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... bone breakage, foot problems, and other painful conditions are documented, one should not conclude that these conditions are universal within CAFOs. Nor should one conclude that the rate of these conditions is necessarily higher in more confined or caged systems: confined laying hens have lower rates of keel bone fractures than uncaged hens (Wilkins et al., 2011; Figure 3). ...
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Citations
... Likewise, part of the value of sustainable access to effective antibiotics can be traced to domestic animal interests in a sustainably functioning veterinary care. However, if more radical animal rights stances are brought into the ethics of AMR with full force, these may rather put the entire animal farming operation into question (Singer, 2002;Thompson, 2020). Besides undermining the argument of improved animal health due to better infection control or sustainable care for farming animals, this would also threaten the value of sustainable access to effective antibiotics, as a part of that value has to do with the value of maintaining a human food supply. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the phenomenon of microbes developing resistance to pharmaceuticals used for treating infections – is a massive systemic, global threat to public health and the effectiveness of healthcare. The ethics of AMR comprises of ethical aspects of the phenomenon itself, understanding its significance for fundamental values, and proposed actions to manage AMR, often linked to the concept of "one health". Most of this discussion has focused on rationalizing the use of antibiotics in human healthcare and farming. However, AMR has a sizeable environmental dimension that so far has mostly gone unnoticed by bioethics. This dimension comprises the role of the environment as a source for evolution of resistance as well as a transmission route, both spawned by the pollution of antibiotics and faecal matter from various sources. A bioethical analysis of AMR needs to take these dimensions into account, and doing so may potentially upset fundamental assumptions in both practical bioethics, health policy and their environmental counterparts. This chapter outlines the environmental dimensions of AMR, their bioethical significance, and some of the most obvious new ethical complexities and challenges for bioethical research made visible by broadening the scope of the ethics of AMR.
... Likewise, part of the value of sustainable access to effective antibiotics can be traced to domestic animal interests in a sustainably functioning veterinary care. However, if more radical animal rights stances are brought into the ethics of AMR with full force, these may rather put the entire animal farming operation into question (Singer 2002;Thompson 2020). Besides undermining the argument of improved animal health due to better infection control or sustainable care for farming animals, this would also threaten the value of sustainable access to effective antibiotics, as a part of that value has to do with the value of maintaining a human food supply. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a massive systemic, global threat to public health and the effectiveness of healthcare. The ethics of AMR comprises of ethical aspects of the phenomenon itself, understanding its significance for fundamental values, and of proposed actions to manage AMR, often linked to the concept of "one health". Most of this discussion has focused on rationalizing the use of of antibiotics in human healthcare and farming. However, AMR has a sizeable environmental dimension that so far has mostly flown under the bioethical radar. This dimension encaptures the role of the environment as source for evolution of resistance as well as a transmission route, both spawned by the pollution of antibiotics and fecal matter from various sources. A bioethical analysis of AMR needs to take these dimensions into account, and doing so may potentially upset fundamental assumptions in both practical bioethics, health policy and their environmental counterparts. This chapter outlines the environmental dimensions of AMR, their bioethical significance, and some of the most obvious new ethical complexities and challenges for bioethical research made visible by such a broadening of the scope of the ethics of AMR.
... On the other hand, the lowest preoviposition and fecundity, longest egg incubation period, and lowest egg hatchability were recorded in females fed CFJ. This feed contained the lowest quantity of protein, was high in carbohydrates, and was low in ash, iron, phosphorus, manganese, sodium, and calcium content, which corroborates previous reports [52]. Further, studies on G. assimilis and G. sigillatus have shown that crickets fed on diets rich in high-quality proteins, carbohydrates, iron, and phosphorus will have larger, quicker-maturing ovaries able to accommodate more eggs than crickets fed low-quality diets [41]. ...
