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Piriformospora indica: A Model Organism. An overall view of the typical growth and differentiation. The inset showing fluorescent chlamydospore.
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Medicinal plants are in great demand in modern civilization to extract various drugs for human welfare. Natural resource is getting scarce. It is possible to increase the biomass and active ingredients of Bacopa monniera. It's product is used as a traditional ayurvedic medicine, for memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti...
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... strengthening memory and cognition. We have screened a novel symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica, which mimics the capabilities of a typical, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). It is related to the Hymenomycetes of the Basidiomycota (Verma et al., 1998;Weiß et al., 2004). It possesses highly coiled hyphae with pear shaped chlamydospores (Fig. 1). In contrast with AM fungi, it can be easily cultivated in axenic conditions. The fungus associates with the roots of various plant species in a manner similar to mycorrhiza and promotes their growth (Varma et al., 1999;Pešken-Berghöfer et al., 2004;Pham et al., 2004a;Oelmüller et al., 2005) also the rooting of tobacco calli and ...
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In Thailand, there are three species of Bacopa, namely, B. monnieri, B. caroliniana, and B. floribunda. Among these species of Bacopa, B. monnieri is the only medicinal species, used for the treatment of cognitive impairment and improvement of cognitive abilities because of its bioactive constituents, bacoside A and B. However, because of the simil...
Interactions between herbs and drugs may increase or decrease the pharmacological or toxicological effects of either component. Experimental data on the pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal products and drugs are limited. This study attempted to investigate the effect of Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Brahmi) formulation on the pharmacokinetics of a...
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... As per the IUCN classification, Bacopa monnieri is easily observed in the wild and falls under the LC (least concerned) category. Traditional ayurvedic practitioners used Bacopa as a memory enhancer and an important ingredient of "Brahmirasayanam" and "Brahmighritam" (Prasad et al., 2008). Bacosides A and B are the major active compounds of Brahmi. ...
The current study focuses on the stimulation of Bacoside A content of the Bacopa plant that played a potential role in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. The objective of the study was to explore the potential of the B. monnieri plant for metal tolerance when cultivated on tannery sludge-contaminated soil without compromising its phytochemical quality. Bacoside content of the plant gets 2 times higher than the control without any chemical additives. Bacosides are the alleged bioactive component and attribute to the neuroprotective function. Export-import bank of India acknowledged Bacopa monnieri as the second most crucial medicine as it has metabolites that can cure mental disorders and amnesia. The effect of tannery sludge on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant potential along with the effect on metabolite i.e. bacoside A content of the plant. The maximum transfer (known as translocation factor) from root to shoot for Cr, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb was 0.33, 0.28, 0.75, 0.69 and 0.43 respectively. This depicts that here in tannery sludge mixed soil, B. monnieri was not behaving like a hyperaccumulator plant. Although it sequestered a large portion of metal in the root region and showed high vegetative growth in a combination of 75:25 tannery sludge and soil. Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, peroxidase, malondialdehyde, proline & ascorbic acid scaled up with increasing tannery sludge in the treatment whereas in the case of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content, a sharp decline trend was observed at 100% tannery sludge treatment. A similar trend was recorded in bacoside A content of the plant, and the highest was 2% that of control in a 75:25 ratio of tannery sludge and soil. Enzymatic antioxidant along with non-enzymatic antioxidants protects the plant from oxidative stress generated by tannery sludge. Principal components confirm our finding that the translocation factor plays a direct role in the activation of the photosynthetic machinery. Principal component-I contributes 59% of the total variance and Principal component-II contributes 33% of the total variance.
... It is a perennial, creeping herb of the family Scrophulariaceae [163,165]. It is also known as Brahmi and is found in warm wetlands [165]. ...
... It is a perennial, creeping herb of the family Scrophulariaceae [163,165]. It is also known as Brahmi and is found in warm wetlands [165]. They are indigenous to India and Australia [166]. ...
... B. monnieri contains dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, Bacosides A and Bacosides B, which are biomarkers for this species [165,[167][168][169]. It also contains different kinds of saponin, including A-G [170][171][172] together with pseudojujubogenin or jujubogenin moieties as aglycones [173], Bacopaside I-V, X, and N 1 and N 2 [174][175][176]. ...
