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![Table 2 : Typical landfill leachate characteristics [8-9]](profile/Shuokr-Qarani-Aziz/publication/234840428/figure/tbl1/AS:667686052831235@1536200168496/Typical-landfill-leachate-characteristics-8-9_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 3: Schematic diagram of landfill design [11]](profile/Shuokr-Qarani-Aziz/publication/234840428/figure/fig1/AS:634622186618880@1528317128832/Schematic-diagram-of-landfill-design-11_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5: Pollution of water sources by produced landfill leachate [18]](profile/Shuokr-Qarani-Aziz/publication/234840428/figure/fig2/AS:634622186639368@1528317128898/Pollution-of-water-sources-by-produced-landfill-leachate-18_Q320.jpg)
Abstract:
Presently, estimated disposed municipal solid waste at Erbil landfill site (ELS) exceeded 700 tons/day. ELS is considered as Level 2 (sanitary landfill with daily cover) and anaerobic landfill. Based on the age of ELS, it is in the methane formation phase. Produced leachate from ELS regards as mature leachate. The values of parameters suc...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... raw leachate is disposed to the natural environment without treatment, it could become a main source of water pollution because it can percolate through soils and sub- soils, causing high contamination of the receiving water ( Figure 5). The treatment of potentially hazardous constituents of leachate prior to discharge is a legal requirement to avoid contamination of water sources to prevent both acute and chronic toxicity [15][16][17][18]. ...
Context 2
... raw leachate is disposed to the natural environment without treatment, it could become a main source of water pollution because it can percolate through soils and sub- soils, causing high contamination of the receiving water ( Figure 5). The treatment of potentially hazardous constituents of leachate prior to discharge is a legal requirement to avoid contamination of water sources to prevent both acute and chronic toxicity [15][16][17][18]. Due to lack of the suitable design for ELS, the produced raw landfill leachate can not be collected and monitored. Thus, it mixes with the natural environment. Of course, mixing untreated landfill leachtae from ELS with the natural environment causes threaten to the natural environment (particularly water sources). C. Potential Treatment Techniques for Produced Leachate from ELS To reduce the negative effect of discharged raw leachate on the natural environment, several methods of water and wastewater treatment have been used. The processes for the treatment of landfill leachate could be classified as physical, chemical, and biological [1,19]. Generally, the methods are applied as an integrated system because it is not easy to obtain the satisfied treatment efficiency by using only one technique. Normal treatment techniques commonly need multistage process treatment. To set up adequate treatment process for removal of pollutants from leachates, various physicochemical and biological techniques and/or their different combinations could be ...
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In Iraq, waste generation was increased after 2003 war events due to intensepopulation development and economic growth. The limitation of designable system for Municipal SolidWaste (MSW) management led to serious problems regarding environment and human health. Sanitary landfill in the south of Kirkuk is the first kind of effective system for munic...
Citations
... Schematic diagram of a landfill(Aziz 2013). ...
Leachates originating from landfills are often aggressive and alkaline in nature due to their high pH values. These leachates can percolate into the ground and contaminate groundwater. In order to reduce the environmental hazards associated with landfills, non-woven geotextiles manufactured from polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PET) polymers have been widely utilized as part of the multi-layer barrier system in containment of leachates. With the basic pH value of these leachates, the material properties (mechanical and hydraulic) are prone to chemical attack. This study aims to investigate the effect of chemical attack on the material properties of PP and PET non-woven geotextiles as well as develop a system to categorize the environments suitable to PP and PET non-woven geotextiles. Secondary data acquired from previous studies were used to compare the mechanical performances and hydraulic properties of the non-woven geotextiles. Various chemical environments ranging between acidic, neutral, and alkaline media were identified. Using the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the non-woven geotextiles before and after application, the suitability of the PP and PET non-woven geotextiles was established. PP and PET non-woven geotextiles were then categorized according to their applicability and suitability in different environments and resistance to chemical attack.
... As the landfill wastes reach the third phase, that is, the final anaerobic phase in which methanogenic bacteria typically come last, the pH starts to increase as acids are consumed and converted mainly into methane and carbon dioxide. In this phase, the biodegradability of the organic matter plumps resulting in old leachate containing more refractory and xenobiotic organic matter such as humic-like substances and pesticides and inorganic compounds such as ammonia than the young leachate [8]. ...
