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Pomacea bridgesii, P. scalaris, and P. diffusa. a: P. bridgesii from Brazil; b: P. scalaris from Brazil; c: P. diffusa from Australia; d: P. scalaris from Taiwan. Bar = 1 cm.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... scalaris. The shell (Fig. 8) is rather oblong, heavy, with dark brown or black- colored periostracum. The apex is elevated and sharply pointed. Adult shells have 4-5 sharply shouldered whorls, increasing rather rapidly. The aperture is oblong, violaceous internally, and yellowish toward the border; the lip or peristome is sharp. The umbilicus is narrow and deep. ...
Context 2
... diffusa. The shell (Fig. 8) is rather oblong, moderately heavy, usually with horn- colored periostracum and often with dark brown spiral bands. However, color is highly variable, especially because numerous brightly colored varieties have been developed in the aquarium Fig. 7. Pomacea insularum. Left: male reproductive system; right: detail of the penis sheath. ...
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Citations
... Pomacea spp. were introduced in Taiwan for commercialization during the 1980s (Cowie et al. 2006;Hayes et al. 2008), however, following its lack of success in the food market, they were subsequently released into the wild and became highly invasive with time (Wu et al. 2011). Among all the introduced species of Pomacea, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck,1822) is considered as one the most invasive species in the world ("top 100"; Lowe et al. 2000), causing a significant amount of economic loss in Taiwan as well as other Asian countries (specifically as an agricultural pest) (Turbelin et al. 2023). ...
Introgressive hybridization is a pivotal force influencing genetic diversity and adaptive potential of invasive species, however to date has received less attention for even the most globally destructive species. Golden apple snails (Pomacea spp.), one of the world’s worst invasive species, were first introduced during the 1980s into Taiwan for commerce and have since emerged as a significant threat to regional biodiversity. Two of the most destructive invasive species of Pomacea, P. canaliculata and P. maculata, have been reported to hybridize in its native and non-native range, the latter of which has been posited to facilitate an adaptive advantage for increasing invasiveness. Thus, our study combined mitochondrial COI (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) barcoding and nuclear EF1-α (elongation factor 1-alpha) gene analysis to identify putative hybridization among 254 samples collected across 14 cities/counties in Taiwan. Our investigation confirmed hybridization within the sympatric but heterogeneous distribution of P. canaliculata and P. maculata in Taiwan. The results indicated that 18.9% of the total sampled population consists of hybrids, whereas 81.1% of the samples demonstrated pure P. canaliculata genetics. Remarkably, no pure P. maculata were detected across the island, and all P. maculata mtDNA samples appeared to be genetically introgressed. The dearth of pure P. maculata populations, despite the prevalence of canaliculata-maculata hybrids, invites speculation about introduction mechanisms, genetic drift and maybe the nuanced influence of environmental factors on distribution dynamics, all of which required further investigation. These findings contribute significant scientific insights into the invasive dynamics of Pomacea in Taiwan, and the results underline findings applicable for devising targeted and effective conservation strategies in regions grappling with the challenges posed by invasive species.
... Apple snails are highly adaptable, fast growing and fast reproducing [3,4]. They have caused serious damage and impact on aquatic crops (e.g., rice, vegetables) and eco-environment in the invaded area [5][6][7][8]. ...
Simple Summary
The invasion of the invasive alien species Pomacea canaliculata is of great concern because of its adverse influences on ecosystems, agriculture, and human health in the Asian region. Metaldehyde-containing molluscicides are often used as an effective method of controlling this species. In view of this, the present study conducted experiments to investigate the lethal concentrations of metaldehyde on Pomacea canaliculata at different exposure times. Moreover, the study also elucidated changes in enzyme activity and provided detailed histopathological evidence that shed light on the mode of action and effects of metaldehyde exposure on Pomacea canaliculata. The findings of this study not only deepen our understanding of the effects of metaldehyde on mollusks, but also provide important insights for developing better control strategies.