The field cricket, Gryllus madagascarensis, is a sustainable and nutritious food resource that has the potential to mitigate global malnutrition. Feeds provided to this cricket can influence its growth parameters, nutritional content, and the cost of raising it for food. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeds formulated from weeds, agro-byproducts, and chicken feed (control) on the growth parameters and nutritional content of G. madagascarensis. The formulated feeds included CFB (25.0% protein), CFC (24.5% protein), CFD (24.0% protein), CFE (23.5% protein), CFF (22.5% protein), CFG (21.5% protein), CFH (20.0% protein), CFI (14.5% protein), and CFJ (13.5% protein), and chicken feed (CFA) (28% protein) was used as the control. The formulation of the feeds was based on the acceptability and protein content of the 12 selected weeds and agro-byproducts. Proximate, mineral, and fatty acid analyses were conducted to determine the nutrient content of each feed, as well as the crickets raised on these feeds. The fastest development time was recorded with CFE and CFC. The highest survivorship (98%) was observed in CFG, CFE, and CFC. The highest body mass (1.15 g) and body length (26.80 mm) were observed in crickets fed CFG. By comparison, crickets fed control feed averaged a body mass of 0.81 g and a body length of 23.55 mm. The feed conversion ratio for G. madagascarensis fed CFG, CFE, and CFC was 1.71. Crickets raised on CFH and CFG had the lowest cost of feeding per kg live mass gain. Crickets fed on CFF had the highest quantity of protein (67%), followed by those fed CFG (65% protein); crickets with the lowest protein content (50%) were fed CFJ. Crickets fed on CFG had the highest mineral content. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids. The findings indicate that formulated feeds from weeds and agro-byproducts have great potential to be used as an alternative feed source for crickets for two reasons: their capacity to positively influence the biology and nutrition of the cricket, and they can serve as an inexpensive replacement for chicken feed.
... One approach, including for insect mini-livestock (Röcklinsberg et al., 2017;van Huis, 2021), to managing uncertainty around animal sentience is the "precautionary principle", which suggests sensible precautionary measures should be taken to protect the welfare of animals when there is evidence that they may be sentient (Birch, 2017;Knutsson and Munthe, 2017). Alongside the moral importance of safeguarding animal welfare (DeGrazia, 1996;Fischer, 2021;Thompson, 2020), improving animal welfare can also improve the economic productivity of the farming industry and provide other social benefits (Dawkins, 2017), including ensuring the social acceptability of the use of insects for human benefit (Barrett and Adcock, 2023). ...
Orthoptera, such as crickets, is currently the most reared group of hemimetabolous insects in the insects as food and feed industry, with over 370 billion individuals slaughtered and/or sold live annually. The most-farmed cricket species is Acheta domesticus , however there is growing interest in farming at least two additional species, Gryllus assimilis and Gryllodes sigillatus . Crickets are largely being explored for use as human protein, and exotic animal or pet feed – as well as, to a lesser extent, livestock and fish feed. Insect welfare is of growing interest to consumers who are considering incorporating insect protein into their diets, as well as to many producers. However, no studies have considered the welfare concerns of farmed crickets under current industry conditions. Using an established model for assessing farmed insect welfare, we assess potential welfare concerns for the three most-farmed cricket species, including: interspecific interactions (including parasites and pathogens), temperature and humidity, light cycles, electrical shocks, atmospheric gas levels, nutrition and hydration, environmental pollutants, injury and crowding, density, handling-associated stress, genetics and selection, enrichments, transport-related challenges, and stunning, anesthesia, and slaughter/depopulation methods. From our assessment of these factors, we make recommendations for improving cricket welfare now and as the industry continues to grow; in addition, we identify research directions that will improve our understanding of cricket welfare. We conclude by broadly discussing the importance of addressing the welfare challenges presented by the insects as food and feed industry for the animals and for the growth and health of the industry itself.
... Every reform, including industrial production reform, depends on the social context and social ethics. Every reform should enable producers to balance their current costs by selling animal products (Thompson, 2020). As mentioned earlier, intensive animal farming refers to the fattening of a large number of animals crowded together. ...