... Technical landfills has been discovered to be the utmost economic MSW disposal method when equated with other systems of disposal, such as thermal and composting [1][2][3]. But the produced landfill leachate and gas emissions are common shortcomings of the MSW [4][5]. Without scientific solution, disposed landfill leachate and emitted gas from Erbil Landfill Site (ELS) cause pollution of the environment. ...
... The current work presented the ELS problems, especially mixed MSW without separation and emitted gas, and attainment of income and energy from MSW at ELS. The data were obtained from literature and Presidency of Erbil Municipality [2][3][4][5][6][8][9]. To see the risks directly and to get extra information, site visit were carried out to ELS in June and November 2017. ...
This work was aimed to study municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal problems and energy income from it. Open dumpsite and only buried of MSW causes risks to the people and the environment. Burring mixed MSW (without separation, leachate and gas collection) at Erbil Landfill Site (ELS) leads to leftover income and energy. Recyclable materials such as plastic, metals, glass, paper and cartons at ELS are income sources. Results revealed that average amount of daily disposed plastic, food waste, corrugated paper, other organics, wood, diapers, other inorganics, ferrous, and glass at ELS were 34%, 27%, 14%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 2%, 2%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. Additionally, thermal solution is required to convert the MSW and natural emitted gas from ELS to be a great source for the energy. Currently, produced methane gas and electricity from ELS are estimated to be 3,839,669.265 m 3 and 18,000.762 Kw for 1,223,834 populations, respectively. Expected annual income from recyclable materials is 97.528 *10 6 $. Finally, proper solution for disposed of MSW in Erbil City results in decreasing risks and environmental pollution, attainment of income by recyclable materials and release energy from gas and electricity.
... To reduce the negative effect of discharged fresh leachate on the natural environment, several methods of water and wastewater treatment have been used. The processes for the treatment of landfill leachate could be classified as physical, chemical, and biological (Renou et al. 2008;Abbas et al. 2009;Aziz et al., 2011aAziz et al., , 2011cAziz, 2013 andAziz et al., 2014). Generally, the methods are applied as an integrated system because it is not easy to obtain the satisfied treatment efficiency by using only one technique. ...
... Generally, biological treatment methods are effective for young or freshly (<5 years) produced leachate, but are ineffective for leachate from older landfills (>10 years old). In contrast, physical-chemical techniques which are not favoured for young leachate treatment are advised for older leachate treatment (Aziz, 2013 andAziz et al., 2014).Additionally, recently published works revealed that combination of physical-chemical and biological methods (such as adsorption and aerobic processes) is efficient in removal of hazardous contaminants from mature landfill leachate (Ghafari et al., 2009;Aziz et al., 2011a;2011b;Aziz, 2013andMojiri et al., 2014a. Raw and treated landfill leachate by using adsorbent augmented SBR process are illustrated in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the technologies to treat landfill leachate. ...
... Generally, biological treatment methods are effective for young or freshly (<5 years) produced leachate, but are ineffective for leachate from older landfills (>10 years old). In contrast, physical-chemical techniques which are not favoured for young leachate treatment are advised for older leachate treatment (Aziz, 2013 andAziz et al., 2014).Additionally, recently published works revealed that combination of physical-chemical and biological methods (such as adsorption and aerobic processes) is efficient in removal of hazardous contaminants from mature landfill leachate (Ghafari et al., 2009;Aziz et al., 2011a;2011b;Aziz, 2013andMojiri et al., 2014a. Raw and treated landfill leachate by using adsorbent augmented SBR process are illustrated in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the technologies to treat landfill leachate. ...
Solid waste is an important environmental problem in both developing and developed countries. Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the main modern environmental issues in municipal areas because of both its huge amount and variety of constituents. Information on characteristics of MSW is important for the formulation of new waste management policy. Landfill leachate is defined as an aqueous effluent produced when water percolates through the waste in a landfill. The nature of landfill leachate depends on the type of MSW being dumped, landfill age, moisture content, seasonal weather variations, site hydrology, the stage of decomposition in the landfill and pH. Produced leachate could contain large amounts of contaminants measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD), five days biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3–N), suspended solids, heavy metals, phenols, phosphorus etc. Obviously, as landfill age increases, the biodegradable fraction of organic pollutants in leachate decrease as an outcome of the anaerobic decomposition occurring in landfill site. Thus, mature or stabilized leachate contains much more refractory organics than young leachate.
