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![Figure 1. Distribution of Agastache mexicana in Mexico [7].](profile/Rosa-Sanchez-Fernandez/publication/352562151/figure/fig1/AS:1037137516445698@1624284261415/Distribution-of-Agastache-mexicana-in-Mexico-7_Q320.jpg)
Mexico is the center of origin of the species popularly known as toronjil or lemon balm (Agastache mexicana Linton & Epling). Two subspecies have been identified and are commonly called purple or red (Agastache mexicana Linton & Epling subspecies. mexicana) and white (Agastache mexicana subspecies xolocotziana Bye, E.L. Linares & Ramamoorthy). Plan...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... petiole is 1 cm long [2], and the corolla is purplish red to red [2,5]. The seeds measure approximately 4 to 5 mm ( Figure 3). 2.1.1. ...
Context 2
... petiole is 1 cm long [2], and the corolla is purplish red to red [2,5]. The seeds measure approximately 4 to 5 mm ( Figure 3). ...
Context 3
... petiole is 1 cm long [2], and the corolla is purplish red to red [2,5]. The seeds measure approximately 4 to 5 mm ( Figure 3). 2.1.1. ...
Citations
... On the other hand, from A. mexicana monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenes, including ursolic, oleanolic, corosolic, and maslinic acids were obtained [5]. Furthermore, flavonoids such as acacetin, apigenin, hesperitin, and luteolin, among others, were isolated [12]. ...
Background
Agastache mexicana is used in traditional medicine to treat anxiety, insomnia, pain, among others. In a previous study, the methanolic extract exerted anxiolytic and sedative effects, as observed behaviorally, associated with one of its major components, tilianin.
Objective
To assess the effect produced by the extracts and tilianin obtained from Agastache mexicana on depressive-induced behavior model and on the activity of monoamine oxidases (MAOs).
Methods
The depression experimental model consisted of the forced swimming test in rats. MAOs activity was evaluated in cortex and hippocampus from the tilianin and Agastache extracts treated rats using specific inhibitors for each isoform. The quantification of monoamines was carried out using an High Performance Liquid Chromatography method.
Results
An increase in the swimming time was observed in rodents treated with doses of 16 (226.6 ± 5.5 seconds) and 50 mg/kg (237.8 ± 5.7 seconds) of tilianin, methanolic (260.4 ± 3 seconds), and hydroalcoholic extracts (249.6 ± 2.6 seconds) at 100 mg/kg. MAOs activity was significantly decreased in brain tissue from animals treated with 16 and 50 mg/kg of tilianin, methanolic, and hydroalcoholic extracts at 100 mg/kg.
Conclusions
The tilianin effect on monoamine oxidases inhibition is confirmed, suggesting its potential use in the treatment of certain neurological disorders.
... Salvia yangii was found in a study by Ashraf et al. (2014) to have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Agastache mexicana is stated in a study by Palma-Tenango et al. (2021) to have potentially beneficially bioactive compounds providing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anxiolytic effects. ...
Foraging and wild herbalism are important elements of the edible green infrastructure which could, by design, enhance the urban framework of the edible city. Despite recent attention to urban agriculture, landscape architecture has rarely focused on aspects of urban foraging and how to design sustainable urban green infrastructure for foragers.
A brief review of current literature precedes a historical context comparison with particular reference to the presence of physic gardens in towns and cities across the UK and Europe and hedgerow herbalism. The study examines three urban foraging case studies in England. Direct participant observations of three foraging groups in cities in Southern England enabled rich data collection and help to inform our recommendations for designing foraging-rich urban landscapes.
Whilst provisioning is at the heart of urban foraging, the research revealed insights into the relevance and importance of foraging at the individual, group and community levels.
At the individual level, urban foraging presents an opportunity for individuals not only to connect more deeply with nature in their local urban environment but also to increase social interactions. Guided groups enable knowledge transmission and collective learning between experts and participants. Groups facilitate the cross-disciplinary sharing of knowledge and information on a range of allied activities including methods and recipes for culinary recipes and remedy preparations.
