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According to the Maintainable Positive Mental Health Theory (MPMHT), the main pillars of positive mental health are global well-being, efficient coping that enables an individual to maintain positive conditions and functioning, savoring capacity, resilience, and dynamic self-regulation. This study presents the validation of a new five-scale mental...
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Context 1
... Well-being means multi-component subjective well-being encompassing emotional states and psychological functioning in the emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual areas in life (Oláh and Kapitány-Fövény, 2012;Oláh, 2016;Oláh et al., 2020). Table 1 indicates the pillars of Global-Well-being which goes hand in hand with savoring capacity, creative and executive efficiency, self-regulation, and resilience. ...Context 2
... content validity of the MHT and the characteristics of the five scales were analyzed with Pearson's correlations, using different mental health measurement variables from the two studies . Tables 9, 10 indicate these results. Regarding the classification of the strength of the Pearson's correlations, we followed Cohen's convention (Cohen, 1988, pp. 79-80). According to this, a correlation is said to be weak if the absolute value of r does not reach 0.1, and to be medium, strong, or very strong if the absolute value of r reaches 0.3, ...Context 3
... on correlations exceeding 0.70 in Tables 9, 10, we can conclude that the three-item Well-being scale measures something very similar as other, traditional tests of wellbeing such as Diener's Flourishing Scale, the PERMA-Profiler, the WHO Well-Being Index, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The Positive Emotions subscale of the PERMA-Profiler explains the biggest proportion of variance among the subscales. ...Context 4
... enabled Frontiers in Psychology 13 frontiersin. org TABLE 11 Test-retest correlations of the MHT scales in Study I for replication after 2 weeks (Time 2; n = 581) and 11 months (Time 3; n = 270). Table 11 and reflect an excellent level of temporal stability for all scales at Time 2, and a good level of temporal stability at Time 3, almost 1 year after the initial investigation. ...Context 5
... TABLE 11 Test-retest correlations of the MHT scales in Study I for replication after 2 weeks (Time 2; n = 581) and 11 months (Time 3; n = 270). Table 11 and reflect an excellent level of temporal stability for all scales at Time 2, and a good level of temporal stability at Time 3, almost 1 year after the initial investigation. ...Context 6
... Well-being scale correlates at a high level with related tests such as Diener's Flourishing Scale, the PERMA-Profiler, the WHO Well-Being Questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Purpose in Life Test, thus it can be considered as a very similar test. An important result is that the existence of meaningful goals and the absence of depressive symptoms and maladaptive schemas are an integral part of the construct measured by the Well-being scale (see Table 10). Well-being is related to the individual's subjective financial status, although this relationship is weak. ...Context 7
... ability appears to be more prevalent among women of all ages than men (see Figure 1). The results of the validity studies show that the Savoring scale is closely related to the main indicators of all the MHTs involved: Diener's Flourishing Scale, the PERMA-Profiler, Flow, the WHO Well-Being Questionnaire, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Purpose in Life Test (see Tables 9, 10), which confirms the validity of its construct. The Creative and Executive Efficiency scale measures how individuals are able to cope with the difficulties they encounter by mobilizing their various competencies in the difficult, stressful, and challenging situations of life. ...Context 8
... it measures how individuals are able to provide successful individual and social problemsolving behavior. The Creative and Executive Efficiency scale shows strong correlations with other tests of mental health (the Flourishing Scale, the PERMA-Profiler, the Purpose in Life Test), which indicates the fulfillment of convergent validity (see Tables 9, 10). It is also related to the competence component, in that a person who achieves a high value on this scale also has a better chance of reaching flow experience (see Table 9). ...Context 9
... Self-regulation scale provides information about a person's ability to regulate and control emotions, temperament, and negative states. Positive correlations between the Selfregulation scale and general mental state, and negative correlations with negative emotional states were consistently obtained, indicating the general good functioning of the individual (see Tables 9, 10). The construct measured by the Self-regulation scale correlates weakly with age. ...Context 10
... higher the level of resilience, the more quickly the individual is able to recover from a sudden, unexpected stressful situation. Our results confirm that a good capacity to experience flow, meaningful life goals, lack of negative emotional states, satisfaction with life, and the absence of depressive symptoms and maladaptive schemas contribute to a higher level of resilience (see Tables 9, 10). Like self-regulation, resilience has a positive but weak relationship with age. ...Similar publications
Objective
This study aimed to explore the structure of psychological capital (PsyCap) and its positive effects on mental health among older people.
