Table 3 - uploaded by Gert Martin Hald
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The aims of the study were (1) to investigate gender differences in pornography consumption among Danish adults aged 18-30 and (2) to examine gender differences in situational, interpersonal, and behavioral characteristics of pornography consumption. A national survey study was conducted using a representative sample of 688 young heterosexual Danis...
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Background and aims:
Despite the high prevalence of perceived problems relating to symptoms of hypersexual disorder (HD), important aspects remain underinvestigated. This study examines symptoms of depression, symptoms of problematic cybersex, and coercive sexual behavior in a large online sample from a German-speaking population.
Methods:
In an...
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Citations
... The present explorative study arose from the necessity of emphasizing TGNB people's experience with pornography, not as objects, but as critical consumers of pornographic materials (McCormack & Wignall, 2017). In general, the most widely researched and documented individual difference variable related to pornography use is the gender of the respondent (Hald & Malamuth, 2015) and the majority of the literature focuses on cisgender (and heterosexual) men (Hald, 2006), without a specific examination of the gender identity of the protagonist (Paul, 2009), thus invisibilizing TGNB people. We argue that this scarcity of data confirms the need to recruit TGNB participants specifically. ...
Transgender or non-binary (TGNB) people are often present as protagonists of pornographic material. This study is the first to consider TGNB people as critical consumers of sexually explicit material. The sample included 212 self-identified TGNB individuals: 47.2% trans man/transmasculine, 15.6% trans woman/transfeminine and 37.3% non-binary. The online questionnaire consisted of a sociodemographic data collection, multiple-choice questions about preferences and habits concerning pornography, and open-ended questions about the sensations experienced when watching pornography, opinions on the representation of TGNB people in pornography, and their experience in watching pornographic videos with cisgender or TGNB protagonists. The answers were analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. We identified four themes that appeared across the responses: 1) heteronormativity and cisnormativity in pornography: the need for deconstructing the current cis-het-patriarchial normative and binary system, which dominates pornography except for the ethical porn industry, 2) cisgender pornography compared to TGNB pornography, 3) pleasurable sensations (e.g., identification and empowerment) associated with TGNB pornography, and 4) negative sensations (e.g., objectification and dysphoria) associated with TGNB pornography. Results are discussed in light of the objectification framework and the minority stress model.
... Evidências empíricas atestam que o consumo de materiais pornográficos faz parte da vida sexual da maioria dos jovens, sendo que os homens relatam maior consumo e são expostos à pornografia em idades mais jovens que as mulheres (BLAIS-LECOURS et al., 2016;CASTRO;LINS, 2021;HALD, 2006). Muitos adolescentes e jovens adultos usam a pornografia para buscar informações acerca do sexo, sendo a fonte mais comum quando comparada a amigos, familiares ou profissionais (ROTHMAN et al., 2021;SEVCÍKOVÁ;DANEBACK, 2014). ...
... Além disso, o gênero também foi relacionado significativamente com a idade de primeiro consumo de pornografia, em que homens relataram procurar e consumir pornografia com idades mais jovens que as mulheres. Esses dados estão de acordo com a literatura (BLAIS-LECOURS et al., 2016;CASTRO;LINS, 2020;HALD, 2006). O homem desde muito cedo é incentivado às atividades sexuais como um dos pilares da demonstração de masculinidade (WELZER-LANG, 2001), e a pornografia parece desempenhar um papel importante na iniciação com o contato sexual na vida dos meninos mais cedo e com mais frequência em relação às meninas. ...