The research collates information gathered at the three urban locations. This data is compared and contrasted and used to inform urban foraging design recommendations, which are anchored in a place-specific historical context.
... The abundance of nectar produced by the flowers of Agastache species contributes to the sweetness of the flowers and attracts bees and pollinating insects [6]. Moreover, the edible flowers of Agastache species have high ornamental value and are already traditionally used in Mexican cuisine [12,13]. Flowers of two varieties, A. aurantiaca 'Sunset Yellow' and A. mexicana 'Sangria', were recently investigated for nutritional values, the aroma, essential oil profiles [14] and the content of microelements (only for the 'Sunset Yellow' variety) [15]. ...
... The two varieties previously investigated in the other studies gave us propagation problems because the spring cuttings give roots with difficulty because they are thin; the preparation of summer cuttings results in the loss of part of the flower production, and the plants obtained during the first year are not very vigorous and the rhizome division in spring limits the number of obtainable plants. Vegetative propagation (cuttings or division of rhizomes) is the traditional method used to multiply Agastache species and varieties because seed viability is low [13,16]. These limitations can be overcome with in vitro micropropagation, which allows for both the conservation and extensive propagation of germplasm. ...
Agastache aurantiaca ‘Sunset Yellow’ and A. mexicana ‘Sangria’ are aromatic plants with edible flowers characterized with good flavors, nutritional values and pleasant aromas. The aim of this study was to establish a successful protocol to ensure fast shoot propagation, rooting and in vivo acclimatization to obtain many vigorous plants for edible flower production. Micropropagation was tested with an agarized Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium enriched with different 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) levels. In vitro rooting trials were carried out using a half-strength MS medium comparing the traditional jar method with an agarized medium and the temporary immersion system (TIS) bioreactor with a liquid medium. After acclimatization in a greenhouse, the survival of plants and their development were recorded. Microscopical analyses were performed on both in-jar and in-TIS leaves at rooting stages and compared with in vivo leaves. In both species, the greatest number of new shoots was noted at 2.22 µM and 3.33 µM of BAP. In TIS, rooting started earlier, resulting in larger plants with more roots and longer roots than in the jar substrate. Any anatomical difference was observed in leaves collected from the jar and TIS during the rooting stage. The best acclimatization performances were recorded in plants coming from the TIS bioreactor.
... Furthermore, phenolic and phenylpropanoid compounds such as flavones, primarily acacetin, and flavonoids such as tilianin and hesperitin, are also present in significant amounts. [7] Through our previous studies, we were able to establish that dichloromethanic (DEAm) and methanolic (MEAm) extracts showed a significant vasorelaxant effect, in a concentration-dependent and partially endothelium-dependent manner. From DEAm, acacetin, ursolic acid (UA), and oleanolic acid (OA) [8,9], and from MEAm tilianin [10,11] were obtained. ...
... The present study provides evidence that selected bioactive compounds present in Agastache mexicana and in PPAm, possess significant vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects. PPAm contains a mixture of bioactive compounds, including acacetin [7,8], luteolin [7,26,27], and tilianin) [10], as well as pentacyclic triterpenic acids such as ursolic acid and morolic acid (in lower amounts) [8]. Flavonoids are known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. ...
... The present study provides evidence that selected bioactive compounds present in Agastache mexicana and in PPAm, possess significant vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects. PPAm contains a mixture of bioactive compounds, including acacetin [7,8], luteolin [7,26,27], and tilianin) [10], as well as pentacyclic triterpenic acids such as ursolic acid and morolic acid (in lower amounts) [8]. Flavonoids are known to exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive effects. ...