Background: Huntington’s disease is an inherited autosomal dominant trait neuro-degenerative disorder caused by changes (mutations) of a gene called huntingtin (htt) that is located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 4, CAG expansion mutation. It is characterized by unusual movements, cognitive and psychiatric disorders. Objective: This review was undertaken to apprehend biological pathways of Huntington’s disease (HD) pathogenesis and its management by nature-derived products. Natural products can be lucrative for the management of HD as it shows protection against HD in pre-clinical trials. Advanced research is still required to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of the known organic products and their isolated compounds in HD experimental models. Summary: Degeneration of neurons in Huntington’s disease is distinguished by progressive loss of motor coordination and muscle function. This is due to the expansion of CAG trinucleotide in the first exon of the htt gene responsible for neuronal death and neuronal network degeneration in the brain. It is believed that the factors such as molecular genetics, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroglia dysfunction, protein aggregation, and altered UPS leads to HD. The defensive effect of the natural product provides therapeutic efficacy against HD. Recent reports on natural drugs have enlightened the protective role against HD via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and neurofunctional regulation.
... Similarly, in another study, it has been seen that fungal endophyte infection may result in changed plant biochemistry such that it could be used against plant pathogens. Root endophyte Piriformospora indica has a diverse range of hosts which includes cereals, pulses, vegetables and medicinal plants (Vadassery et al. 2009;Bagde et al. 2010aBagde et al. ,b, 2011Prasad et al. 2008Prasad et al. , 2013. Cereals like barley when inoculated with this endophyte showed resistance to a vascular pathogen Fusarium culmorum and Blumeriagramini (Waller et al. 2005;Gill et al. 2016). ...
Plants are affected by a plethora of stresses, both biotic and abiotic which severely affect their growth, productivity and yield. These stresses are caused by bacteria, fungi, insects, nematodes, pests, drought, salinity, heavy metals (HMs), temperature, etc. Therefore, it becomes utmost important to think of sustainable and biofriendly ways to curb this problem. Plant-fungal associations can prove to be an ideal solution to this problem. Fungi not only help plants to fight against various biotic and abiotic stresses but also boost their overall growth and development. Fungi can simultaneously enhance the tolerance mechanisms in plants and also help to keep the major metabolic processes at optimum levels. Thus, in this chapter, we will separately deal with the various biotic and abiotic stresses affecting plants and also the mechanisms involved therein.
... The fundamental inoculation tests revealed the capability of P. indica in colonizing the roots of plants (Verma et al. 1998;Prasad et al. 2008;Bagde et al. 2010), and till this date, P. indica is popular for its wide range of hosts enabling symbiotic interactions in roots of monocot and dicot plants inclusive of agricultural crops like barley, tobacco, and Arabidopsis thaliana (Varma et al. 2012Johnson et al. 2014;Prasad et al. 2020). ...
This chapter features the impetus to study endophytic fungi (EF) in order to invigorate the economic feasibility in agriculture production. EF occupy a dominant place in the habitat adaptation of plants leveraging better yields and protection from biotic as well as abiotic stresses. They secrete several secondary metabolites of organic nature, which, besides safeguarding plants from pathogens and pests, also valorize agricultural plants like rice and corn, and offer better postharvest management. It is emphasized that the methods currently employed in plant breeding, seed preparation, and agricultural practices are hindering the diversity of fungal endophytes due to the inadequate knowledge about them. Besides, they also make some endophytes to perform ineffectively in mitigating stresses. The objective of this chapter is to suggest how to overcome such impediments for the advancement of future agriculture practices.
... Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, popularly known as ''Brahmi'' or ''Memory plus plant'', is one of the very few ancient and renowned ayurvedic medicinal plants with multipurpose therapeutic uses in ayurvedic system of medicine, which can be found throughout the Indian subcontinent. In India, brahmi is traditionally used as a brain tonic to enhance memory development and to prepare popular ayurvedic preparations like ''Brahmighritam'', and ''Brahmirasayanam'' (Govindarajan et al. 2005;Prasad et al. 2008). Bacopa is a nootropic (substances that enhance cognitive function) plant with cardiotonic (Mathur et al.2002) and cognitive enhancing functions (Nathan et al. 2004). ...