... The generation of highly contaminated leachate that can seep into the ground and contaminate the ground water, surface water, and soil is principally a main negative aspect associated to municipal sanitary landfill disposal method (Bashir et al., 2012. Additionally, leachate is liquid contain large amounts of organic compounds measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 -N), halogenated hydrocarbons suspended solid, significant concentration of heavy metals, and inorganic salts (Aziz, 2013; Bashir et al., 2012; Aziz et al., 2010; Uygur and Kargi, 2004). If not treated and disposed safely, landfill leachate could be a major source of water contamination because it could percolate through soil and subsoil, causing high pollution to receiving waters. ...
... The phases of leachate are transition (0 -5 years), acid-formation (5 - 10 years), methane fermentation (15 -20 years), and final maturation (greater than 20 years). The age of the landfill is one of the most important factors that affect leachate characteristics (Kostova, 2006; Aziz, 2013) The levels of some leachate characteristics such ...
... SBR augmented powdered activated carbon (PAC- SBR) showed higher removal efficiencies of NH 3 -N, COD, colour, and TDS when compared with normal SBR. Furthermore, PAC-SBR improved sludge volume index (SVI) (Aziz et al. 2011; 2013) ...
Production of raw leachate from landfills regards as shortcoming for the sanitary landfills. Unprocessed landfill leachate requires treatment prior disposal to the natural environment. In this work, leachate channeling, biological, and physical-chemical treatment processes for treatment of formed landfill leachate were presented in details. Definite treatment processes were resulted in high removal of pollutants such as ammonia (NH 3 -N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), phenols, color etc. Practically, age of produced leachate have influence on the treatment systems. Efficient treatment methods were explained for fresh, medium, and stabilized landfill leachates.
... The generation of highly contaminated leachate that can seep into the ground and contaminate the ground water, surface water, and soil is principally a main negative aspect associated to municipal sanitary landfill disposal method (Bashir et al., 2012. Additionally, leachate is liquid contain large amounts of organic compounds measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 -N), halogenated hydrocarbons suspended solid, significant concentration of heavy metals, and inorganic salts (Aziz, 2013; Bashir et al., 2012; Aziz et al., 2010; Uygur and Kargi, 2004). If not treated and disposed safely, landfill leachate could be a major source of water contamination because it could percolate through soil and subsoil, causing high pollution to receiving waters. ...
... The phases of leachate are transition (0 -5 years), acid-formation (5 - 10 years), methane fermentation (15 -20 years), and final maturation (greater than 20 years). The age of the landfill is one of the most important factors that affect leachate characteristics (Kostova, 2006; Aziz, 2013) The levels of some leachate characteristics such ...
... SBR augmented powdered activated carbon (PAC- SBR) showed higher removal efficiencies of NH 3 -N, COD, colour, and TDS when compared with normal SBR. Furthermore, PAC-SBR improved sludge volume index (SVI) (Aziz et al. 2011; 2013) ...
Production of raw leachate from landfills regards as shortcoming for the sanitary landfills. Unprocessed landfill leachate requires treatment prior disposal to the natural environment. In this work, leachate channeling, biological, and physical-chemical treatment processes for treatment of formed landfill leachate were presented in details. Definite treatment processes were resulted in high removal of pollutants such as ammonia (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), phenols, color etc. Practically, age of produced leachate have influence on the treatment systems. Efficient treatment methods were explained for fresh, medium, and stabilized landfill leachates.
Landfills and solid waste disposal facilities have historically been the most common point sources of pollution with the potential to release contamination leachate plumes into the environment. Waste disposal is one of the biggest problems that the world is facing. In man's everyday life, he produces waste materials which, if not properly managed, can affect health and environment. The seepage of landfill leachate into groundwater tables and aquifer systems significantly creates a possible danger and threat to human health and environment at large and remains a subject of concern in Nigeria and other parts of the world. This paper provides a review of existing approaches to leachate treatment in Nigeria and current practices across the globe, depicts the impact on environmental implications, documented previous findings, challenges and mitigation measures, and future perspectives of landfill leachate management in Nigeria, and compares with global practice of leachate management. In Nigeria, there are only a few standard techniques of landfill leachate treatment. This resulted in severe environmental impacts that threaten human life, especially in the northeastern part of the country. Vector-borne and water-related illnesses such as cholera, Dengue, Diarrhoea, Trachoma, typhoid, malaria etc, have become a major source of concern resulting from the leaching effect from landfills. Advanced treatment methods, including membrane filtration, trickling filters, and Batch and Sequencing-Batch Reactors (SBR) are used in some of the cities and private organizations in Nigeria. Most researchers in Nigeria have stressed the necessity to utilise efficient, cost-effective technology in landfill wastewater treatment. Despite this, landfill leachate has continued to have severe effects in Nigeria and the situation seems to be escalating, requiring further study.