Man is a moral and conscious being. His role in the natural context is the care and preservation of nature with the aim of achieving natural balance. On a global level, bioethics, as a scientific discipline, assumes this role in developing and preserving nature, plants, and animals. The ethicality of man is reflected in his care, sensitivity, and sensibility towards nature, life, birth, and death. For ethics to be realized, every individual must become aware of their morality. The moral consciousness of man is manifested in various life contexts. Likewise, man's morality is also reflected in his treatment of animals. Animals, as beings or as non-human animals, deserve the care and compassion of man. How animals are perceived as essential participants in the natural hierarchy depends on each individual. Do animals represent equal members of the natural community, or are animals merely means to satisfy various human interests? Do people think about preserving the Earth when mass breeding of domestic animals is encouraged and developed? The importance of animal welfare and respect for laws protecting them can be discerned from human actions. Greenhouse gases caused by mass animal breeding raise questions about the moral justification of such practices in the social and academic community. Is meat consumption considered a necessary need to feed and sustain the human population, or is it a matter of human interest and choice? The choice and selection of lifestyle in this busy and modern world are solely up to us. With knowledge, motivation, perseverance, love, care, respect, and sensitivity towards nature, the environment, plants, and animals, we can make this world healthier and more beautiful for all of us.
... One approach, including for insect mini-livestock (Röcklinsberg et al., 2017;van Huis, 2021), to managing uncertainty around animal sentience is the "precautionary principle", which suggests sensible precautionary measures should be taken to protect the welfare of animals when there is evidence that they may be sentient (Birch, 2017;Knutsson and Munthe, 2017). Alongside the moral importance of safeguarding animal welfare (DeGrazia, 1996;Fischer, 2021;Thompson, 2020), improving animal welfare can also improve the economic productivity of the farming industry and provide other social benefits (Dawkins, 2017), including ensuring the social acceptability of the use of insects for human benefit (Barrett and Adcock, 2023). ...
Orthoptera (crickets and grasshoppers) is currently the most reared group of hemimetabolous insects in the insects as food and feed industry, with over 370 billion individuals slaughtered and/or sold live annually. The most-farmed cricket species is Acheta domesticus, however there is growing interest in farming at least two additional species, Gryllus assimilis and Gryllodes sigillatus. Crickets are largely being explored for use as human protein, and exotic animal or pet feed - as well as, to a lesser extent, livestock and fish feed. Insect welfare is of great interest to consumers who are considering incorporating insect protein into their diets, as well as to many producers. However, no studies have considered the welfare concerns of farmed crickets under current industry conditions. Using an established model for assessing farmed insect welfare, we assess potential welfare concerns for the three most-farmed cricket species, including: interspecific interactions (including parasites and pathogens), abiotic conditions, nutrition and hydration, environmental pollutants, injury and crowding, density, handling-associated stress, genetics and selection, enrichments, transport-related challenges, and stunning, anesthesia, and slaughter methods. From our assessment of these factors, we make recommendations for improving cricket welfare now and as the industry continues to grow; in addition, we identify research directions that will improve our understanding of cricket welfare. We conclude by broadly discussing the importance of addressing the welfare challenges presented by the insects as food and feed industry.
... Appealing to various lines of reasoning, we argue that these animals likely do not have such worthwhile lives, implying that the existence externality is negative in our baseline analysis. 2 This stance is not universally accepted (Tännsjö 2016;Thompson 2020), and so the baseline results are most accurately viewed as an exploration of these costs if farmed animals do not have lives worth living. Throughout the paper we discuss what can be learned from our model under alternative views on farmed animal lives. ...
Animal agriculture encompasses global markets with large externalities from animal welfare and greenhouse gas emissions. We formally study these social costs by embedding an animal inclusive social welfare function into a climate-economy model that includes an agricultural sector. The total external costs are found to be large under the baseline parameterization. These results are driven by animal welfare costs, which themselves are due to an assumption that animal lives are worse than nonexistence. Though untestable—and perhaps controversial—we find support for this qualitative assumption and demonstrate that our results are robust to a wide range of its quantitative interpretations. Surprisingly, the environmental costs play a comparatively small role, even in sensitivity analyses that depart substantially from our baseline case. For the model to find that beef, a climate-intensive product, has a larger total externality than poultry, an animal-intensive product, we must simultaneously reduce the animal welfare externality to 1% of its baseline level and increase climate damages roughly 35-fold. Correspondingly, the model implies both that the animal agriculture sector is much larger than its optimal level and that considerations across products ought to be dominated by animal welfare, rather than climate, effects.