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting approach was applied to assess genetic diversity in different accessions of rejuvenating and intellect-promoting ancient ayurve-dic medicinal herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell collected from four Southern Indian states, along with in vitro micropropagated samples maintained in the laboratory for 5 years. With the 10 analyzed primers, 110 distinct bands, in the size range of 250-870 bp were observed, and among which 14 (12.72%) were polymorphic. Among the random primers used, only OPD 02 generated highest percentage of polymor-phism with 30.77. Whereas OPD 08 generated a maximum of 18 amplified bands, but with only 1% polymorphism. Cluster analysis done on the basis of similarity coefficient generated from RAPD profiles indicated all the accessions were divided into two subgroups based on genetic distances under one major cluster. Major cluster is only the lone loose group of the Bm.2 collected from Kerala (KER) and in vitro micropropagated plant (IVMP) maintained in the lab. The other subgroup consisted of Bm.1 and Bm.3 collected from Tamil Nadu (TN) and Andhra Pradesh (AP) respectively, which are genetically similar and showed similarity with accessions from Karnataka Bm.4 (KK). These two subgroups were joined together at 0.66 genetic distance level. Overall, the levels of genetic similarity within the accessions varied from 0.24 to 0.80, the matrix ranged from 0.36 to 0.80, with a mean value of 0.68 indicating genetic similarity at low level.
... Besides role of other P fungi isolated from soil and rhizosphere are recognized (Johri et al. 2015). The role of fungal endophytes (that reside asympotmatically in plants) are also described in literature on P availability, for instance Piriformospora indica (phylum Basidiomycota; order Sebacinales) which is considered to be a potential candidate as a bio-inoculant as it is known to colonize a wide range of monocots and dicots plants (Prasad et al. 2005(Prasad et al. , 2008(Prasad et al. , 2013Gill et al. 2016). ...
Phosphorus (P) is an important macronutrient source for plant growth. However, it is a limiting mineral resource based on its availability in the environment and the form it is available to the plants. High amount of phosphorus use in soil is often considered to be non-productive to agriculture and can lead to mineral and heavy metal accumulation, soil leaching, surface run-off, and eutrophication in water bodies. This chapter reviews literature concerning P management practices in agriculture, the importance, role and relevance of microorganisms in P availability, environmental sustainability and the perspective of these microbes is discussed.
... The chlamydospores can be present in clusters of 2-3 or as a single spore also 9,10 . The fungus enters in root cortex of inoculated plant but it does not enter in the aerial part and endodermis of plants 11,12 . The fungus helps in nutrient uptake, protect plants from salt, water and temperature stresses and provide complete resistance to acidity, heavy metal toxins, pathogens etc 13 . ...
Piriformospora indica is a root endophytic fungus that build a symbiotic association with the roots of a vascular host plants and induces overall plant growth. The P.indica can grown on a variety of synthetic and complex media. But these readymade medium consist of about 20-25 expensive chemicals. To minimise the cost for P.indica production (Arora et al 2014 and Varma et al, 2015) have already standardized a cost effective Jaggery medium (4% w/v) as a energy nutrient source for mass cultivation of P. indica with no compromise on quality. But growth of fungus varies substantially with different sources of Jaggery. So we collect Jaggery from four different sources i.e from 1. Local shop, 2. Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 3. Safal, New Delhi and 4.Organic Jaggery to check its impact on fungal growth and also check its efficacy on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The data observed from the present study shows that maximum growth of P.indica in terms of dry cell weight, radial diameter and spore count was recorded on Safal Jaggery medium as compared to other Jaggery medium. Moreover, fungal biomass grown on this medium showed positive effect on growth of spinach as it leads to increase in plant height and its dry and fresh weight. This finding suggest that Safal Jaggery medium is a cheaper and best source for commercial cultivation of P.indica. © 2018 Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. All rights reserved.
