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The FK506 binding protein 5 gene ( FKBP5 ) has been associated with susceptibility to pathogenic effects of childhood trauma including dissociative symptoms. This study examines the impact of maltreatment on dissociative tendencies in adolescence as moderated by the FKBP5 gene. Dissociative symptoms and variation within FKBP5 were assessed in a hig...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 2 ¼ 0.02, indicating that our GÂE finding is robust after considering possible al- ternative explanations. 1 Follow-up tests were conducted using the adjusted means of the A-DES scores to evaluate pairwise differences among the participants with one or two copies of CATT and the par- ticipants with no copies of CATT across different levels of onset/chronicity (see Table 5). Pairwise comparisons for on- set/chronicity indicated that in the infancy and chronic group, those with no copies of the CATT haplotype, showed signif- icantly more dissociative symptoms than those with one or two copies of the CATT haplotype. ...
Citations
... DID is most accurately described as a childhood-onset posttraumatic developmental disorder where the traumatized child -with a genetic predisposition to dissociate (Becker-Blease et al, 2004;Yaylaci, 2017) -cannot complete the normal developmental processes that establish a unitary subjective sense of self that typically occur before the age of 5-6 (Putnam, 1997(Putnam, , 2016. Traumatic experiences -particularly repeated, malevolent, unpredictable maltreatment perpetrated by caregivers produce extreme, overwhelming states. ...
Discuss dissociative identity disorder (DID) and the importance of psychodynamic concepts in its conceptualization and treatment. help the psychodynamically oriented clinician make sense of DID. DID as a disorder of self-systems, not identity or personality; DID has a unique psychological (personality) organization as shown in data on psychological assessment.
... A total of seventeen studies were included in the final review [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. The majority of these were association studies involving a small number of predefined genetic polymorphisms or genotypes, with or without a gene-environment interaction (G×E) component (n = 12); there were three genome-wide association studies, one gene expression study, and one study making use of polygenic risk scores. ...
... Q-Genie scores for each study are provided in the Supplementary Material. An examination of the total Q-Genie scores for each study found that nine studies were rated as "moderate" in quality" [40,42,43,45,46,48,50,53,54], seven were rated as "good" [44,47,49,51,52,55,56], and only one was rated as "poor" [41]. The mean Q-Genie score was 39.3 for studies without a control group (n = 11) and 43.3 for studies with a control group (n = 6), indicating an overall "moderate" quality of research in this field. ...
... Two studies were conducted in "normal" adults, with no medical or psychiatric diagnosis, selected from the general population [46,54]. Five studies were conducted in subjects considered to be "high-risk" or vulnerable, including participants from socially and economically deprived backgrounds [47,52] and victims of trauma [41,45,49]. Three studies were based on samples from participants in biobanking programs who had a wide range of medical or psychiatric diagnoses [51,55,56]. ...
Dissociative disorders are a common and frequently undiagnosed group of psychiatric disorders, characterized by disruptions in the normal integration of awareness, personality, emotion and behavior. The available evidence suggests that these disorders arise from an interaction between genetic vulnerability and stress, particularly traumatic stress, but the attention paid to the underlying genetic diatheses has been sparse. In this paper, the existing literature on the molecular genetics of dissociative disorders, as well as of clinically significant dissociative symptoms not reaching the threshold of a disorder, is reviewed comprehensively across clinical and non-clinical samples. Association studies suggest a link between dissociative symptoms and genes related to serotonergic, dopaminergic and peptidergic transmission, neural plasticity and cortisol receptor sensitivity, particularly following exposure to childhood trauma. Genome-wide association studies have identified loci of interest related to second messenger signaling and synaptic integration. Though these findings are inconsistent, they suggest biologically plausible mechanisms through which traumatic stress can lead to pathological dissociation. However, methodological concerns related to phenotype definition, study power, and correction for the confounding factors limit the value of these findings, and they require replication and extension in studies with better design.
... In particular, the FKBP5 gene is understood to indirectly modulate HPA regulation and provoke, when expressed in certain ways, a prolonged stress response (Rampp et al., 2014). Gene-by-environment research has found that increased FKBP5 expression in adults with more severe histories of childhood abuse predicts greater vulnerability to psychiatric problems (Yaylaci et al., 2017). ...
