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The aims of the study were (1) to investigate gender differences in pornography consumption among Danish adults aged 18-30 and (2) to examine gender differences in situational, interpersonal, and behavioral characteristics of pornography consumption. A national survey study was conducted using a representative sample of 688 young heterosexual Danis...
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Citations
... IP has become a multi-million-dollar business and many people the world over have easy/ free access to pornographic sites (Peters, 2022). Hald (2006) found that 88% of Danish adults aged 18 to 30 years had watched pornography in general, including IP, and Rissel et al. (2017) reported data suggesting that the majority of Australian adults had ever viewed pornography in general, including IP. Pornography consumption is usually higher among men than women, however (Eljawad et al., 2021;Wright & Vangeel, 2019). In a Swedish cross-sectional study (Svedin et al., 2011), it was reported that approximately 30% of men engaged in monthly pornography viewing, including IP, compared to 6% of women. ...
Since Internet pornography (IP) is widespread and can become problematic for some users, investigating the personality traits which correlate with its consumption is important. Though many studies have been conducted on the relationship between IP, personality traits, and attachment, no meta-analysis has been conducted to synthesize this literature. We aimed to address this gap through a meta-analysis comprising 51 studies with 45,808 individuals (female = 35.19%, mean age = 37.81). The strongest correlation was found for sexual compulsivity ( r = .372), followed by impulsivity ( r = .273), self-control ( r = −.210), narcissism ( r = .172), and conscientiousness ( r = −.147). Statistically significant positive correlations were found between impulsivity ( r = .245), (sexual) compulsivity ( r = .392), neuroticism ( r = .114), and anxious attachment ( r = .131) with problematic use of IP. The correlations between conscientiousness and both general IP ( r = −.145) and problematic use of IP ( r = −.149) were statistically significant and negative. Moderator analyses revealed that the internal consistency of pornography measurement moderated the relationship between IP and neuroticism.
... The habitual and excessive consumption of pornography among both boys and girls suggests a potential dependency on this type of content for sexual information. These patterns are consistent with previous studies showing greater pornography exposure among male adolescents, indicating that men often consume more pornography and have earlier exposure compared to women [33,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. This study highlights the significant differences in the exposure to and consumption of pornography between boys and girls. ...
Introduction: Adolescence is a critical period for the development of affectivity and sexuality. Adolescents begin to explore their sexual identities, form intimate relationships, and learn to manage their emotions in new and complex contexts. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of habits and behaviors related to the affective–sexual health of adolescents in the fourth year of ESO, identifying risk factors, comparing their behaviors and risks, monitoring these behaviors, analyzing their pornography consumption, and evaluating the use of the internet as a source of sexual information. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study using questionnaires. Participants are fourth-year ESO students from a school in the Baix Llobregat province (Catalonia), aged between 14 and 18 years. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses are conducted using the chi-square test and p-value calculations with the R Project software. Frequency and percentage analyses are also used to describe the health behaviors of the participants. Results: The study reveals that girls have better knowledge of the contraceptive pill and male condom than boys. Sexual initiation and condom use management vary between the genders, with girls being more capable of persuading their partners to use them. Pornography consumption also shows significant differences in terms of the age of initiation and frequency between boys and girls. Conclusions: This study on adolescent affectivity and sexuality reveals knowledge about contraceptives, early sexual initiation, and high pornography consumption, highlighting the need for early and diverse affective–sexual education, youth empowerment, and media misinformation management to promote safer and healthier behaviors within municipal public health.
... Pornography use might then serve as a substitute for real-life intimacy experiences, meeting the sexual facets of intimacy needs (63). Gender's role in pornography use is elucidated through the lens of Sexual Strategies Theory, highlighting strategies and adaptations shaping men's and women's sexual preferences and behaviors during the mating process (64,65). SST suggests that men may be more inclined towards seeking multiple sexual partners, which may result in a higher interest in pornography as a means of sexual novelty. ...
... SST suggests that men may be more inclined towards seeking multiple sexual partners, which may result in a higher interest in pornography as a means of sexual novelty. Conversely, women may prioritize quali-ty over quantity and commitment in sexual encounters (64,65), potentially leading to different patterns of engagement with pornography. The results of this paper offer insights into gender differences in the effects of predictive variables on pornography use, highlighting the need for further gender-oriented research on the topic. ...