... Piriformospora indica increases nutrient uptake, particularly of phosphorus (Singh et al. 2000;Malla et al. 2004), and improves plant growth and stress tolerance by inducing phytohormones (Gill et al. 2016;Siddhanta et al. 2017). Studies have revealed that it also can enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites (Bagde et al. 2010(Bagde et al. , 2014Das et al. 2012Das et al. , 2013Kumar et al. 2012;Prasad et al. 2008Prasad et al. , 2013Bajaj et al. 2014). ...
Fungal root symbionts have long been known to provide benefits to their plant hosts in terms of nutrient acquisition and growth promotion. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous symbionts of plants that help procure nutrients and protect plants from both abiotic and biotic stresses, including plant parasitic nematodes. Recently, the discovery of another group of mycorrhizal-like fungi belonging to the basidiomycete order Sebacinales have also been shown to colonize roots and assist their hosts in acquisition of nutrients as well as providing protection from a wide variety of both abiotic (drought, salinity, and temperature) and biotic (microbes, insects, and nematodes) stresses. Piriformospora indica is one such beneficial root symbiont discovered from the Thar Desert of Western India. It had been shown to enhance uptake of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium as well as some micronutrients and to alter plant hormones to promote plant growth and defense. It also recently has been shown to antagonize nematode growth and development. These fungi offer promise for the biocontrol of plant parasitic nematodes.
... It colonizes a wide range of plants including gymnosperms, angiosperms and orchids (Ye et al., 2014) and improves growth through increased nutrient uptake (N and P) of the host plants (Sherameti et al., 2005;Yadav et al., 2010). It has also been shown to enhance the production of protective secondary metabolites like podophyllotoxins in Linum album (Baldi et al., 2008), bacosides in Bacopa monniera (Prasad et al., 2008a(Prasad et al., , 2013, and curcumin and volatile oils in Curcuma longa . All these compounds may induce local and systemic resistance (Deshmukh et al., 2006), providing increased resistance to biotic stresses such as cyst nematodes and other plant pathogens as well as abiotic stresses such as acidity, heavy metals and drought (Vadassery et al., 2009a,b). ...
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are major plant pests worldwide and cause severe economic and yield losses. The sedentary endoparasites, root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CNs, Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp.), are among the most economically damaging PPNs. Piriformospora indica, a plant growth-promoting fungus isolated from the Thar Deserts of western India, has been shown to protect a wide range of plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses. To evaluate the potential of P. indica to protect soybean (Glycine max) seedlings from damage by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), we amended soil with two different concentrations of P. indica (2.5 % w/w, T1, and 5 % w/w, T2) and inoculated with second-stage juveniles (J2s) of SCN in each treatment. After 60 days, abundance of nematode eggs was measured by calculating SCN egg population densities. We found that egg density/100 cubic cm soil was significantly decreased by 29.7 % and 36.7 %, respectively, in the soil amended with T1 and T2 compared to a control. Amendment with P. indica also had a strong growth- and yield-promoting effect in Soybean. Although root biomass was significantly decreased by 27.9 % and 33.5 % in the two treatments compared to the control, shoot biomass (dry weight) increased by 30.8 % and 8.2 % in the T1 and T2 treatments compared to the control. Additionally, plant development was accelerated and a 75 % increase in flowering was observed between the T1 treatment and the control. We conclude that P. indica used as a soil amendment decreases abundance of the SCN in soil and has plant growth-promoting properties that may help counteract yield losses due to plant-parasitic nematodes.
... One such plant that has been used since almost 3000 years as brain tonic for improvement of cognition is Bacopa monnieri (Russo and Borrelli, 2005). It is mentioned in the traditional Ayurvedic treatises including the Caraka Samhita (6th century A.D.) and the BravprakashVar-Prakarana (16th century A.D.) for improving memory and treatment of anxiety (Govindrajan et al., 2005;Prasad et al., 2008). In addition, it is also used for treatment of cardiac, respiratory and neuro-pharmacological disorders (Russo and Borrelli, 2005;Nadkarni, 1976). ...
