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Points (arrowheads and perforators) from the Parch sites: 1-9, 15-17 – Parch 1; 10, 11,18 – Parch 2; 12-14 – Parch 3.
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In the Mesolithic epoch, small groups of population penetrated to the Euro-pean North-East. These groups seem to originate from Kama basin (represented by the Kama Mesolithic) as well as from the so-called post-swederian industries of Baltic (Pulli industry) and Volga-Oka interflue. It is obvious, that the population formed by these groups did not...
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Citations
... Especially the Butovo Culture assemblages centred in the Volga-Oka interfluve, with dates ranging from c. 9 800 BP to 7 000 BP (Koltsov & Zhilin 1999;Hartz et al. 2010), bear many similarities to the Sujala material, as do the Kunda Culture assemblages in the East Baltic region (starting c. 9 300 BP; Veski et al. 2005: table 2; Kriiska & Lõugas 2009: fig. 26.3) and the Parch assemblages on the River Vychegda (starting c. 9 500 BP; Volokitin 2005). A few sites with Post-Swiderian material and Late Preboreal dates, as well as stray finds of Post-Swiderian nature, have also been found in southern Finland (Takala 2003(Takala , 2004Jussila & Matiskainen 2003;Jussila et al. 2007Jussila et al. , 2010Hertell & Manninen 2010, 2011. ...
... Their tangs are not bifacially worked, or diamond-shaped in technique in blade production from semi-conical single-platform cores, resulting in extremely regular blades and core faces, platform rejuvenation with flakes that terminate near the centre of the striking platform, the absence of the microburin technique and microliths, while instead snapping the blades into shorter sections at right angles, semi-abrupt retouch along the blade edges, and burins on snaps along the blade edges. The points found at Sujala are identical in shape and manufacturing technique to the Post-Swiderian points, the longest and most spectacular of which are often called Pulli points after the earliest site in Estonia (Sorokin 1981(Sorokin , 1984Zhilin 1996Zhilin , 1999Zhilin , 2003Zhilin , 2005Koltsov & Zhilin 1999;Ostrauskas 2000;Zhilin & Matiskainen 2003;Volokitin 2005Volokitin , 2006Žilin 2006;Hartz et al. 2010). These similarities, and the differences between Sujala and the coastal Phase I assemblages, leave little doubt as to where the origin of the Sujala population lies. ...
Recent archaeological research into the earliest postglacial settlement of northern Finnish Lapland and the North Norwegian coast has produced evidence of an apparent Early Mesolithic interface zone between the Epi-Ahrensburgian (western) and Post-Swiderian (eastern) traditions in the extreme north of Europe. The initial spark for the research was the discovery of Sujala, the first Post-Swiderian site in the region, at the shore of an inland lake in 2002. In 2009, a second site of the eastern tradition, called Fállegoahtesajeguolbba, was identified in the Varangerfjord area on the Norwegian arctic coast. This paper presents the research history of both sites and discusses their lithic technology, highlighting the similarities between the two assemblages. These finds have implications concerning the pioneer settlement of northernmost Lapland, the relationship between the ethnic groups involved, the adaptation of inland hunters to a maritime environment, and the spread of pressure blade technology into northern Scandinavia.
... olithic post-Swiderian complexes of northern Russia, notably the Kunda-Butovo interaction sphere. One of the key implement types of these complexes is a symmetrical blade arrowhead with a bifacially worked tang and invasive ventral retouch on the tip (see e.g. Koltsov & Zhilin 1999: Figure 2, 5; Zaliznyak 1999: Figure 9; Zhilin 2003: Figure 87.2-3; Volokitin 2005: Figure 2-3; ˇ Zilin 2006:Figure 9, 13, 16, 22). It is dated to c . 10 100-7500 cal BC (Zagorska 1992: 100; Oshibkina 1990: 402-3; 1999: 328-30; Koltsov & Zhilin 1999: 346-7, 350, 359; Ostrauskas 2000: 175-7; Zhilin 2003: 688-9; 2005: 170, 172; Zhilin & Matiskainen 2003: 696-700), a time span that correlates well with the Sujala dates. T ...
... Polished stone axes and a wide variety of bone points and slotted bone implements have also been found (e.g. Sorokin 1981; 1984; Koltsov & Zhilin 1999; Kozłowski 1999; Zaliznyak 1999; Zhilin 1996; 2005; Ostrauskas 2000; Zhilin & Matiskainen 2003; ˇ Zilin 2006). As evident from the above list, parallels for all the artefact categories from Sujala can be found in the Russian and East Baltic post-Swiderian assemblages. ...
The Sujala site in northern Finnish Lapland is a reindeer hunters’ camp from the early postglacial period, discovered by the authors in 2002. The site was originally linked with the Preboreal occupation of the north Norwegian coast, but further excavations and analyses indicate that it actually represents a totally new phenomenon: evidence for an eastern influx into Lapland around the Preboreal–Boreal transition. This discovery has far-reaching implications for the colonisation of north Scandinavia, but also for the subsequent development of Early Mesolithic settlement in northern Finland and Norway.
The Sujala site consists of two small clusters of finds located by Lake Vetsijärvi in the borough of Utsjoki, northernmost Finnish Lapland. The finds consist primarily of artefacts and debitage produced by a macroblade industry utilizing tuffaceous chert. This lithic material is not native to the area and probably derives from the Varanger Peninsula in Norway, roughly 100km north of the site. The raw material may suggest a connection with the Preboreal Komsa Phase of the North Norwegian Finnmark Mesolithic, which is also characterized by a macroblade technology. However, the typological features of the Sujala arrowheads and certain characteristics of the blade technology suggest an origin in the Post-Swiderian cultures of north-eastern Europe. Post-Swiderian sites are not previously known from Lapland. Radiocarbon dates place the site near the Preboreal/Boreal boundary.