Estudos internacionais demonstram que o consumo de pornografia, entendida como materiais sexualmente explícitos com o intuito de causar excitação sexual nos consumidores, está relacionado, negativamente, com a satisfação sexual. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre consumo de pornografia e satisfação sexual em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros. Um survey on-line foi realizado com 153 participantes adultos de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 27,06 (DP = 7,40) anos. Utilizaram-se instrumentos autoaplicáveis que avaliam características do consumo de pornografia, satisfação sexual, autoestima e satisfação corporal. Os resultados evidenciaram que homens iniciam consumo pornografia mais cedo (M = 13,20) que mulheres (M = 14,79; t = -3,463; p = 0,001), sendo mais frequente no mês em homens (M = 6,41) que em mulheres (M = 4,50; t = 5,633; p = <0,001). A frequência de consumo de pornografia e o tempo em minutos de acesso não foram estatisticamente correlacionados com a satisfação sexual, como também não apresentaram correlação estatística com a autoestima e a satisfação corporal. É discutido que a relação entre consumo de pornografia e satisfação sexual é mediada por outros construtos.
... Lastly, studies have consistently demonstrated gender differences in pornography consumption practices and outcomes. 1,5,[24][25][26] However, how they vary has not always been consistent. For instance, although findings from a meta-analysis show that more frequent consumption tends to be linked to poorer sexual satisfaction among men, 5 findings from a recent study that was conducted with Malaysian emerging adults found that more problematic consumption was linked to more psychological distress among women and not men. ...
Background:
Despite the high prevalence, few studies have examined pornography consumption among emerging adults in Malaysia. The current study examined the attitudes, motivations, and behaviours related to pornography consumption and their association with sexual health.
Methods:
Using a cross-sectional survey that was conducted online, a convenience sample of 319 Malaysians aged 18-30years (M=23.05, s.d.=2.55) reported their attitudes and behaviours related to pornography consumption, including the degree of problematic consumption, and completed measures of sexual health. These included sexual satisfaction, awareness of sexual feelings, sexual self-reflection, sexual assertiveness, embarrassment during partnered sex, and genital image. To capture pornography genre preferences, participants also reported the keywords that they typically use to search for pornography. These open-ended responses were thematically coded.
Results:
Between 60 and 70% of participants reported positive attitudes toward pornography and 81.2% (N=259) reported lifetime intentional exposure to pornography. Gender differences were present in pornography consumption attitudes, motivations, preferences, and behaviours. Problematic pornography consumption, and not consumption frequency, was associated with poorer sexual satisfaction. Among women and not men, more frequent consumption was associated with more sexual self-reflection and positive feelings about their genitals. Sexual embarrassment was higher among women who consume pornography more problematically and among men who consumed pornography more frequently.
Conclusions:
Pornography consumption attitudes and behaviours appear rather universal. However, the benefits of pornography consumption frequency and disadvantages associated with problematic consumption appear to be more relevant for women's than men's sexual health, specifically sexual self-reflection, genital image, and sexual embarrassment.
... Our measure of pornography was also highly correlated with multi-item assessments used by Leonhardt andWilloughby (2019), r = .74, andHald (2006), r = .83, although in each case, a single item was erroneously omitted from both of these inventories on our survey. ...
This research tested Confluence Model reasoning that pornography use should be related to sexual aggression among men who are high but not low in the predisposing risk factors of hostile masculinity (HM) and impersonal sexuality (IS). This hypothesis was examined with three online surveys of young adult males, including an American Mechanical Turk sample (N1 = 1,528, Mage = 22.46 years); a national sample of Canadian students (N2 = 1,049, Mage = 20.89 years); and a national sample of Canadian non-students (N3 = 905, Mage = 21.66 years). As expected, synergistic interactions between HM and IS reliably predicted self-reported sexual aggression across samples. Results with respect to interactions with pornography use were more complex. The Confluence Model hypothesis was supported when pornography use was operationalized as the use of nine specific magazines but it was not supported when pornography use was operationalized with a contemporary inclusive approach that included use of internet materials. These discrepant findings are difficult to account for with Confluence Model theorizing and highlight the non-equivalence of pornography use measures in survey research.