The aim of this work was to evaluate the vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of a standardized precipitate of the hydroalcoholic extract from Agastache mexicana (PPAm), comprising ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, acacetin, luteolin and tilianin, among others. In the ex vivo experiments, preincubation with L-NAME (nonspecific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases) reduced the relaxation induced by PPAm; nevertheless, preincubation with indomethacin (nonspecific inhibitor of cyclooxygenases) did not generate any change in the vasorelaxation, and an opposed effect was observed to the contraction generated by CaCl2 addition. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg of PPAm induced a significant acute decrease in diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats, without changes in heart rate. Additionally, PPAm showed a sustained antihypertensive subacute effect on both DBP and SBP for 10 days compared to the control group. On the other hand, human umbilical vein cells treated with 10 µg/mL of PPAm showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in intracellular adhesion molecule-1, compared to the control, but not on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In conclusion, PPAm induces a significant antihypertensive effect in acute- and subacute-period treatments, due to its direct vasorelaxant action on rat aortic rings through NO production and Ca2+ channel blockade.
... A. mexicana is traditionally used as a natural remedy for the treatment of anxiety disorders [99]. Thus, researchers evaluated the in vivo anxiolytic effect of A. mexicana extract and tilianin, one of the major bioactive compounds of the extract. ...
The Agastache genus is part of the Lamiaceae family and is native to North America, while one species, Agastache rugosa (A. rugosa), is native to East Asia. A review on the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Agastache genus was last performed in 2014. Since then, a lot of progress has been made on the characterization of the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of Agastache species. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the findings on the phytochemistry and biological effects of several Agastache species, including both extracts and essential oil characterization. We performed a comprehensive search using PubMed and Scopus databases, following PRISMA criteria regarding the study selection process. The available data is focused mainly on the description of the chemical composition and bioactivity of A. rugosa, with fewer reports referring to Agastache mexicana (A. mexicana) and Agastache foeniculum (A. foeniculum). Agastache species are characterized by the dominance of flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as volatile compounds, particularly phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes. Moreover, a series of pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardioprotective properties, have been reported for species from the Agastache genus.
... La mayoría de las poblaciones humanas en el mundo dependen de la herbolaria como atención primaria de salud, debido al conocimiento, diversidad de plantas medicinales, disponibilidad y eficiencia. En el uso que existe alrededor de este recurso natural, como ejemplo se tiene el caso de Agastache mexicana (Palma-Tenango et al., 2021), además de no presentar problemas de escasez o accesibilidad, en contraste con la medicina moderna (Rhada, Udhayavani, Nagaraj y Sivaranjani, 2021) al momento, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo, donde el 80% de la población hace uso de este recurso para atender necesidades primarias de salud (Prieto-González, Garrido-Garrido, González-Lavaut y Molina-Torres, 2014). Como ejemplo, en la India, se reporta el uso de casi 8,000 plantas utilizadas en la medicina tradicional y cerca de 25 mil formulaciones efectivas basadas en plantas que son usadas en ese país por las comunidades rurales y étnicas (Rhada et al., 2021), México posee una riqueza florística estimada en 30,000 especies (Alanís, Velazco, Foroughbakhch, Valdez y Alvarado, 2004). ...
Objetivo:
Identificar el conocimiento sobre el uso tradicional de Bacopa procumbens que conservan los pobladores del municipio de Huasca de Ocampo, Hidalgo, México.
Metodología:
El estudio se basó en una entrevista estructurada aplicada a 26 informantes, mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de la información por medio de frecuencias y un análisis multivariado de correspondencias múltiples.
Resultados:
El conocimiento tradicional de esta planta se concentra en las amas de casa con edad entre 40 y 50 años; este conocimiento fue trasmitido por familiares, el uso tradicional que le dan a la especie B. procumbens es medicinal y se usa para disminuir o aliviar el dolor de estómago, sanar heridas, calmar el dolor de muelas, calmar el dolor de riñón, eliminar la hinchazón y fiebre. La planta es recolectada en el campo, solo en la cantidad que será usada, lo que puede ayudar en parte a la conservación del recurso, aunque debe prevenirse la sobre explotación.
Limitaciones:
Existen pocas personas que conocen la planta y sus propiedades.
Conclusiones:
El conocimiento tradicional de la planta se centra en mujeres amas de casa, la forma más común de uso es hervida y se aplica principalmente para dolor de estómago, y otros problemas de salud.