Methods
Study 1 used grounded theory to analyze the semi-structured interviewing data of 17 Chinese older people (60–96 years old) to develop a primary PsyCap questionnaire for older people. Study 2, r...
Citations
... Therefore, this approach enables individuals to provide firsthand accounts and perceptions of their emotion regulation abilities per their own emotions, collecting valuable insights into their subjective emotional processes (Ashkanasy and Daus 2005). Considering other theoretical models, mental health can be conceptualised as a multifaceted construct comprising various dimensions, including well-being, savouring, creative and executive efficiency, resilience and self-regulation (Zábó et al. 2022(Zábó et al. , 2023. Accordingly, mental health is defined as a high level of global well-being that can be obtained through the development of these previous components (Zábó et al. 2022(Zábó et al. , 2023. ...
... Considering other theoretical models, mental health can be conceptualised as a multifaceted construct comprising various dimensions, including well-being, savouring, creative and executive efficiency, resilience and self-regulation (Zábó et al. 2022(Zábó et al. , 2023. Accordingly, mental health is defined as a high level of global well-being that can be obtained through the development of these previous components (Zábó et al. 2022(Zábó et al. , 2023. Therefore, in this research, we focus on the mediating and moderating role of self-regulation in mental health through ROE in a vulnerable population such as the unemployed. ...
Unemployment is known as a stressful period with adverse effects on individuals' well‐being and health, especially under economic pressure. Emotion regulation, a key component of emotional intelligence, was tested as a potential personal resource with implications in these links. This multisample study examined both the mediating and moderating roles of regulation of emotion (ROE) in the relationship between financial strain and flourishing. Two samples of unemployed individuals (Sample 1: N = 256; Sample 2: N = 401) completed well‐validated questionnaires on ROE, financial strain, flourishing and sociodemographic information. Results revealed that financial strain was negatively associated with flourishing, while ROE showed a positive association with flourishing. ROE partially mediated the link between financial strain and flourishing, suggesting that financial strain not only impacts well‐being directly but also indirectly through its links with ROE. Additionally, ROE buffered the link between financial strain and flourishing. These findings underscore the relevance of ROE in sustaining well‐being among unemployed individuals facing economic strain. In conclusion, this study highlights the relevance of ROE in intervention programmes aimed at reducing the consequences of financial strain on the psychological well‐being of unemployed individuals.
... Nowadays, research indicates that holistic strategies that include mental health awareness, prevention measures, prompt action, and therapeutic services can boost students' academic success and emotional health, and also lower the likelihood of negative consequences such as mental illnesses and academic failure. Increasingly, educational policies and practices are moving towards embedding mental health initiatives into school systems, focusing on training staff to nurture mental health and to swiftly identify and manage mental health concerns [4]. Moreover, it is important to protect students' privacy. ...
At present, adolescents are facing many challenges in mental health, and there are many problems with psychological test questions, so this paper aims to strengthen mental health education and interventions. There are many problems in the current psychological test questions, including insufficient professionalism, insufficient consideration of cultural differences, insufficient privacy protection, insufficient validity and reliability, excessive reliance on self-report, oversimplification of the interpretation of results, lack of timely updating and revision, suggestiveness of the questions, insufficient verification of reliability and validity, and failure to fully cover important aspects of mental health. These issues may affect the accuracy and reliability of test results and need to be continuously improved and resolved through scientific research and professional practice. When addressing mental health issues, schools should work with professionals to ensure that psychological tests are scientific and culturally appropriate, while updating test questions regularly. In addition, it combines quantitative and qualitative assessments, provides professional training, uses information technology to improve testing convenience, and establishes a feedback mechanism to optimize test questions. Resources and support are also needed after the exam to ensure that tests are designed without bias to help students address mental health challenges. Through these measures, the effectiveness of psychological testing can be improved, and the mental health and well-being of students can be promoted.
... However, the mere elimination of negativity does not necessarily usher in positivity (Seligman et al., 2005). Zábó et al. (2022) proposed the Maintainable Positive Mental Health Theory (MPMHT), an innovative framework building upon classical models and contemporary theories of positive psychology, which conceptualizes mental health as a function of personal capabilities such as resilience and creative/executive competencies. These attributes empower individuals to strike a balance with their external environment, thereby promoting personal growth. ...