Background: Pornography, encompassing explicit images, videos, audio, and written content, has adverse impacts on individuals' well-being. We aimed to explore the relationship between mental health and communication quality with parents and the use of pornography, considering the moderating effect of gender. Methods: Quantitative data collection and descriptive-correlation analysis were employed. The study included university students in Tehran, Iran during the 2021-2022 academic year. Through purposive sampling, 210 participants completed an online questionnaire on Porsline. The survey assessed pornography use, quality of communication with parents, and general health. SPSS 23 software facilitated correlation and hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Gender significantly influenced pornography use (β=0.557). Anxiety symptoms (β=0.45) and social dysfunction (β=0.351) had significant positive effects on pornography use. Moreover, quality of relationships with parents, both mother (β=-0.47) and father (β=-0.27), exhibited negative associations with pornography use (P=0.01). Conclusion: High quality relationships with parents, lower anxiety and social dysfunction could potentially decrease the likelihood of pornography use on the internet. It is recommended that educational efforts and cultural interventions focus on protecting young adults from the negative effects of pornography use. Such interventions may include psychoeducational training on effective communication skills, mental health literacy, and stress management skills.
... Although lacking a consensual definition (Short et al., 2012), pornography can be defined as materials deemed sexual that have the primary intention of sexually arousing the consumer (Carroll et al., 2008;Hald, 2006;Kohut et al., 2020;Lam & Chan, 2007;McKee et al., 2020). Pornography contains images of bodies that are often idealized, featuring actors whose body dimensions and proportions are far from those of the general population in terms of muscularity, body fat, height, and the size and shape of genitalia and other body features (Dawson et al., 2020). ...
This study investigated the relationship between pornography use and men’s body image, utilizing the social comparison theory as the theoretical framework. The research focused on a moderated mediation model, examining the role of social body comparison as a mediator between pornography use (frequency and problematic use) and men’s body image. The sample consisted of 726 men aged 18–68, with 223 (30.7%) identifying as sexual minorities. Sexual minority men reported higher levels of pornography use frequency, problematic use, perceived realism, social body comparison, negative body image, and psychological distress compared to heterosexual men. Findings revealed that problematic pornography use (but not frequency of use) was related to higher levels of social body comparison, which, in turn, were related to higher levels of negative body image. The perceived realism in pornography did not moderate the examined associations. Clinicians should consider the impact of the relationship between pornography and body image among men.
... The habitual and excessive consumption of pornography among both boys and girls suggests a potential dependency on this type of content for sexual information. These patterns are consistent with previous studies showing greater pornography exposure among male adolescents, indicating that men often consume more pornography and have earlier exposure compared to women [21,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The study highlights significant differences in exposure and consumption of pornography between boys and girls. ...
Introduction: Adolescence is a critical period for the development of affectivity and sexual-ity. Adolescents begin to explore their sexual identity, form intimate relationships, and learn to manage their emotions in new and complex contexts. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of habits and behaviors related to the affective-sexual health of adolescents in the 4th year of ESO, identifying risk factors, comparing behaviors and risks, monitoring these behaviors, analyzing pornography consumption, and evaluating the use of the in-ternet as a source of sexual information. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study using questionnaires. Participants are 4th-year ESO students from a school in the Baix Llobregat province (Catalonia) aged between 14 and 18 years. Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were conducted using the Chi-square test and p-value calculations with R Project software. Frequency and percentage analyses were also used to describe the health behav-iors of the participants. Results: The study reveals that girls have better knowledge of the contraceptive pill and male condom than boys. Sexual initiation and condom use man-agement vary between genders, with girls being more capable of persuading their partners to use them. Pornography consumption also shows significant differences in age of initia-tion and frequency between boys and girls. Conclusions: The study on adolescent affectiv-ity and sexuality reveals knowledge about contraceptives, early sexual initiation, and high pornography consumption, highlighting the need for early and diverse affective-sexual education, youth empowerment, and media misinformation management to promote safer and healthier behaviors in municipal public health. Keywords: Adolescents, Sexuality, Sexual Health, Pornography Consumption, Contracep-tive Knowledge, Gender Differences
... This implies that regardless of the type of sexuality education received, women use hardcore pornography at similar rates. Notably, research indicates women generally favor less explicit content (Hald, 2006;Ševčíková & Daneback, 2014), and this study's results align with that trend, indicating similarities between the two groups' tendencies toward hardcore versus softcore pornography viewing. This also corresponds with the prevalence of lesbian pornography use among women, a category often associated with hardcore content (Jones, 2014;Porn Hub, 2021). ...
