme. From the perspective of judicial governance, the deep-seated issues in the distribution of value-added benefits reflected in the points of dispute are examined as follows: (1) the subject of the dispute faces judicial avoidance; (2) There is a game relationship in the value of subject rights; (3) it is difficult to quantitatively adjudicate under the existing allocation rules; (4) Institutional difficulties such as insufficient eligibility of applicable policies. Based on the conclusions of the above problems, this study proposes a judicial governance path for the realization of homestead value-added benefit distribution justice: the governance model is reorganized and optimized based on the purpose of realizing distributive justice; the value of rights throughout the process is integrated based on initial acquisition and redistribution; a multi-center linkage governance mechanism is constructed based on the coordination of homestead value-added benefit through all stages, which is supposed to provide an important reference for the judicial governance path for developing countries with similar difficulties, including China, to achieve justice in the distribution of land value-added benefit.
... To promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas, the reform of the factor market of the urban and rural dual structure must be deepened, among which the land factor market is the key point of the reform. At present, the phenomenon of the idle and inefficient utilization of rural residential land is common [1]. In recent years, on the premise of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of farmers, the reasonable and orderly promotion of the withdrawal from rural residential land and the active and effective promotion of the integration of urban and rural areas have become important issues in the implementation of the current rural revitalization and urbanization strategy. ...
The withdrawal of rural residential land-use rights is a major initiative in China’s current rural land reform, and it is of great importance in promoting the rural revitalization and urbanization strategy. The Chinese government encourages farmers to withdraw from their residential bases in an orderly manner to effectively revitalize land resources. The study aimed to explore the key factors that influenced the decision of farmers to withdraw from their rural residential lands in different contexts and proposed suggestions for related policy reforms. Firstly, the study proposed hypotheses based on the theories of the hierarchy of needs and peasant household behavior, combined with the current situation of the research area. Then taking the withdrawal policies and practical experiences of some pilot areas in China as a reference. Secondly, the study set five exit modes for withdrawing the right to use rural residential land and programmed four dimensions of the factors that affected those decisions to form the questionnaire. A total of 533 valid questionnaires were obtained by using scenario simulation. Thirdly, the study analyzed the influential factors of the exit decisions of the different modes using the multivariate ordered logistic regression model and tested the hypotheses using the abovementioned methods. The results showed the following: (1) the willingness of the rural residents to accept the different exit modes for withdrawing their rural residential land-use rights substantially varied. The rural residents prioritized the exit modes that were beneficial to their future housing and other social security. (2) There were some differences in the influencing factors on the exit decisions. Among the four-dimensional factors, the “rural residents’ cognitive characteristics” had a substantial impact on the decisions for withdrawing rural residential land-use rights. Based on the research conclusions, the study proposed some targeted policy suggestions: steadily promoting the construction of a high-quality social security system, promoting classified governance policies based on the diversified needs of farmers and strengthening the individual cognition of relocated farmers to withdraw from homesteads. In addition, a more scientific and reasonable land governance system needs to be established.
... At present, compensation for farmers who withdraw from homesteads mainly includes homesteads and the demolition of the residual value of houses. Local governments generally provide compensation in the form of homesteads, rural apartments, urban commercial housing, and cash [15,16]. Theoretically, the withdrawal from a homestead releases its economic potential constrained by the complex property right structure, and realizes the transformation of rural land from resources to assets [17]. ...
The Chinese government has implemented a homestead withdrawal policy to improve the efficiency of rural construction land use. The compensation for rural homestead withdrawal (CRHW) is crucial to the reconstruction and sustainable development of farmers’ livelihoods. This paper analyzed the response mechanisms of farmers’ livelihoods to the CRHW with the combined application of the logistic regression, the mediation effect model, and the moderating effect model. The results indicated that CRHW had a significant positive impact on the sustainable livelihoods of rural households, mainly by improving the physical capital and social capital. In addition, adaptability and livelihood diversity played intermediary and regulatory roles in the positive impacts of the CRHW on sustainable livelihoods, respectively. The conclusions may provide insight into the demand for more reasonable compensation policies to ensure the sustainability of farmers’ livelihoods.
... At present, there are many problems in the process of rural homestead utilization, such as low utilization level, prominent vacancy phenomenon, "one household,multiple homesteads " and poor exit of farmers, which seriously restrict the development of rural economy and society and the growing needs of farmers for a better life (Su et al., 2019). In reality, grass-roots autonomous organizations are the most basic implementation subject of rural policy, which has a strong correlation with farmers and is one of the important forces to mobilize farmers to withdraw from homestead (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). The level of grassroots autonomous organizations embedded in farmers directly affects the decision of farmers' homestead withdrawal.Therefore, an important question is, what impact does the embedding level of grassroots autonomous organizations have on farmers' homestead exit behavior? ...
... Combined with the actual research situation and the existing embedding index division system, the three factors obtained from the factor analysis are named as institutional embedding, organizational embedding and emotional embedding. Among them, the institutional embedding of grass-roots autonomous organizations refers to the standardization and legitimacy of grass-roots autonomous organizations in the process of promoting farmers to exit the homestead, as well as the guarantee of farmers' right to know (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). This paper adopts the structure, politics and other indicators to express. ...