... Accordingly, men experience stronger sexual arousal (Murnen & Stockton, 1997) and positive affect (Peterson & Janssen, 2007;Sarlo & Buodo, 2017) than women when viewing sexual stimuli depicting their preferred sex. Finally, men also consume erotica and pornography more than women (Rissel et al., 2017;Solano et al., 2020) and begin doing so at an earlier age (Hald, 2006). These sex differences in subjective experience and consummatory behavior suggest sexually dimorphic brain activity patterns to sexual signals. ...
Sex differences in brain activity evoked by sexual stimuli remain elusive despite robust evidence for stronger enjoyment of and interest toward sexual stimuli in men than in women. To test whether visual sexual stimuli evoke different brain activity patterns in men and women, we measured hemodynamic brain activity induced by visual sexual stimuli in two experiments with 91 subjects (46 males). In one experiment, the subjects viewed sexual and nonsexual film clips, and dynamic annotations for nudity in the clips were used to predict hemodynamic activity. In the second experiment, the subjects viewed sexual and nonsexual pictures in an event-related design. Men showed stronger activation than women in the visual and prefrontal cortices and dorsal attention network in both experiments. Furthermore, using multivariate pattern classification we could accurately predict the sex of the subject on the basis of the brain activity elicited by the sexual stimuli. The classification generalized across the experiments indicating that the sex differences were task-independent. Eye tracking data obtained from an independent sample of subjects (N = 110) showed that men looked longer than women at the chest area of the nude female actors in the film clips. These results indicate that visual sexual stimuli evoke discernible brain activity patterns in men and women which may reflect stronger attentional engagement with sexual stimuli in men.
... A custom definition of pornography adapted and modified from definitions found in the past literature (Grubbs et al., 2019a;McKee et al., 2020) was provided for participants as follows: "any sexually explicit films, video clips or pictures which intend to sexually arouse the viewer; this may be seen on the internet, in a magazine, in a book, or on television." While males report higher rates of pornography use (e.g., Hald, 2006;Kvalem et al., 2014;Regnerus et al., 2016) and PPU (e.g., Grubbs et al., 2019a;Kor et al., 2014) than females, there is no evidence to suggest that withdrawal symptoms, if any exist, would manifest only for male pornography users. Previous cross-sectional research found that both males and females recalled experiencing withdrawal-like symptoms during a past cessation attempt (Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019). ...
Little is known about whether withdrawal-like symptoms manifest when regular pornography users attempt to abstain from pornography. The present study used a randomized controlled design to examine whether (1) negative abstinence effects that may be potentially reflective of withdrawal-related symptoms manifest when a non-clinical sample of regular pornography users attempt to abstain from pornography for a 7-day period and (2) these negative abstinence effects would only manifest (or manifest more strongly) for those with higher levels of problematic pornography use (PPU). A total of 176 undergraduate students (64.2% female) who were regular pornography users (defined as having used pornography ≥ three times a week in the past 4 weeks) were randomly assigned to an abstinence group (instructed to attempt abstinence from pornography for 7 days, n = 86) or a control group (free to watch pornography as usual, n = 90). Participants completed measures of craving, positive and negative affect, and withdrawal symptoms at baseline and each night of the 7-day period. Contrary to the confirmatory hypotheses, there were no significant main effects of group (abstinence vs. control) or group × PPU interaction effects on any of the outcome measures, controlling for baseline scores. These findings indicate that no evidence of withdrawal-related symptoms was found for abstaining participants, and this was not dependent on level of PPU. However, exploratory analyses showed a significant three-way interaction (group × PPU × past 4-week frequency of pornography use [FPU]) on craving, where an abstinence effect on craving was found at high levels of PPU only once past 4-week FPU reached the threshold of daily use. While these exploratory findings should be interpreted with caution, they suggest that abstinence effects could potentially manifest when there is a combination of high PPU and high FPU-a hypothesis that warrants investigation in future prospective abstinence studies.
... Con el advenimiento de los avances tecnológicos, los Medios Sexualmente Explícitos (MSE) ganaron prominencia, debido a una posible asociación de su uso con el aumento de casos de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS), incluyendo el VIH/SIDA (2) , que son descritos como cualquier contenido en el que hay explicación de los órganos genitales o actos sexuales, y que tienen la capacidad de modificar o estimular los deseos sexuales del observador (3) . ...