... Overall, the results of all analyzes confirmed that the methanolic extract presented a richer chemical composition and better biological activities than the ethanolic extract. The main compounds in the chemical composition of the aqueous and organic extracts of various Agastache species presented in other several studies were flavonoids (hesperitin, quercetin, tilianin), flavones (acacetin, 7-O-glucosyl acacetin, diosmetin 7-O-β-D-(6"-O-malonyl)-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside), terpenes (limonene, linalool, eugenol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, estragole, β-amirin), organic acids (malic acid, butanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid), esters (butanoic acid-hexane-dioctyl ester, hexanedioc-dioctyl ester, 6-octen-1-ol-3,7-dimethyl propionate, ethyl palmitate) [46]. At the flowering stage of Agastache species, two glucosylflavones, namely isoagastachoside and agastachin, were detected in the chemical composition of their methanolic extract [30]. ...
... The variation in the composition of EOs and extracts of Agastache medicinal plants occurs due to their genetic variations, the stages of plant growth, geo-climatic conditions, nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation regimes, and maturity stage at the time of collection [36]. Due to their bioactive components, Agastache species could be promising therapeutic agents for human health with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, vasorelaxant, antiviral, nutraceutical, anticancer, and anti-diabetic properties [22,23,46]. ...
This study investigated the phytochemical content of alcoholic extracts and essential oil of a new variety of medicinal plants, Agastache foeniculum (Pursh), which Kuntze adapted for cultivation in Romania, namely “Aromat de Buzău”. The essential oil was investigated by GC-MS, while the identification and quantification of various compounds from alcoholic extracts were performed by HPLC-DAD. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were evaluated by using standard phytochemical methods. The antioxidant activities of ethanol, methanol extracts, and essential oil of the plant were also assessed against 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+), and by ferric reducing power (FRAP) using spectroscopic methods. Cyclic voltammetry was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the essential oil. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were higher in methanolic extract compared to ethanolic extract. A significant correlation was found between total phenol and total flavonoid contents (r = 0.9087). Significant high correlations were also found between the total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities of the extracts (r ≥ 0.8600, p < 0.05). In addition, the extracts and essential oil showed good antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Estragole was detected as the major constituent of the essential oil (94.89%). The cytotoxic activity of the essential oil was evaluated by the MTT assay. At lower concentrations (1 µg/mL) high cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was observed but not on the non-tumoral dermal fibroblasts (HDF) which indicated selectivity for cancer cells and suggests the presence of biologically active components that contribute to the observed high cytotoxic effect. Findings from the present study offer new perspectives on the use of A. foeniculum as a potential source of bioactive compounds and a good candidate for pharmaceutical plant-based products.
... (13) The Toronjil (Agastache Mexicana), is a native perennial vascular plant, it is identified for its medicinal properties against anxiety, promoter of sleep, aid in wound healing, antispasmodic agent and against stomach pain, as well as to treat diseases of the heart, despite its spectrum for pain relief, pharmacological studies of its bioactive components have hardly been investigated. (14,15) Obtaining this type of medicinal plants is through collection in their wild state, however; its production can be carried out successfully through different techniques; in the open air, in backyard or urban gardens, under greenhouse conditions and even through more controlled and ideal techniques such as hydroponics, which ensures its safety and the best conservation of its medicinal properties. ...
For the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases, the use of medicinal plants is an attractive alternative compared to traditional pharmaceutical drugs, the supply of this type of plants occurs in most cases by collection in the wild. Hence, the information available on hydroponic production for these plant inputs is scarce and little is known about their development under optimal and ideal conditions, different from their wild condition. The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth of Arnica (Arnica montana L) and Toronjil (Agastache mexicana) produced hydroponically under greenhouse conditions, for which two crops were managed, one with treatment and the other without it as a control, the first with hydroponics (inorganic substrate with nutrient solution) and the second, with organic substrate without adding nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetition cycles per treatment. It was statistically proven that hydroponic production positively affected plant growth. In both cases, Arnica and Lemon Balm increased their growth and mass compared to the control by 36.5% and 38.4% respectively, the variables of dry and fresh weight followed a similar trend, being favored by the hydroponic culture with respect to the control; On the other hand, the yield of dry extract from a 20.0% tincture for both species were very similar in percentage terms, being slightly higher for plants produced hydroponically.