... These strategies allow individuals to pause, assess the situation calmly, and respond more effectively, reducing the negative impact of the perceived rejection. Creative and executive efficiency refers to the ability to effectively generate diverse solutions to problems, both personally and socially (Zábó et al., 2022). By applying creative thinking to social interactions, individuals with ADHD symptoms can develop unique strategies to navigate potential rejections, minimizing their emotional impact (Kraines & Wells, 2017). ...
... By applying creative thinking to social interactions, individuals with ADHD symptoms can develop unique strategies to navigate potential rejections, minimizing their emotional impact (Kraines & Wells, 2017). Finally, global well-being encompasses not just psychological health but also spiritual and social dimensions (Zábó et al., 2022). This includes factors like social acceptance, self-actualization, and positive societal contributions. ...
The purpose of this study was to assess the association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and rejection sensitivity in college students, and whether it is mediated or moderated by elements of mental well-being. Using a cross-sectional design, the study examined 304 Hungarian college students who responded online to a set of questionnaires that included the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, The Mental Health Test, and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. Path analysis indicated that well-being, creative/executive proficiency, self-regulation, and resilience partially mediated the relationship between ADHD symptoms and rejection sensitivity, while savoring moderated this link. The model explained up to 50% of the total variance in rejection sensitivity scores. Findings suggest that university students with ADHD symptoms may particularly benefit from acquiring savoring skills to enhance their mental well-being and lower sensitivity to rejection. As such, the results carry significant implications for counseling psychologists, educators, and mental health professionals working in the higher education sector.
... Within the context of convergent validity, the research conducted to date has supported the negative relationship of psychological immunity with depression (Voitkāne, 2004), psychopathological symptoms (Oláh, 2021) and burnout syndrome (Gombor, 2009) and its selected sections with maladaptive cognitive schemas, experiencing loneliness and negative emotional states (Zábó et al., 2022). On the other hand, psychological immunity has been shown to be positively related to mental and physical health (Oláh, 2021), life satisfaction (Bóna, 2014;Gombor, 2009), life aspirations (Voitkāne, 2004), emotional intelligence (Oláh, 2021), life meaningfulness, and experiencing positive emotions (Zábó et al., 2022). ...
... Within the context of convergent validity, the research conducted to date has supported the negative relationship of psychological immunity with depression (Voitkāne, 2004), psychopathological symptoms (Oláh, 2021) and burnout syndrome (Gombor, 2009) and its selected sections with maladaptive cognitive schemas, experiencing loneliness and negative emotional states (Zábó et al., 2022). On the other hand, psychological immunity has been shown to be positively related to mental and physical health (Oláh, 2021), life satisfaction (Bóna, 2014;Gombor, 2009), life aspirations (Voitkāne, 2004), emotional intelligence (Oláh, 2021), life meaningfulness, and experiencing positive emotions (Zábó et al., 2022). ...
Introduction: Psychological immunity refers to an individual’s potential to cope with psychological risk factors, as well as to promote and maintain mental health and well-being. The method of its measurement is the Psychological Immune Competence Inventory (PICI), which appears to have good psychometric parameters. Despite the use of translated versions in various foreign studies, the authors have found no studies verifying its factor structure or reliability. Aims: In this article, our objective is to present the results of the PICI pilot validation in Slovakia. The Slovak version of PICI was expected to have psychometric properties comparable to those of the original version. Methods: We collected data from a research sample of 213 healthcare students (162 women and 51 men) aged 19 to 35 years (M = 21.18; SD = 2.81), and validated the internal structure of the inventory using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via employing the DWLS estimation method. The convergent validity of individual factors was further verified by correlation with personality traits, psychopathological symptoms, preferred coping strategies and trait emotional intelligence. Results: The results of the second-order confirmatory analysis indicate an acceptable fit of the original model to our data. The convergent validity of the observed individual psychological immunity factors was also supported. Conclusions: The Slovak version of PICI showed promising psychometric properties. The research serves as a reference to Slovak standardization. Nevertheless, further validation is recommended in a representative sample.
... Additionally, studies based on Ryff 's model of psychological well-being 9 have found that purpose in life and personal growth are positively related to well-being, even in the presence of mental disorder symptoms. The identification and application of mental health competencies in psychiatric practice, particularly during the recovery phase, could serve as a new driving force, though the scientific understanding of their potential positive role in the context of mental disorders remains underexplored 10,11 . ...