Objective: To describe the process of validation of appearance, clarity and relevance of the content of the instrument entitled: "Consumption of online sexual media and HIV/AIDS risk practices". Materials and Method: Methodological study developed from the Delphi technique. The evaluation was performed by judges and followed three phases: the adaptation of the original instrument to the context of online sexual media, the content validation of the adapted instrument and semantic verification. The data were processed in IBM® SPSS® software with descriptive statistical analysis. Results: CVI was satisfactory for the domains of sexual health (93.4%) and sexual practices (94.2%), while the items related to the consumption of explicit sexual media obtained CVI of 100.0% for both criteria. Conclusions: High content validity and positivity indexes were obtained, indicating that the validated instrument "Consumption of sexual media and HIV/AIDS risk practices" allows us to reliably and quality analyze the influence of sexual media consumption on HIV risk practices
Objetivo: Describir el proceso de validación de la apariencia, claridad y pertinencia del contenido del instrumento titulado: "Consumo de medios sexuales en línea y prácticas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA". Materiales y método: Estudio metodológico desarrollado a partir de la técnica Delphi. La evaluación fue realizada por jueces y siguió tres fases: la adaptación del instrumento original al contexto de los medios sexuales en línea, la validación del contenido del instrumento adaptado y la verificación semántica. Los datos fueron procesados en el software IBM® SPSS® con análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: El IVC fue satisfactorio para los dominios de salud sexual (93,4%) y prácticas sexuales (94,2%), mientras que los ítems relacionados con el consumo de medios sexuales explícitos obtuvieron un IVC del 100,0% para ambos criterios.Conclusiones: Se obtuvieron índices de validez y positividad de alto contenido, indicando que el instrumento validado "Consumo de medios sexuales y prácticas de riesgo de VIH/SIDA" nos permite analizar de manera confiable y de calidad la influencia del consumo de medios sexuales en las prácticas de riesgo de VIH.
Objetivo: Descrever o processo de validação de aparência, clareza e relevância do conteúdo do instrumento intitulado: “Consumo de mídias sexuais online e as práticas de risco ao HIV/Aids”. Materiais e método: Estudo metodológico desenvolvido a partir da técnica Delphi. A avaliação foi realizada por juízes e seguiu três fases: a adaptação do instrumento original para o contexto das mídias sexuais online, a validação de conteúdo do instrumento adaptado e a verificação semântica. Os dados foram processados no software IBM® SPSS® com análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: O IVC foi satisfatório para os domínios de saúde sexual (93,4%) e práticas sexuais (94,2%), enquanto os itens referentes ao consumo de mídias sexuais explícitas obtiveram IVC de 100,0% para ambos os critérios. Conclusão: Obteve-se elevados índices de validade de conteúdo e de positividade indicando que o instrumento “Consumo de mídias sexuais e as práticas de risco ao HIV/Aids” validado permite analisar com confiabilidade e qualidade a influência do consumo das mídias sexuais nas práticas de risco para HIV.
... Masturbation is prevalent in countries around the world including Australia, China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, the UK, and the USA (Baćak & Štulhofer, 2011;Burri & Carvalheira, 2019;Das et al., 2009;Gerressu et al., 2008;Haavio-Mannila et al., 2003;Hald, 2006;Herbenick et al., 2010;Lindau et al., 2018;Richters et al., 2014). More men than women report lifetime masturbation and recent masturbation; also, men report more frequent masturbation as compared to women (Gerressu et al., 2008;Herbenick et al., 2010;Oliver & Hyde, 1993;Petersen & Hyde, 2011). ...