... they have the capacity to experience negative affective states (Bentham 1948;Singer 2002;Birch 2017;Broom 2019). Intensive production systems cause a range of negative affective states in vertebrate livestock; from many moral perspectives, those welfare impacts are of serious concern (De Grazia 1996 ;Singer 2002;Thompson 2020;Fischer 2021). Comparable impacts upon farmed insects, then, would raise comparable moral issues. ...
... • Transparent, inter-disciplinary collaborations are essential to guide the industry down a cautious, welfare-respecting, and economical path (e.g. Thompson 2020). IAFF producers and entomologists lack the training and regulatory guideposts to address ethical concerns alone; similarly, animal ethicists and welfare biologists lack the necessary knowledge of insect biology and industry practices needed to devise useful welfare tools. ...
The global Insects as Food and Feed (IAFF) industry currently farms over a trillion individual insects a year and is growing rapidly. Intensive animal production systems are known to cause a range of negative affective states in livestock; given the potential scale of the IAFF industry, it is urgent to consider the welfare of the industry’s insect livestock. The majority of the literature on farmed insect welfare has focused on: (i) establishing that insect welfare ought to be of concern; or (ii) extending vertebrate welfare frameworks to insects. However, there are many overlooked challenges to studying insect welfare and applying that knowledge in IAFF industry contexts. Here, we briefly review five of these challenges. We end with practical recommendations for the future study of insect welfare.
... Living in a factory farm often involves severe restrictions on movement and frustration of the animals' instincts. Often, it also involves painful procedures such as castration, hot iron branding, beak trimming, tail docking, and horn removal (for a balanced overview, see Thompson 2020). In many cases, these procedures are performed without any form of pain relief (USDA et al. 2018). 2 Human consumption of animal products is a topic of heated debate among ethicists. ...
... Though there are indeed factory farmed animals that are treated fairly well (Thompson 2020), it would be naïve to assume that this is the norm. Consider the treatment of chickens, which account for the majority of factory farmed animals, roughly 24 billion individuals at any point in time (Statista 2020). ...
Billions of animals live and die under deplorable conditions in factory farms. Despite significant efforts to reduce human consumption of animal products and to encourage more humane farming practices, the number of factory-farmed animals is nevertheless on an upward trajectory. In this paper, we suggest that the high levels of suffering combined with short life-expectancies make the situation of many factory-farmed animals relevantly similar to that of palliative patients. Building on this, we discuss the radical option of seeking to reduce the suffering of factory-farmed animals through the use of drugs that alleviate pain and distress, administered under a regimen where experiential wellbeing is prioritized over the aim of avoiding drug-dependence.
... While producer and food consumer groups have often deplored the use of surveillance techniques, significant inertia in the private sector, the difficulty of enacting legislation and regulations, and implied challenges and costs to making changes, have often made both government and industry slow to tackle these problems on their own. That some form of reform is needed for IFAP is not generally questioned by ethicists, but how this may be done is still up for debate [19]. ...
Industrial food animal production practices are efficient for producing large quantities of milk, meat, and eggs for a growing global population, but often result in the need to alter animals to fit a more restricted environment, as well as creating new animal welfare and health problems related to animal confinement in high densities. These practices and methods have become normalized, to the extent that veterinarians and others embedded in these industries rarely question the ethical challenges associated with raising animals in this fashion. Moral ‘lock-in’ is common with those working in food animal industries, as is the feeling that it is impossible to effect meaningful change. Animal welfare issues associated with the industrialization of food animal production are ‘wicked problems’ that require a multi- and transdisciplinary approach. We argue that veterinarians, as expert animal health and welfare advocates, should be critical stakeholders and leaders in discussions with producers and the food animal sector, to look for innovative solutions and technology that will address current and future global sustainability and food security needs. Solutions will necessarily be different in different countries and regions, but ethical issues associated with industrial food animal production practices are universal.