During the archaeological excavations along the new stretch of the main arterial road, the E4, in Northern Uppland, Eastern Central Sweden, bifacially thinned arrowheads and associated waste by-products made out of flint, or flint-like materials, were found at several Late Neolithic and Bronze Age sites (Apel et al. 2005; Apel and Darmark 2007). A preliminary examination of the material suggested that Northern Uppland was a border area where two different traditions of making bifacial projectile points met (Fig. 10.1): a Northern tradition, in which projectile points were made from local raw materials through a combination of percussion flaking and pressure flaking, and a Southern tradition, in which projectile points were made from imported, South Scandinavian flint through edge-pressure flaking (Apel et al. 2005). These different traditions demarcate a classic cultural barrier between South and North Sweden with roots back to the Mesolithic. This cultural barrier is also a long-lasting division between hunter-gatherers/herders in the North and farming communities in the South. This realization triggered an interest in questions concerning the reasons behind the inclusion of surface pressure-flaking technologies in these economically and socially differentially situated populations.
The basis for discussions of the pioneer human settlement of northernmost Fennoscandia has always been twofold: The timing and directions of human settlement on the one hand and the controlling factors inherent in the deglaciation of the Fennoscandian ice-sheet on the other. Whereas the last decade in particular has seen many contributions in the form of new data and analyses advancing our understanding of the process of pioneer human settlement, there has been a limited discussion of literature concerning the shifting nature of the deglaciated landscapes emerging as the Fennoscandian icesheet withdrew. This paper attempts to address this question by focusing on recent excavations and re-analyses of archaeological data from Eastern Finnmark, while keeping a broader primarily northern Fennoscandian focus with regards to recent developments concerning deglaciation, climate, flora and fauna. Recent literature has suggested a rapid settlement along the western coast of Norway into Finnmark. While this is fairly well documented, it is suggested that this was one of two, possibly contemporaneous routes – the other being of eastern origin, likely originating in Northwestern Russia. The exact timing and nature of pioneer eastern journeys into Finnmark – including the possibility of local developments in Finnmark sparked by climate change – is only starting to emerge.
The traditional model of the postglacial colonization of Finland advancing slowly from the southeast over a wide front is challenged following the discovery in 2002 of Sujala, the first Post-Swiderian site in the Scandinavian north, and the identification in 2007-10 of the Post-Swiderian affinities of the Fállegoahtesajeguolbba site in arctic Norway. Not only are the dates of these sites considerably earlier than allowed for by previous estimates of the human colonization of Finland based on a fixed expansion speed; the lithics of the sites also suggest that the pioneers must have traversed the 1000-kilometre breadth of the Precambrian Fennoscandian Shield within one generation in order to have been able to retain their blade technology. The developed Post-Swiderian pressure blade technology would not have been sustainable in the lithic environment of the shield due to the virtual absence of suitable microcrystalline rocks, and there is currently no evidence of the importing of unworked flint from Russia or the Baltic to most of the intervening shield area during the earliest Mesolithic. The explanation for the rapid advance is suggested to be the direction of the movement along, rather than towards, the retreating ice front and the comparatively rapid opening up of a traversable corridor between the shrinking continental glacier and the White Sea.
This paper presents a critical overview of the pioneer occupation of the three northernmost boroughs of Finnish Lapland, Enontekiö, Inari, and Utsjoki. The finds and their affinities, as well as current models of the colonization of the region are discussed, and a number of new finds and interpretations of the data are introduced. The authors conclude that the pioneer occupation of Enontekiö appears to belong entirely to the southern, Finnish, Mesolithic sphere, while Inari and Utsjoki show evidence of influence also from the North Norwegian coast. [Note that this was published before the cultural affiliation of the Sujala site was fully understood. JK-14]
An archaeological survey carried out in 2002 around Lake Vetsijärvi, Utsjoki parish, turned up twelve Stone-Age sites, nine of which were located more than six metres higher than the present lake. The placement of the sites and certain other observations suggest that the level of Lake Vetsijärvi may have been higher during the Stone Age than it is today. One of the sites produced finds connecting it with the earliest occupation of the northern Norwegian coast. A test excavation at this site in 2004 recovered evidence of a core-and-blade industry based on foreign chert-like raw material. This type of industry is previously known from the Varangerfiord in Norway but is unique in Finland. Finds include blades, cores, and a tanged arrowpoint with parallels in northern Russia.
In this paper a team of Scandinavian researchers identifies and describes a Mesolithic technological concept, referred to as ‘the conical core pressure blade’ concept, and investigates how this concept spread into Fennoscandia and across Scandinavia. Using lithic technological, contextual archaeological and radiocarbon analyses, it is demonstrated that this blade concept arrived with ‘post-Swiderian’ hunter-gatherer groups from the Russian plain into northern Fennoscandia and the eastern Baltic during the 9th millennium BC. From there it
was spread by migrating people and/or as transmitted knowledge through culture contacts into interior central Sweden, Norway and down along the Norwegian coast. However itwas also spread into southern Scandinavia, where itwas formerly identified as the Maglemosian technogroup 3 (or the ‘Sværdborg phase’). In this paper it is argued that the identification and spread of the conical core pressure blade concept represents the first migration of people, technology and ideas into Scandinavia from the south-eastern Baltic region and the Russian plain.