Despite well-documented individual, relational, and health benefits, masturbation has been stigmatized and is understudied compared to partnered sex. In a US nationally representative survey of adults, we aimed to: (1) assess the prevalence and frequency of participants’ prior-year masturbation, (2) describe reasons people give for not masturbating, (3) describe reasons people give for masturbating, and (4) examine the association between masturbation frequency and actual/desired partnered sex frequency in the prior year. Significantly more men than women reported lifetime masturbation, past month masturbation, and greater masturbation frequency. The most frequently endorsed reasons for masturbating related to pleasure, feeling “horny,” stress relief, and relaxation. The most frequently endorsed reasons for not masturbating were lack of interest, being in a committed relationship, conflict with morals or values, or being against one’s religion. Among women, those who desired partnered sex much more often and a little more often were 3.89 times (95% CI: 2.98, 5.08) and 2.07 times (95% CI: 1.63, 2.62), respectively, more likely to report higher frequencies of past-year masturbation than those who desired no change in their partnered sex frequency. Among men, those who desired partnered sex much more often and a little more often were 4.40 times (95% CI: 3.41, 5.68) and 2.37 times (95% CI: 1.84, 3.06), respectively, more likely to report higher frequencies of past-year masturbation activity than those who reported that they desired no change in their current partnered sex frequency. Findings provide contemporary U.S. population-level data on patterns of adult masturbation.
... Following this, it is understandable that respondents would engage in intimate behaviours with their romantic partners. Hald (2006) reports that women with regular romantic partners are more likely to use pornography items with their partners. Hence, it is expected that a majority of the respondents who are currently in romantic relationships watch pornography and imitate these sexual acts with partners. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of pornography exposure towards female university students in Malaysia’s setting. Data is collected from 875 female university students from three public universities in Malaysia. Quantitative research methodology is used in this study, utilising closed-ended questionnaires as the instrument. Raw data is analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings of this study show that there is a moderate positive relationship between pornography exposure and sexual activities among female university students. As hypothesised, there is also a positive relationship between pornography exposure and sexual desires among female university students. Furthermore, the association between pornography exposure and permissive sexual attitude among female university students is moderately positive. These results replicate the outcomes of past research studies even though respondents in this study are all female. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of pornography exposure and its influence towards female university students. It could be used as reference for the future development of strategies and intervention programs to reduce and mitigate its negative consequences.
... Pornography was defined for participants as "Any kind of material that aims to create or enhance sexual feelings or thoughts in the audience and, at the same time (1) contains explicit exposure and/or descriptions of the genitals, and/or (2) clear and explicit sexual acts such as vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, oral sex, masturbation etc.". This definition is a variation of the definition offered by Hald [15]. It highlights both the form and function of pornography, as recommended by Short et al. [16]. ...
... Pornography emphasises the importance of penis size for males [29,30] About 1% of women report that penis length is "very important" in a romantic partner [31] 44.49% (21.45%) 15. What percentage of women totally remove their pubic hair? ...
Pornography may contribute to sexual health illiteracy due to its often fantastical and unrealistic depictions of sex. This cross-sectional study investigated whether pornography use was associated with holding porn-congruent sexual health beliefs among a sample of 276 Australian and Singaporean university students (Mage = 23.03, SDage = 7.06, 67.9% female, 47.8% Australian). The majority of participants (95.5% of males and 58.9% of females) reported viewing pornography in the past six months. Perceived realism of pornography and prior sexual experience were tested as potential moderators of the relationship between pornography use frequency and sexual health beliefs. Pornography use frequency showed no zero-order association with sexual health beliefs in the overall sample (although a significant zero-order association was observed among female participants). However, a significant positive association between porn use and porn-congruent sexual health beliefs was found in the overall sample, after controlling for demographic variables. Neither perceived realism nor sexual experience were found to act as moderators. Interestingly, prior sexual experience showed a significant zero-order association with sexual health beliefs, such that prior sexual experience was associated with holding porn-congruent beliefs. Perceived realism was unrelated to porn-congruent sexual health beliefs. The study provides some preliminary support for pornography having a misinformation effect on the sexual health knowledge of consumers.