Landfills and solid waste disposal facilities have historically been the most common point sources of pollution with the potential to release contamination leachate plumes into the environment. Waste disposal is one of the biggest problems that the world is facing. In man's everyday life, he produces waste materials which, if not properly managed, can affect health and environment. The seepage of landfill leachate into groundwater tables and aquifer systems significantly creates a possible danger and threat to human health and environment at large and remains a subject of concern in Nigeria and other parts of the world. This paper provides a review of existing approaches to leachate treatment in Nigeria and current practices across the globe, depicts the impact on environmental implications, documented previous findings, challenges and mitigation measures, and future perspectives of landfill leachate management in Nigeria, and compares with global practice of leachate management. In Nigeria, there are only a few standard techniques of landfill leachate treatment. This resulted in severe environmental impacts that threaten human life, especially in the northeastern part of the country. Vector-borne and water-related illnesses such as cholera, Dengue, Diarrhoea, Trachoma, typhoid, malaria etc, have become a major source of concern resulting from the leaching effect from landfills. Advanced treatment methods, including membrane filtration, trickling filters, and Batch and Sequencing-Batch Reactors (SBR) are used in some of the cities and private organizations in Nigeria. Most researchers in Nigeria have stressed the necessity to utilise efficient, cost-effective technology in landfill wastewater treatment. Despite this, landfill leachate has continued to have severe effects in Nigeria and the situation seems to be escalating, requiring further study.
solid wastage yielding in a landfill badly influenced the encompassing condition and people habitat nearer to landfill destinations. Landfill is the most established and the most widely recognized type of evacuation and transfer of waste, comprising the last discarding technique for solid waste in the city. It is outstanding that the effect of MSW landfills leads to contamination of every single natural segment. The negative natural effect of landfills diminished by employing preservation advancements and proper sold waste administration techniques. The nowadays investigation attempted observing of the city wastage landfill effect on the circumference. The spatial attributes of the region affected by the waste dumping and the conceivable effect of leachate utilizing phytotoxicity tests were done. The landfill is built, with base liner and leachate and landfill gas gathering and remedy and curing framework. The transition of leachate and gas from the corpus of landfill into the encompassing condition present a genuine natural concern, which mingle to groundwater squalor, air contamination with sway on atmosphere through methane outflow and potential wellbeing risks. This paper shows an influenced of solid waste land fill in environment. Populaces, particularly those living nearer to the landfill area contamination sources are in danger of both short and long haul impacts of natural, physical and chemical contaminants, including water and food borne sicknesses, substantial metals poisonings and other possibly dangerous components and mixes present noticeable all around, water, soil, particularly in north of Iraq. By and large, there is absence of vital strategies, guidelines and rules in all divisions and at all levels in connection to sheltered and ecological neighborly tasks in agribusiness, industry, vitality, and open administrations.
Landfills and solid waste disposal facilities have historically been the most common point sources of pollution with the potential to release contamination leachate plumes into the environment. Waste disposal is one of the biggest problems that the world is facing. In man’s everyday life, he produces waste materials which, if not properly managed, can affect health and environment. The seepage of landfill leachate into groundwater tables and aquifer systems significantly creates a possible danger and threat to human health and environment at large and remains a subject of concern in Nigeria and other parts of the world. This paper provides a review of existing approaches to leachate treatment in Nigeria and current practices across the globe, depicts the impact on environmental implications, documented previous findings, challenges and mitigation measures, and future perspectives of landfill leachate management in Nigeria, and compares with global practice of leachate management. In Nigeria, there are only a few standard techniques of landfill leachate treatment. This resulted in severe environmental impacts that threaten human life, especially in the north-eastern part of the country. Vector-borne and water-related illnesses such as cholera, Dengue, Diarrhoea, Trachoma, typhoid, malaria etc, have become a major source of concern resulting from the leaching effect from landfills. Advanced treatment methods, including membrane filtration, trickling filters, and Batch and Sequencing-Batch Reactors (SBR) are used in some of the cities and private organizations in Nigeria. Most researchers in Nigeria have stressed the necessity to utilise efficient, cost-effective technology in landfill wastewater treatment. Despite this, landfill leachate has continued to have severe effects in Nigeria and the situation seems to be escalating, requiring further study.