... This paper adopts the structure, politics and other indicators to express. The organizational embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations means that in the process of promoting homestead withdrawal, grassroots autonomous organizations fully consider the reasonable demands of farmers, protect the legitimate interests of farmers, and respect the will of farmers (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). This paper uses bene t and cognitive indicators to express. ...
In the context of the rapid rise of the village revitalization in China,the paper examines the impact of the embedding level of grassroots autonomous organizations and farmer non-agriculture employment on the farmer homestead exit behavior. Based on the Embeddedness theory and 421 household survey in Qionglai, this study suggests that, (1) the embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations is beneficial for the farmer homestead exit behavior, but different embedding methods have different effects on farmers' homestead exit behavior. (2) The farmer non-agriculture employment can promote their homestead exit behavior, and the "U" -shaped influence relationship between the non-agricultural employment distance and the farmer homestead exit behavior appears. (3) this study confirms that the level of non-agricultural employment plays an inhibitory role in the positive influence of grassroots organizations to mobilize farmers to exit homestead. (4) Further mechanism analysis show that the moderating effect of farmer non-agriculture employment and the farmer homestead exit behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that when mobilizing farmers to voluntarily withdraw from the homestead, grass-roots organizations should actively improve their own embedding level, improve the construction of farmers 'social network and accelerate the accumulation of farmers' material capital.
... At present, there are many problems in the process of rural homestead utilization, such as low utilization level, prominent vacancy phenomenon, "one household,multiple homesteads " and poor exit of farmers, which seriously restrict the development of rural economy and society and the growing needs of farmers for a better life (Su et al., 2019). In reality, grass-roots autonomous organizations are the most basic implementation subject of rural policy, which has a strong correlation with farmers and is one of the important forces to mobilize farmers to withdraw from homestead (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). The level of grassroots autonomous organizations embedded in farmers directly affects the decision of farmers' homestead withdrawal.Therefore, an important question is, what impact does the embedding level of grassroots autonomous organizations have on farmers' homestead exit behavior? ...
... Combined with the actual research situation and the existing embedding index division system, the three factors obtained from the factor analysis are named as institutional embedding, organizational embedding and emotional embedding. Among them, the institutional embedding of grass-roots autonomous organizations refers to the standardization and legitimacy of grass-roots autonomous organizations in the process of promoting farmers to exit the homestead, as well as the guarantee of farmers' right to know (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). This paper adopts the structure, politics and other indicators to express. ...
... This paper adopts the structure, politics and other indicators to express. The organizational embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations means that in the process of promoting homestead withdrawal, grassroots autonomous organizations fully consider the reasonable demands of farmers, protect the legitimate interests of farmers, and respect the will of farmers (Shi et al., 2022;Tang et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021). This paper uses bene t and cognitive indicators to express. ...
In the context of the rapid rise of the village revitalization in China,the paper examines the impact of the embedding level of grassroots autonomous organizations and farmer non-agriculture employment on the farmer homestead exit behavior. Based on the Embeddedness theory and 421 household survey in Qionglai, this study suggests that, (1) the embedding of grassroots autonomous organizations is beneficial for the farmer homestead exit behavior, but different embedding methods have different effects on farmers' homestead exit behavior. (2) The farmer non-agriculture employment can promote their homestead exit behavior, and the "U" -shaped influence relationship between the non-agricultural employment distance and the farmer homestead exit behavior appears. (3) this study confirms that the level of non-agricultural employment plays an inhibitory role in the positive influence of grassroots organizations to mobilize farmers to exit homestead. (4) Further mechanism analysis show that the moderating effect of farmer non-agriculture employment and the farmer homestead exit behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that when mobilizing farmers to voluntarily withdraw from the homestead, grass-roots organizations should actively improve their own embedding level, improve the construction of farmers 'social network and accelerate the accumulation of farmers' material capital.
... With the accelerating pace of urbanization and industrialization in China, many farmers have moved to towns and cities [1,2]. Although the rural population is dropping, the area of rural homesteads is rising [3,4]. ...
... The coefficients of each variable do not vary significantly across alternative regressions, implying the robustness of our results. In general, the test values of chi2 of model (1), model (2), and model (3) are all significant at the statistical level of 1%, which indicates that the overall fitting effect of each model is good. To further explore the impact of formal institutions, informal institutions and their interactions on farmers' behavior to WRH, the indicators of formal institutions and informal institutions were calculated by factor analysis method and introduced into the model. ...