Abstract
Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive exotic species in Asia, can adversely affect crop yields, eco-environment, and human health. Application of molluscicides containing metaldehyde is one effective method for controlling P. canaliculata. In order to investigate the effects of metaldehyde on adult snails, we conducted acute toxicological experiments to investigate the changes in enzyme activities and histopathology after 24 h and 48 h of metaldehyde action. The results showed that the median lethal concentrations (LC) of metaldehyde on P. canaliculata were 3.792, 2.195, 1.833, and 1.706 mg/L at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Treatment and time significantly affected acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) activity, with sex significantly affecting AChE, GST, and TAC activity and time significantly affecting carboxylesterase (CarE). In addition, the interaction of treatment and time significantly affected the activity of GST, CarE and TAC. In addition, histopathological changes occurred in the digestive glands, gills and gastropods of apple snail exposed to metaldehyde. Histological examination of the digestive glands included atrophy of the digestive cells, widening of the hemolymph gap, and an increase in basophils. In treated snails, the hemolymph gap in the gills was widely dilated, the columnar cells were disorganized or even necrotic, and the columnar muscle cells in the ventral foot were loosely arranged and the muscle fibers reduced. The findings of this study can provide some references for controlling the toxicity mechanism of invasive species.
... Several other species of Pomacea (e.g., P. maculata, P. diffusa, P. scalaris) have also been introduced across numerous countries, and among the introduced species of Pomacea, P. canaliculata and P. maculata are the most destructive and morphologically cryptic (Rama Rao et al., 2018) causing frequent misidentifications. This lead to false biodiversity information, potentially obstructing effective invasion management (Cowie et al., 2006). ...
The cryptic invasion of golden apple snails ( Pomacea canaliculata and P . maculata ) in Taiwan has caused significant ecological and economical damage over the last few decades, however, their management remains difficult due to inadequate taxonomic identification, complex phylogeny, and limited population genetic information. We aim to understand the current distribution, putative population of origin, genetic diversity, and potential path of cryptic invasion of Pomacea canaliculata and P . maculata across Taiwan to aid in improved mitigation approaches. The present investigation conducted a nationwide survey with 254 samples collected from 41 locations in 14 counties or cities across Taiwan. We identified P . canaliculata and P . maculata based on mitochondrial COI and compared their genetic diversity across Taiwan, as well as other introduced and native countries (based on publicly available COI data) to understand the possible paths of invasion to Taiwan. Based on mitochondrial COI barcoding, sympatric and heterogeneous distributions of invasive P . canaliculata and P . maculata were noted. Our haplotype analysis and mismatch distribution results suggested multiple introductions of P . canaliculata in Taiwan was likely originated directly from Argentina, whereas P . maculata was probably introduced from a single, or a few, introduction event(s) from Argentina and Brazil. Our population genetic data further demonstrated a higher haplotype and genetic diversity for P . canaliculata and P . maculata in Taiwan compared to other introduced regions. Based on our current understanding, the establishment of P . canaliculata and P . maculata is alarming and widespread beyond geopolitical borders, requiring a concerted and expedited national and international invasive species mitigation program.
... Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) es un gasterópodo dulceacuícola dioico nativo de Sudamérica y considerado como una de las cien peores especies invasoras a escala global (Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter, 2000). Ha sido introducido en Norte América, Hawái y Asia para consumo humano y como animal de acuario (Cowie, Hayes, Thiengo, 2006;Rawlings, Hayes, Cowie, Collins, 2007;Hayes, Joshi, Thiengo, Cowie, 2008), donde se ha establecido como una plaga de cultivos acuáticos (Joshi y Sebastian, 2006) y promotor de cambios ecosistémicos en humedales naturales (Carlsson, Brönmark, Hansson, 2004;Cowie et al., 2006;Rawlings et al., 2007;Martín, Burela, Seuffert, Tamburi, Saveanu, 2019). Ha sido identificado en China menor supervivencia en machos no se relaciona con mayores niveles de actividad y probablemente obedezca a diferencias fisiológicas entre sexos. ...
... Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) es un gasterópodo dulceacuícola dioico nativo de Sudamérica y considerado como una de las cien peores especies invasoras a escala global (Lowe, Browne, Boudjelas, De Poorter, 2000). Ha sido introducido en Norte América, Hawái y Asia para consumo humano y como animal de acuario (Cowie, Hayes, Thiengo, 2006;Rawlings, Hayes, Cowie, Collins, 2007;Hayes, Joshi, Thiengo, Cowie, 2008), donde se ha establecido como una plaga de cultivos acuáticos (Joshi y Sebastian, 2006) y promotor de cambios ecosistémicos en humedales naturales (Carlsson, Brönmark, Hansson, 2004;Cowie et al., 2006;Rawlings et al., 2007;Martín, Burela, Seuffert, Tamburi, Saveanu, 2019). Ha sido identificado en China menor supervivencia en machos no se relaciona con mayores niveles de actividad y probablemente obedezca a diferencias fisiológicas entre sexos. ...
Pomacea canaliculata es un caracol dulceacuícola invasor de origen sudamericano conocido como plaga de cultivos acuáticos y generador de cambios ecosistémicos en humedales naturales. Esto lo ha convertido en una especie modelo para estudios ecológicos. Sin embargo, aspectos fundamentales de su biología, como los factores que afectan su supervivencia permanecen poco explorados. Estudios recientes sugieren que los machos podrían mantener niveles altos de actividad para buscar pareja aun en condiciones de ayuno, poniendo en juego su supervivencia. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron analizar la supervivencia de P. canaliculata ante la presencia de un congénere del mismo o de distinto sexo, y buscar cambios en los patrones de actividad relacionados a la búsqueda de pareja que pudiesen mermar su supervivencia. Se encontró una menor supervivencia en los machos, sin poder demostrar que ésta sea afectada por el sexo del congénere con quien compartían acuario. No se observaron cambios de actividad, medidos como la velocidad media, velocidad máxima o superficie explorada, en función del sexo de la pareja asignada al caracol experimental. La menor supervivencia en machos no se relaciona con mayores niveles de actividad y probablemente obedezca a diferencias fisiológicas entre sexos. La ausencia de diferencias de comportamiento en relación al sexo de la pareja parece explicarse por un inesperado estado de reposo post-reproductivo. Este estudio puede considerarse como una descripción de los niveles de actividad normales y estudios de una escala temporal más amplia podrían requerirse para detectar si el comportamiento sexual puede alterar la supervivencia de esta especie.
... nov. has developed apical and basal penis sheath glands, whereas in Pomacea bridgesii (Reeve, 1856) group species such as Pomacea scalaris (d'Orbigny, 1835) and Pomacea diffusa Blume, 1957(Hylton-Scott 1957Cowie et al. 2006), apical gland is absent and basal gland is reduced. P. maculata and Pomacea curumim Simone, 2004 penis sheath glands arrangement resembles P. penai sp. ...
... has similarities with the proximal region of prostate and the curved penis sheath of specimen determined as P. haustrum illustrated by lopes (1955) but differing in the proximal bulky region of the prostate. Polygonal eggs also have been reported in other Pomacea species from P. bridgesii group, such as P. scalaris and P. diffusa, but differ in their orange to brown colors (Cowie et al. 2006). Green colored eggs are described for Pomacea glauca (linnaeus, 1758), Pomacea pyrum (Philippi, 1851), Pomacea decussata (Moricand, 1836), Pomacea nais Pain, 1949(Cowie 2002, and Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856) (Ramírez et al. 2022). ...
... Regarding eggs, P. reevei shares spherical eggs shape and mucus matrix with P. paludosa (Snyder & Snyder 1971;Rawlings et al. 2007). Spherical shape also appeared in species from this clade like P. canaliculata, P. maculata and P. lineata (Thiengo 1987;Cowie et al. 2006;Hayes et al. 2012). Also, P. reevei sp. ...
Two new species of apple snails are described, Pomacea penai sp. nov. and Pomacea reevei sp. nov. that are used as food resources in Peruvian Amazonia. We used anatomical and conchological features to diagnose these two species. Pomacea penai sp. nov. is characterized by a highly variable shell morphology, spire that is prominent to immersed, apical penis sheath gland covering 1/3 penis sheath and elongated basal gland, prostate broad proximally, reduced stomach septum, green eggs, and commonly inhabits temporary flooded areas, creeks, and oxbow lakes. Pomacea reevei sp. nov. possesses a large shell, ranging from 81–137 mm, grey broad penis sheath, small apical penis sheath gland and the basal gland covering 1/3 penis sheath, tall stomach septum, white eggs, and found in deep lentic water bodies.