... Previous models of well-being and mental health have primarily focused on the components of well-being without fully capturing all aspects of mental health as defined by the World Health Organization 12 and classical theories of mental health. The Maintainable Positive Mental Health Theory (MPMHT) 10 incorporates all theorybased and empirically identified components of well-being as features of mental health, reflecting the presence and proper functioning of mental health competencies necessary for maintaining and promoting positive psychological status, mental, and physical health-even in the presence of mental disorders. The proposed definition of mental health includes high levels of global well-being, psychological, social, and spiritual functioning, resilience, effective creative and executive functioning, savoring capacities, and coping mechanisms. ...
... These pillars ensure that individuals can thrive amid change and challenges, even with symptoms of various mental disorders, declines, losses, and negative life events. The Mental Health Test (MHT) 10,11 operationalizes the MPMHT and is the first measure offering a comprehensive, five-dimensional framework designed to encompass the wide spectrum of psychological resources related to mental health, including individuals with mental disorders. ...
The present study aimed to investigate whether the strength of mental health competencies and the severity of mental disorder symptoms, and their interaction, differ in the strength of their associations with several dimensions of well-being in Hungarian adult psychiatric and non-clinical samples. All respondent in the psychiatric sample (129 patients (44 male, 85 female)) and in the non-clinical community sample (253 adults (43 male, 210 female)) completed the Mental Health Test, six measures of well-being and mental health, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Including both mental health competencies and mental disorder symptoms in a regression model in both samples can predict patients’ well-being even more accurately. Mental health competencies were positively related; mental disorder symptoms were negatively related to subjective well-being. In all models and in both samples, mental health competencies were found to be stronger determinants of well-being than mental disorder symptoms. The interaction of mental health competencies and mental disorder symptoms is no more predictive of well-being in either psychiatric or non-clinical samples than when the effects of each are considered separately. The assessment of mental health competencies has an important predictive value for well-being in the presence of psychopathological symptoms and/or mental disorders.
... Modellbecslési módszerként a normalitás sérülése miatt az ML robusztus változatát, az MLMV becslési módszert választottuk, amely több szerző szerint jó alternatívája ML-nek (vö. Gao, Shi, & Maydeu-Olivares, 2019;Zábó, Oláh, & Vargha, 2022). ...
Tanulmányunkban egy ingyenes, kétnyelvű (magyar és angol) és egyszerűen használható többváltozós statisztikai programcsomagot, a ROP-R-t mutatjuk be, amely jól használható pszichológiai kutatások statisztikai elemzésében. A ROP-R a ROPstat programcsomag olyan fejlesztésének tekinthető, amely a többváltozós statisztika három fontos témakörében (regresszióelemzés, főkomponens- és faktoranalízis, illetve klaszteranalízis) teljes körű statisztikai elemzések végrehajtására alkalmas. Különlegessége, hogy a statisztikai menüjében kiválasztott és beállított elemzésekhez R-scripteket ír, azokat automatikusan lefuttatja, majd a kapott eredményeket táblázatos formában ROP-R-ben megjeleníti, illetve az eredményekhez tartozó fontosabb grafikonokat standard formátumú (jpg vagy pdf) képfájlokban elmenti. A ROP-R moduljainak bemutatása után egy kötődéskutatás adatain végzett többváltozós elemzéssor segítségével szemléltetjük hasznosságát a pszichológiai kutatásokban.
... These frameworks incorporate a variety of components that collectively enhance the state of well-being. As Zábó et al. (2022) proposed, the concept includes a comprehensive evaluation of subjective well-being. This evaluation considers various components, such as emotional states and psychological functioning, across multiple domains of life, including emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. ...
p>Teacher flourishing encompasses a broad range of well-being, encompassing hedonic (pleasure-based) and eudaimonic (meaning-based) satisfactions. In the context of the literature review, a concise overview is provided, consisting of definitions, predictors, mediators, and outcomes. Conforming to the PRISMA protocol, the present review progresses through four stages: identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and including relevant studies. Furthermore, the search strategy focused on flourishing, well-being, and measuring tools, leveraging databases such as EBSCO Host, Proquest, Science Direct, and DOAJ. In line with the PRISMA statement, systematic review methodology guides the final analysis, incorporating twenty-seven studies published between 2017 and 2023. Despite being studied in numerous theoretical frameworks, teacher flourishing needs a more widely accepted definition and operational framework in studying the concept. The results show that multiple factors impact teacher flourishing, including individual, relational, and organizational elements. Additionally, the evaluation considers direct and indirect predictors, mediators, and outcomes. The new model is related to global well-being, including emotional, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects, stating the connections of these elements. The implications of the results can be effectively applied within educational settings by teachers, policymakers, and scholars specializing in education.