... insults. Implicated in regulating the HPA axis in response to environmental stress, FKBP5 has been associated with greater risk of developing dissociative behaviors and psychiatric problems in individuals with childhood trauma histories (e.g., Yaylaci et al., 2017). ...
Over 25% of youth in the United States are estimated to witness intimate partner violence (IPV) at some point during childhood. Research has synthesized the physical and behavioral health consequences of children’s IPV exposure, but evidence of links between witnessing IPV and children’s physiological functioning has yet to be integrated. The primary aim of this systematic review is to delineate the patterns by which variation in children’s physiological functioning has been measured to associate with IPV exposure. This study was one component of a broader Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) consolidation of how witnessing IPV affects children’s wellbeing. Seven bibliographic databases were systematically searched through August 2020 and, of 381 total EGM-included citations, 23 examined children’s physiological functioning in the context of IPV exposure. Research evidences a directly deleterious effect of IPV exposure for children’s endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, and immune functioning and a vulnerability effect of physiological dysregulation across other domains of children’s wellbeing. Additional research on how specific aspects of IPV exposure affect children’s physiologies and wellbeing across time is critical. Future inquiry measuring dynamic associations between various physiological responses in the aftermath of witnessing IPV is needed. Further elucidating the physiological context of children’s IPV exposure is important for developing and implementing interventions that maximize children’s opportunities for resilience.
... For example, genetic mutations occur under extreme chronic maltreatment. These genetic changes, such as alterations on the FKBP5 gene, are associated with increased stress-related trauma symptoms, including dissociative and depressive symptoms (Yaylaci et al., 2016). Allostatic loading caused by ACEs directly influences the structure and function of the amygdala, a subcortical brain region essential in socioemotional functioning. ...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) exist worldwide, and a consistent dose-effect response is reported. Without adequate interventions, individuals exposed to high ACEs pose a great societal debt, including increased medical costs, poverty and home insecurity, loss of employment due to poor physical or mental health conditions, increased incarceration, loss of societal revenue due to early death rates, and diminished financial, creative, and social contributions. With concerted effort, the deleterious effects of ACEs can be offset. Early identification of ACEs and providing treatment protocols that address the needs of those exposed to high ACEs can enhance physical and psychological wellness.
... These mixed findings may be associated the fact that previous studies focused only on childhood trauma, while we assessed lifetime TLEs. Interestingly, Yaylac et al. observed that the rs1380780 C allele carriers and the rs9296158 G allele carriers exposed to childhood maltreatment develop significantly more severe dissociative symptoms when compared to traumatized subjects carrying the rs1380790 T allele and the rs9296158 A allele, respectively [61]. In turn, dissociation has been associated with the development of overt psychosis and PLEs [62,63]. ...
Common variations of the FKBP5 gene are implicated in psychotic disorders, by modulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity to stress. It has been demonstrated that some of them might moderate the effects of childhood trauma on psychosis proneness. However, these associations have not been investigated with respect to traumatic life events (TLEs). Therefore, we aimed to explore whether the FKBP5 polymorphisms moderate the effects of TLEs on the level of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). A total of 535 non-clinical adults were approached for participation, and genotyping of six FKBP5 polymorphisms (rs3800373, rs9470080, rs4713902, rs737054, rs1360780 and rs9296158) was performed. The Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16) and the Traumatic Events Checklist (TEC) were administered to assess PLEs and TLEs, respectively. Among the rs1360780 CC homozygotes, a history of physical abuse was associated with significantly higher PQ-16 scores. This difference was not significant in the rs1360780 T allele carriers. Similarly, a history of physical abuse was associated with significantly higher PQ-16 scores in the rs9296158 GG homozygotes but not in the rs9296158 A allele carriers. Finally, emotional neglect was related to significantly higher PQ-16 scores in the rs737054 T allele carriers but not in the rs737054 CC homozygotes. The present study indicates that variation in the FKBP5 gene might moderate the effects of lifetime traumatic events on psychosis proneness.