This study investigated the relationship between sexuality education in U.S. public schools and women's pornography use. Utilizing quantitative methods, we examined a sample of women attending U.S. public schools who reported regular pornography use. Results revealed that, regardless of the type of sexuality education received, women exhibited similar rates of pornography use, with 60% reporting its use. A substantial portion (69%) of the women began using pornography during childhood or adolescence. Women who received abstinence only sexuality education reported higher frequencies of pornography use compared to their comprehensive sexuality education counterparts. About 79% of women using pornography perceived it as a source of sexuality learning, especially regarding sexual pleasure. However, they expressed reluctance in using pornography for sexual education and did not consider it a preferred method for learning about sexuality. The findings suggest the need for comprehensive sexuality education that addresses essential topics, such as sexual pleasure and sexual script development, to cater to women’s diverse learning needs, ideally taught by parents or primary caregivers, but may be necessary for public education in the absence of parental instruction. Policymakers and educators should bridge these gaps to develop more effective sexuality education curricula. This study contributes valuable insights, highlighting the importance of an inclusive approach to sexuality education in U.S. public schools. Future research should explore the implications of different sexuality education approaches on women's sexual development and well-being, emphasizing comprehensive education to foster healthy sexual behaviors among women.
... In the context of feminist pornography, this raises the question of how gender differences are actively constituted differently than in mainstream pornography and what consequences result from it. Here, pornography is defined as content created with the intent to evoke sexual arousal, containing explicit exposure of genitalia and detailed sexual acts (Hald, 2006). The internet has become the most used medium for pornography, which has made pornography available for the masses and through which the porn industry has grown exponentially (Cardoso and Paasonen, 2021). ...
Pornography organizes bodies in ways that reproduce, challenge, or possibly even change norms of gender and sexuality. In this paper, we explore the gendered organization of pornography, responding to a lack of research on this issue. The study engages in rhetorical and queer listening to investigate feminist pornography, analyzing audio stories produced by an all-female sex-tech company that creates pornography for women through a female gaze. Drawing on literature on gendered organizing, the study shows how the female gaze in feminist pornography organizes bodies in sexual scripts. Furthermore, an application of the concept of happy objects illuminates the complex embodied and entangled relations between sexual subjects and objects of desire. Finally, we demonstrate how, despite a shift from a male to a female gaze, feminist pornography is still prone to the reproduction of heteronormative gender stereotypes. The paper thereby outlines potentials as well as challenges for the (re)organization of bodies in feminist pornography.
... However, few of these standardized picture sets provided stimuli with highly sexually explicit depictions, although with the advent of the Internet, pornographic content with an infinite number of different sexual scenarios has spread rapidly (Döring, 2009). The Internet has become a distribution channel for various forms of pornography, which is now easily accessible and usually free of charge, increasing its consumption worldwide and prompting problematic behaviors, such as lower sexual and relationship satisfaction, compulsive sexual behaviors (e.g., addiction like pornography consumption), and increased diverse sexual risk behaviors (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2017Baranowski et al., 2019;Bártová et al., 2021;Daneback et al., 2009;Giménez-García et al., 2021;Hald, 2006;Martyniuk et al., 2016). The utilization of visual sexual stimuli has the potential to advance our comprehension of psychophysiological mechanisms underlying human sexual behavior and related disorders. ...
... IAPS normative affective ratings for each category were as follows: The pornographic images included here differ in the types of sexual content shown, providing a diversity of highly explicit scenes, as well as diversity related to depicted sexes of the pornography performers, offering same-sex, opposite-sex, solo-sex, and group-sex scenarios. Like Hald (2006) categorized any kind of material aiming at creating or enhancing sexual feelings or thoughts in the recipient and, at the same time, containing explicit exposure and/or descriptions of the genitals or clear and explicit sexual acts as pornographic, pictures of M, O, V and A were labeled as explicit pornographic pictures. The categories of M, O and A provide same-sex and opposite-sex imagery. ...