Withdrawal from rural homesteads (WRH) in China is mainly conducted under the guidance of government and follows the principle of farmers’ voluntary participation, in which both formal and informal institutions play essential roles. However, few studies have systematically analyzed the institutional factors in WRH. By introducing both formal and informal institutions into the analysis framework, the aim of this study was to explore the impacts of formal and informal institutions on farmers’ behavior to WRH, and the interaction between formal and informal institution in different villages. Based on survey data from farmers in Jinzhai, China, this study adopted a binary probit model and factor analysis. (1) The study revealed that farmers’ cognition of homesteads property rights and their trust in village cadres are the key formal institutional factors affecting farmers’ behavior to WRH, and farmers’ social networks, reciprocal norms, and trust in villagers are the key informal institutional factors affecting farmers’ WRH; (2) Both formal and informal institutions promote farmers’ WRH, and informal institutions play a more important role. However, there is no interaction between formal and informal institutions in the whole sample. (3) Furthermore, the effect of formal and informal institutions on farmers’ WRH have the heterogeneity of village location: there is a complementary relationship between formal and informal institutions in farmers’ WRH for villages with a medium proximity to the county seat, and a substitution relationship for villages far away from the county seat. Finally, this study discusses the implications of these findings on the new round of WRH policy.
... Up to 2018, the vacancy rate of rural homesteads in China was at least 20% [10]. Idle and inefficient use of homesteads not only is a huge waste of rural land resources [11,12] but also aggravates the pressure of cultivated land protection [13]. Given such a background, how to effectively use rural homesteads is an unprecedented challenge for China. ...
The Chinese government encourages villagers to withdraw from rural homesteads and puts these homesteads into the land market to revitalize rural homestead resources and make up for the lack of new construction land. Unfortunately, the implementation of the withdrawal from rural homesteads (WRH) policy remains slow. To realize the effective promotion of WRH policy, exploring the impact of policy cognition (PC) on villagers’ WRH intentions has become the key to solving the above problems. Thus, field survey data on 280 villagers in 13 administrative villages in the Yangling Demonstration district of Shaanxi province were collected through a face-to-face household survey. In addition, combined with the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study used the structural equation model (SEM) to empirically analyze the influence of PC on the intentions of villagers’ WRH. Our empirical results indicated that benefit cognition and difficulty cognition were the focus of the villagers and had positive and negative effects on the intention of WRH, respectively. Government behavior also played a positive role in villagers’ WRH intentions. Villagers would consider compensation standards, pay closer attention to improving the living environment and employment opportunities, and express individual intentions. We believe policymakers should systematically consider the various impacts of WRH policy on villagers and build the villagers’ participation system of WRH and cross-regional transaction system for WRH indicators. This paper further enriches the conceptual framework of PC, which may help us better understand villagers’ responses to relevant policy reforms.
... The relevant departments simply classify the homestead as rural collective construction land and only study its material form of land and property rights. However, the homestead has never been a pure construction land but a multifunctional composite space carrying the cultural and emotional values of rural residents with low investment and high output [25,26]. As the homestead has multiple functions, its value should be the sum of multiple functional values. ...
China’s social and economic development is in a critical period of transition. With the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, new rural industries and new formats have developed rapidly. Profound changes have taken place in the human–land relationship, population structure, industrial structure, and rural functions in the vast rural areas, which have a huge impact on the function and value of rural homesteads. The functional evolution of rural homesteads has a strong driving effect on the change of function value of the homestead. The functional value of rural homesteads is affected by the social and economic development conditions, location, resource endowment, land use policy, rural land trading market, the development of new industries and new formats, and the evolution of homestead function; different homestead functions have different values, especially in the non-agricultural production function and asset function of the homestead. To revitalize the idle and inefficient use of the homestead and fully manifest its value when the homestead is transferred or withdrawn, it is necessary to scientifically calculate the homestead value according to the principle of “what function is lost and what value is compensated”. This paper adopts basic geographic data, rural land transaction data, and social and economic data, and it uses participatory rural appraisal, the land estimation method, and the comparative analysis method. According to the classic theory of “structure determines function and function determines value” in systems engineering, the equivalent substitution method and market value method are used to measure and compare the functional values of traditional agricultural villages and tourist homestay villages before and after the functional evolution. The results show that (1) the leading functional evolution of homestead landlords is closely related to the level of social and economic development. The change in the functional value of the homestead presents the same law as the evolution of its leading function. (2) The functional evolution of the homestead has a strong driving effect on its value change. The increase in value caused by the functional evolution of homesteads in homestay villages is significantly higher than that in traditional agricultural villages. (3) The functional value of the homestead is affected by the social economy, location, resource endowment, land use policy, rural land trading market, business development, and the functional evolution of the homestead. (4) It is suggested that the state formulates the compensation standard for voluntary and paid withdrawal of homesteads according to the “functional value theory of homesteads”, to reduce the unfair value compensation caused by location differences.
... Transitions from rural to urban may be facilitated by a regulatory framework for land conversion; China, for example, operates a process of land circulation, whereby construction rights can be exchanged between rural and urban areas, with the aims of balancing a surplus of rural homesteads against a shortage of urban building land [60,61]. New transport corridors between cities create new property markets, allying electorally strong agrarian landed interests with inward investors in property development, and perhaps opportunities for previously excluded groups [62,63]. Transport corridors across national borders can create frictions in the treatment of both immovable and moveable property, with, for example, railway rolling stock needing legal protection. ...
Land is a basic resource upon which all humanity depends [...]