... Individual snails attached to submerged vegetation were removed at night. Identification was based on Cowie (2005) and Cowie et al. (2006) and was aided by an absence of any closely related species in Australia (Ponder et al. 2016). ...
Context
Alien freshwater snails pose a substantial risk to Australian native aquatic biota.
Aims
This study aims to determine the thermal and salinity ranges of two introduced species within Australia, Pomacea sp. and Anentome sp., to facilitate predictions of their potential geographic range should they become widely established.
Methods
Laboratory tests were conducted to assess behavioural responses of snails to altered temperature or salinity after different acclimation regimes.
Key results
After acclimation at 25°C, Pomacea sp. had a median activity range of 13.5–38°C and Anentome sp. of 12–38.5°C. Higher acclimation temperatures produced observable effects, whereas lower acclimation temperatures did not. Salinity tolerances differed, with Pomacea sp. remaining active at up to 8 parts per thousand (ppt) (after acclimation at 25°C), with acclimation at 20°C resulting in a lower salinity tolerance. By contrast, Anentome sp. snails were active at up to 5 ppt after low salinity acclimation, demonstrating enhanced salinity tolerance compared with non-salinity acclimations.
Conclusions
These results showed that both snails are capable of surviving temperatures and salinities that would allow invasion into subtropical and warm-temperate Australian aquatic systems.
Implications
Free from the constraints of natural predators, competitors, and parasites, these snails should be of great concern to biosecurity agencies in Australia.
... (Keawjam and Upatham 1990). Many other non-native Pomacea species are difficult to differentiate from P. canaliculata and P. maculata, and are frequently misidentified as members of one of these two species (Cowie et al. 2006;Hayes et al. 2008). Thus, morphological variation in Pomacea spp. is low, which has led to the use of alternative methods for identification. ...
... In this study, identification of the Pomacea snail was confirmed based on 99-100% sequence identity after BLASTN searching. Previously, investigators have used the shell morphology, soft tissue morphology, and egg mass to identify Pomacea (Thiengo et al. 1993;Cowie et al. 2006). Using these criteria, it is difficult to distinguish all species of Pomacea due to intraspecific variation and ecological environments, especially with P. canaliculata and P. maculata (Matsukura et al. 2008;Hayes et al. 2012). ...
Pomacea is a freshwater snail in family Ampullariidae that is native to South and Central America. This snail is among the more important intermediate hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis and agricultural pests. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of A. cantonensis larvae and the genetic diversity of Pomacea samples collected across Thailand based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. The larval-infection rate was 1.7% in Pomacea canaliculata specimens collected from the Uttaradit Province of northern Thailand. We randomly selected specimens of P. canaliculata and P. maculata for genetic analysis. We analyzed 244 COI sequences, including 49 sequences from samples collected from Thailand and a publicly accessible database of snails in their native and non-native ranges. A maximum-likelihood tree of P. canaliculata and P. maculata revealed two main clades. The genetic diversity analysis identified seven P. canaliculata haplotypes and six P. maculata haplotypes, and showed genetic differences between the populations of P. canaliculata and P. maculata. The haplotype networks of P. canaliculata and P. maculata populations in Thailand are similar to those of populations in multiple countries, indicating that this species spread widely to many parts of the world.
... Differentiation of Pomacea species on a morphological basis is difficult, even for experts, as intraspecies variation is high across the distribution range and morphological similarities are shared between many different species. The traditional concept of a species does not fit well with the differences in morphology, life history, and other variation exhibited by these snails (Ramírez et al., 2003;Cowie et al., 2006; EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2012) but none the less, ampullariid taxonomy has until recently relied almost exclusively on shell morphology (Keawjam and Upatham, 1990). P. maculata can be distinguished from P. canaliculata somewhat reliably as adults, based on features of the shell: that of P. maculata usually having a yellowish to reddish-orange wash round the edge of the shell aperture, while P. canaliculata is unpigmented; and more subtly in the greater angulation of the whorl shoulder in P. maculata (Hayes et al., 2012). ...