... The FKBP5 gene is found to be involved in regulating the sensitivity and binding affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor, with implicated roles in the functioning of the limbic system (Dackis et al., 2012). A significant interactive effect of the timing and chronicity of childhood maltreatment exposure with FKBP5 risk haplotype is also reported on the expression of dissociative symptoms in adolescents, indexing an interaction between genotype and childhood maltreatment in predicting traumarelated psychopathology (Yaylaci et al., 2017). However, these studies have not examined DSH as a distal outcome. ...
Objectives:
Retrospective recall of dissociative symptoms has been found to mediate the association between childhood abuse and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in later life. To disentangle the effect of recall bias, we tested whether dissociation symptoms ascertained during an acute DSH presentation mediates this link.
Method:
All participants with DSH were recruited during emergency presentation. Seventy-one individuals aged 11-17 years with overdose (OD) and/or self-injury (SI) participated in semi-structured interviews and psychiatric assessment to measure abuse and dissociation. An age- and gender-matched comparison group of 42 non-psychiatric patients admitted to the same service were also assessed.
Results:
The DSH groups reported significantly higher levels of abuse and dissociation compared to comparison group. Dissociation significantly mediated the association between abuse and DSH. Of the four dissociation subtypes, 'depersonalisation' was the primary mediator. Adolescents with chronic patterns of DSH and the 'OD + SI' self-harm type reported more severe dissociation.
Conclusion:
Exposure to abuse significantly increased the risk of DSH in adolescence. This association was mediated by dissociation. Our findings suggest a possible dose-response relationship between dissociation with DSH chronicity and the 'OD + SI' self-harm type, implicating the importance of evaluating dissociation and depersonalisation symptoms as well as abuse exposure in DSH management.
... Second, developmental psychopathology perspective is concerned with how these processes lead to either normative or abnormal (e.g., psychopathology) developmental outcomes. Third, developmental psychopathology perspective emphasizes a multiple levels of analysis framework in which the organism's functioning at one level (e.g., genetic) always transacts with functioning at another level (e.g., maltreatment) in predicting a developmental outcome (e.g., dissociation; Cicchetti & Dawson, 2002;Yaylaci, Cicchetti, Rogosch, Bulut, & Hetzel, 2017). ...
Following the civil war in Syria, there has been a growing interest in the impact of war, violent conflict, and refuge on the development and mental health of refugee children in general and Syrian refugee children in particular. The objective of this paper is threefold: (a) to critically review the existing literature on the psychological functioning of Syrian refugee children, with a particular focus on those residing in the urban areas or camps in Turkey; (b) to identify the main theoretical and methodological problems of this emerging literature; and (c) to suggest guidelines for how to improve research and practice in this field. The reviewed literature predominantly focuses on psychological trauma, trauma-related symptomatology or other maladaptive functioning in children, and psychosocial interventions conducted toward alleviating these issues. This paper will summarize the research findings in the above-mentioned topics to discern what can be known from the existing literature on Syrian refugee children.
... 56 In a prospective study of 279 maltreated and 171 non-maltreated low socioeconomic-group adolescents, significant interactive effects were found between scores on the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES), the developmental timing and chronicity of prior maltreatment, and the CATT haplotype of the FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5). 57 The children in the study had been extensively screened at school age for maltreatment. In adolescents with no copies of the CATT haplotype, higher dissociation scores were significantly related to chronic maltreatment of early childhood onset, compared with adolescents with later onset and less chronic maltreatment, and non-maltreated adolescents. ...
Controversy about dissociation and the dissociative disorders (DD) has existed since the beginning of modern psychiatry and psychology. Even among professionals, beliefs about dissociation/DD often are not based on the scientific literature. Multiple lines of evidence support a powerful relationship between dissociation/DD and psychological trauma, especially cumulative and/or early life trauma. Skeptics counter that dissociation produces fantasies of trauma, and that DD are artefactual conditions produced by iatrogenesis and/or socio-cultural factors. Almost no research or clinical data support this view. DD are common in general and clinical populations and represent a major underserved population with a substantial risk for suicidal and self-destructive behavior. Prospective treatment outcome studies of severely ill DD patients show significant improvement in symptoms including suicidal/self-destructive behaviors, with reductions in treatment cost. A major public health effort is needed to raise awareness about dissociation/DD, including educational efforts in all mental health training programs and increased funding for research.