Pictures with affective content have been extensively used in scientific studies of emotion and sexuality. However, only a few standardized picture sets have been developed that offer explicit images, with most lacking pornographic pictures depicting diverse sexual practices. This study aimed to fill this gap through developing a standardized affective set of diverse pornographic pictures (masturbation, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, group sex, paraphilia) of same-sex and opposite-sex content, offering dimensional affective ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance, as well as co-elicited discrete emotions (disgust, moral and ethical acceptance). In total, 192 pornographic pictures acquired from online pornography platforms and 24 control IAPS images have been rated by 319 participants ( M age = 22.66, SD age = 4.66) with self-reported same- and opposite-sex sexual attraction. Stimuli were representative of the entire affective space, including positively and negatively perceived pictures. Participants showed differential affective perception of pornographic pictures according to gender and sexual attraction. Differences in affective ratings related to participants’ gender and sexual attraction, as well as stimuli content (depicted sexual practices and sexes). From the stimuli set, researchers can select explicit pornographic pictures based on the obtained affective ratings and technical parameters (i.e., pixel size, luminosity, color space, contrast, chromatic complexity, spatial frequency, entropy). The stimuli set may be considered a valid tool of diverse explicit pornographic pictures covering the affective space, in particular, for women and men with same- and opposite-sex sexual attraction. This new explicit pornographic picture set (EPPS) is available to the scientific community for non-commercial use.
... Less significant risk factors were urban place of residence for OG and male sex for PV. Our results are in line with other findings related to demographic factors (age and sex) associated with OG and PV during the COVID-19 pandemic and before the pandemic [22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, previous studies showed that women were more intensely using SM, whereas men were more engaged in OG during the pandemic [28]. ...
Aim: To determine the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and earthquakes on the overall Internet usage (IU) and Internet-specific activities (ISA) among adult Croatian population and their relation with sociodemographic factors. Subjects and Methods: A total of 1,118 participants (220 men and 898 women; mean age: 35.14 ± 12.31 years; range 18 - 78) participated in an online self-report survey providing sociodemographic data and replying to questions on COVID-19 and earthquake-related stress factors and overall IU and ISA before and during the period of the first three pandemic waves and earthquakes. Results: Overall IU (p < 0.001), online gaming (OG) (p < 0.001), pornography viewing (PV) (p < 0.001), social media use (SM) (p < 0.001), and online shopping (OS) (p < 0.001) during the pandemic and earthquakes were significantly increased in the group that used the Internet before this prolonged stress experiences. Furthermore, overall IU increased in women (p < 0.001), less educated (p = 0.001), and single participants (p = 0.027). OG was associated with younger age (p = 0.001), lower education (p < 0.001), single status (p = 0.006), child-free status (P = 0.001), and urban residence (p = 0.032). Increased PV was associated with younger age (p < 0.001), male sex (p < 0.001), lower education (p < 0.001), single status (p = 0.001) and child-free status (p < 0.001). Increased SM was associated with female sex (p < 0.001) and lower education (p < 0.001). Conclusion: To reduce the negative impacts of prolonged stress, clinicians and public health authorities should take into consideration sociodemographic risk factors associated with IU and ISA.
... They also noted that lack of sex educaYon may be especially relevant in some counYes due to socio-cultural norms. Hald (2006), using data from a survey of 18-30-year-olds in Denmark, also showed how various aspects of pornography use (including frequency) were significantly more likely among young men than young women. Prevalence of ever having watched pornography was high overall, at 98 per cent among young men and 80 per cent among young women (a]ributed to both the ready availability of pornography online and the liberal, relaxed social altudes towards sex in Denmark). ...
... However, when comparing prevalence rates across studies, it is important to note that important factors such as the definition of pornography, subject sample and methodology often differ from study to study (Hald, 2006;Kohut and Štulhofer, 2018). showed that rule-breaking behaviour, having higher economic status and higher academic achievement were related to boy's pornography use, while rule-breaking behaviour, early sexual debut and vicYmisaYon were associated with girls' pornography use. ...
This report draws on the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) study to look at pornography
use among over 4,500 young adults at 20 years of age. It examines the individual, family and school factors associated with use and the consequences for wellbeing and sexual behaviour.