The South American freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) has been introduced and become invasive in many parts of the world, causing significant economic losses in wetland rice cultivation, threatening biodiversity and impacting on human health. The confirmed report in 2020 of this snail species damaging rice crops in Mwea, the most important irrigation scheme in Kenya, represents a new introduction to continental Africa and brings into focus the need for a rapid and coordinated response to contain and mitigate the risk to other rice schemes, as well as neighbouring countries. This evidence note provides a review of the global invasive spread of P. canaliculata, its biology and ecological adaptability and assesses the risks and potential economic/yield losses for sub-Saharan African rice production over the next decade under different control scenarios. Given the strategic importance of rice production in the region, the potential impacts on food security and farmer income could be considerable. Monitoring, sustainable management and good agricultural practice recommendations are synthesized from established global resources and information is collated to support preparatory action and rapid response. Given the relatively localized distribution of the snail in Kenya, the implementation of a coordinated snail containment and eradication plan is urgently called for, underpinned by countrywide awareness raising, education and outreach to facilitate community-based vigilance and management.
... Many snails escaped from snail farms and invaded rice paddy fields and their neighboring freshwater ecosystems. These invasive apple snails, which are especially hazardous for young rice plants, have become serious agricultural pests globally [4][5][6][7], causing major ecological damage, such as the depletion of macrophytes in natural wetlands [8]. Hence, the apple snail is listed on the 100 worst invaders worldwide in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's list [9]. ...
Pomacea canaliculata (known as invasive apple snail) is a freshwater snail native to South America that was introduced into many countries (including Asia and North America) as a food source or for organic farming systems. However, it has invaded freshwater ecosystems and become a serious agricultural pest in paddy fields. Water temperature is an important factor determining behavior and successful establishment in new areas. We examined the behavioral responses of P. canaliculata with water temperature changes from 25 °C to 30 °C, 20 °C, and 15 °C by quantifying changes in nine behaviors. At the acclimated temperature (25 °C), the mobility of P. canaliculata was low during the day, but high at night. Clinging behavior increased as the water temperature decreased from 25 °C to 20 °C or 15 °C. Conversely, ventilation and food consumption increased when the water temperature increased from 25 °C to 30 °C. A self-organizing map (an unsupervised artificial neural network) was used to classify the behavioral patterns into seven clusters at different water temperatures. These results suggest that the activity levels or certain behaviors of P. canaliculata vary with the water temperature conditions. Understanding the thermal biology of P. canaliculata may be crucial for managing this invasive snail.
... Adult snails were provided with rice leaves of up to 28 days old for their consumption, whereas, one to 20 days old hatchlings were fed with algae. The black apple snails were identified based on their shell morphology (Cowie et al., 2006). Snails with shell height of 4 cm were used in all experiments. ...
Apple snail is one of the major pest of rice crop and saponin proved to be the most promising bioactive compound to control it. This study was carried out to quantify saponin from God's Crown, Phaleria macrocarpa and to evaluate its efficacy against the biological activities of black apple snail, Pomacea maculata. Fruits, leaves and stem-barks of P. macrocarpa were quantified for saponin using HPLC. The toxicity of leaf and fruit crude extracts was evaluated through mortality and feeding deterrent bioassays using complete randomized design and data were analyzed by ANOVA for LSD test. The highest saponin contents 24.67 ppm was detected in fruits followed by 22.67 ppm in leaves and 5.94 ppm in stem-bark. Bioassays showed the highest mortality percentage (44%) after 24 hours exposure at the concentration of 1000 ppm of a leaf extract followed by 36% and 28% @ 750 and 1000 ppm of leaf and fruit extracts, respectively. After the exposure of 48 hours, mortality percentage increased to 100% @ 1000 and 750 ppm of both crude extracts while the mortality percentage recorded at the concentration of 500 ppm of leaves and fruits were 56% and 52% respectively. Mortality percentage at the concentration of 500 ppm was increased to 80% and 68% in leaf and fruit extracts after exposure of 72 hours, respectively. In terms of feeding deterrent, 1000, 750 and 500 ppm concentration of both crude extracts were not significantly different from the positive control niclosamide (p>0.05). The results obtained from the study revealed that saponin extracted from fruits and leaves of P. macrocarpa has a potential to control black apple snails.