... However, the same effect was not replicated in the present study; possible reasons may include the developmental stage at which PTD occurred (adult versus child), trauma-type (sexual trauma versus medical injury), ethnicity (different population groups), and the timing of trauma (de Lima et al., 2010). A study by Yaylaci, Cicchetti, Rogosch, Bulut, & Hetzel (2017) demonstrated that the timing and chronicity of childhood trauma exposure predicted dissociative tendencies as moderated by FKBP5 genetic variants (Yaylaci et al., 2017), while another recent study found that exposure to childhood physical trauma may increase the risk for sub-clinical depressive and anxiety symptoms dependent on FKBP5 genetic variability (de Castro-Catala et al., 2017). ...
... However, the same effect was not replicated in the present study; possible reasons may include the developmental stage at which PTD occurred (adult versus child), trauma-type (sexual trauma versus medical injury), ethnicity (different population groups), and the timing of trauma (de Lima et al., 2010). A study by Yaylaci, Cicchetti, Rogosch, Bulut, & Hetzel (2017) demonstrated that the timing and chronicity of childhood trauma exposure predicted dissociative tendencies as moderated by FKBP5 genetic variants (Yaylaci et al., 2017), while another recent study found that exposure to childhood physical trauma may increase the risk for sub-clinical depressive and anxiety symptoms dependent on FKBP5 genetic variability (de Castro-Catala et al., 2017). ...
... Evidence suggests FKBP5 genetic variants may alter HPA-axis functioning through exposure to childhood trauma (Koenen & Uddin, 2010;Yaylaci et al., 2017;Zannas & Binder, 2014). SNPs in FKBP5 have been shown to modify the association between childhood abuse and PTSD (Binder et al., 2008;Watkins et al., 2016b). ...
Introduction
Peritraumatic dissociation has been shown to be a strong predictor for development of PTSD.
Objective
This study explored the relationship of four putative FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) genetic variants and childhood trauma in predicting peritraumatic dissociation.
Method
Extracted DNA from 81 female rape survivors in Cape Town, South Africa were analysed for common FKBP5 polymorphisms. Dissociative experiences, childhood trauma, depression and resilience were also measured.
Results
Childhood trauma was associated with a significant increase in peritraumatic dissociation, whilst resilience conferred a significant protective effect. No significant associations were observed between the single loci or haplotypes under investigation and peritraumatic dissociation.
Conclusion
This study provides evidence that, among female rape survivors, exposure to childhood trauma may increase risk of peritraumatic dissociation independent of genetic variation of the FKBP5 gene.
... Based on the information contained in case records, all youth in the maltreated sample had histories of experiencing one or more forms of substantiated abuse and neglect: 27 youth (45.8%) had experienced physical abuse, 5 youth had experienced sexual abuse (8.5%), and 57 had experienced neglect (96.6%). Consistent with maltreatment documentation data (e.g., Manly, Cicchetti, & Barnett, 1994;Yaylaci, Cicchetti, Rogosch, Bulut, & Hetzel, 2016), approximately half of the sample (n = 29 youth, 50.0%) had been exposed to multiple forms of maltreatment, according to their case files. Of the remaining half, 28 youth were exposed solely to neglect, and 1 solely to physical abuse. ...
Although child maltreatment places youth at substantial risk for difficulties with emotion regulation and aggression, not all maltreated youth show these adverse effects, raising important questions about characteristics that discriminate those who do versus do not evidence long-term negative outcomes. The present investigation examined whether implicit beliefs about emotion moderated the association between maltreatment and aggression. Maltreated (n = 59) and community-matched (n = 66) youth were asked regarding their beliefs about emotion and aggressive behaviors. Beliefs about emotion were more strongly associated with aggression among maltreated youth, particularly physically abused youth. Maltreated youth who believed they had poor ability to control emotion reported significantly higher levels of aggression than comparison youth. However, maltreated youth who believed they had high ability to control emotion did not differ significantly in aggression from that of comparison youth. Findings offer unique insight into a factor that may increase or buffer maltreated youth's risk for aggression and thus highlight potential directions for interventions to reduce aggressive tendencies.