... (13) The Toronjil (Agastache Mexicana), is a native perennial vascular plant, it is identified for its medicinal properties against anxiety, promoter of sleep, aid in wound healing, antispasmodic agent and against stomach pain, as well as to treat diseases of the heart, despite its spectrum for pain relief, pharmacological studies of its bioactive components have hardly been investigated. (14,15) Obtaining this type of medicinal plants is through collection in their wild state, however; its production can be carried out successfully through different techniques; in the open air, in backyard or urban gardens, under greenhouse conditions and even through more controlled and ideal techniques such as hydroponics, which ensures its safety and the best conservation of its medicinal properties. ...
For the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases, the use of medicinal plants is an attractive alternative compared to traditional pharmaceutical drugs, the supply of this type of plants occurs in most cases by collection in the wild. Hence, the information available on hydroponic production for these plant inputs is scarce and little is known about their development under optimal and ideal conditions, different from their wild condition. The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth of Arnica (Arnica montana L) and Toronjil (Agastache mexicana) produced hydroponically under greenhouse conditions, for which two crops were managed, one with treatment and the other without it as a control, the first with hydroponics (inorganic substrate with nutrient solution) and the second, with organic substrate without adding nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetition cycles per treatment. It was statistically proven that hydroponic production positively affected plant growth. In both cases, Arnica and Lemon Balm increased their growth and mass compared to the control by 36.5% and 38.4% respectively, the variables of dry and fresh weight followed a similar trend, being favored by the hydroponic culture with respect to the control; On the other hand, the yield of dry extract from a 20.0% tincture for both species were very similar in percentage terms, being slightly higher for plants produced hydroponically.
... Кроме того, он используется в качестве транквилизатора и индуктора сна [44][45][46][47]. Соцветия в основном используются для облегчения боли, а надземные части -как седативное средство, для снятия симптомов тревоги и стресса, для облегчения состояний «сусто» и «нервиос» [44,48]. ...
... Метанольный экстракт и тилианин уменьшали тревожное поведение у мышей [52]. Есть предположение, что в указанных эффектах участвуют рецепторы ГАМКА / бензодиазепина [47,48,52]. ...
The review summarizes information from the literature on the distribution, systematics, study of the composition and biological activity of metabolites, total extracts of plants of the genus Agastache J.Clayton ex Gronov. To date, 22 species of the genus are known, most of them are endemic to North America. Only one species – Agastache rugosa is grows in Asia and Russian Far East. Only 7 species of this genus are known to be used in ethnomedicine. In the world's official medicine, species of the genus are not used, with the exception of A. rugosa, which is a means of traditional Chinese medicine and is part of several well-known, often prescribed herbal remedies. The most studied composition of metabolites and pharmacological properties of .Agastache rugosa, A. foeniculum, A.mexicana. There is no information in the literature about A.eplingiana, A. breviflora, A. cusickii, A.mearnsii, A. pallida, A. pallidiflora, A. palmeri. Over 90 substances related to terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins, vitamins, lignans, sterols, amino acids, flavonoids, macro- and microelements and etc. Total extracts and individual compounds of the studied species in the experiment have a wide range of pharmacological activity: anxiolytic, antidepressant, antihypertensive, antinociceptive, antibacterial, insecticidal, immunotropic, antiviral, antimutagenic, cytotoxic. The information provided in the review shows that plants of the genus Agastache, are promising for further study and use in various industries. Fragmentation and lack of information on the composition of metabolites, pharmacological activity of most species of the genus Agastache opens up great opportunities for researchers from different areas of scientific knowledge.