</p
... Participants reported: (1) if they thought they had (a) mental disorder(s); (2) what symptoms they experienced and how intensely; and (3) whether they had ever been diagnosed with a mental disorder. The instruments used were the Mental Health Test 13,14 ; the Global Well-being Scale 15 ; the PERMA-profiler 27 ; the Psychological Well-being Scale 3 ; the Satisfaction with Life Scale 28 ; the Positivity Scale 6 ; and the Symptom Checklist-90, revised 29 . Details of the measures are given in Supplementary Table 1. ...
... Furthermore, on the basis of this assessment, with precisely targeted interventions or even with self-help activity, people living with mental disorder(s) can establish a balance between their own physical and mental status and their social environment, and they can also create a sustainable optimization of personal and social functioning (self-regulation) and an equilibrium of positive and negative emotions (coping, savoring). It may also increase the level of spiritual connectedness, sense of coherence 43 , and ultimately global functioning 14 . This Table 7. Correlations of MHT score with reported bodily symptoms and physical well-being. ...
... or ICD 31 , depending on the institution's protocol; (2) the severity of the symptoms; and (3) the patient's pharmacotherapy.Regarding our analytical strategy, we rely on several commonly employed methods. First, for analyses related to structural validity, we employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) consistent with the analyses described in the original article introducing the MHT14 . We chose a robust method for model fitting (maximum likelihood mean variance, MLMV) in CFA, which provides a good alternative to the traditional ML method requiring multidimensional normality 32 . ...
To assist psychiatrists and clinical psychologists to assess their patients' psychological immune competence-based capacities and resources, depending on the mental health disorder diagnosis and the severity of the symptoms, the present study examined the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Test in a psychiatric sample. The research was carried out in four Hungarian healthcare facilities using a cross-sectional design. A total of 331 patients (140 male, 188 female, and 3 who preferred not to disclose their gender) completed the Mental Health Test, six well-being and mental health measures, and the Symptom Checklist-90. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists reported the mental disorder status of each participant. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit of the five-factor model to the data for the clinical version of the Mental Health Test (CFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.034). High internal consistency coefficients (α: 0.70-0.84; ω: 0.71-0.85) and excellent external and content validity were reported. The test is not sensitive to sociodemographic indicators but is sensitive to the correlates of well-being and to the symptoms of different types of mental disorders. Our preliminary findings suggest that the Mental Health Test is a suitable measure for assessing mental health capacities and resources in psychiatric samples.
... The present study ts into a line of research that emphasises that the complexity of the human condition necessarily implies the integration of suffering for happiness and ourishing in both psychiatric and non-clinical populations [3,4,5]. A more integrative and [9] and non-clinical community populations [7]. ...
... Participants completed the Mental Health Test (MHT) [7], which serves as an operationalised, comprehensive measure of the Maintainable Positive Mental Theory [7,8]. The MHT measures the ve pillars of mental health based on psychological competencies and capacities. ...
... Participants completed the Mental Health Test (MHT) [7], which serves as an operationalised, comprehensive measure of the Maintainable Positive Mental Theory [7,8]. The MHT measures the ve pillars of mental health based on psychological competencies and capacities. ...
The present study aimed to investigate whether the strength of mental health capacities and the severity of mental disorder symptoms, and their interaction, differ in the strength of their associations with several dimensions of well-being in Hungarian adult psychiatric and non-clinical samples. All respondent in the psychiatric sample (129 patients (44 male, 85 female)) and in the non-clinical community sample (253 adults (43 male, 210 female)) completed the Mental Health Test, six measures of well-being and mental health, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Including both mental health competencies and mental disorder symptoms in a regression model in both samples can predict patients' well-being even more accurately. Mental health competencies were positively related; mental disorder symptoms were negatively related to subjective well-being. In all models and in both samples, mental health functioning was found to be a stronger determinant of well-being than mental disorder symptoms. The interaction of mental health competencies and mental disorders is no more predictive of well-being in either psychiatric or non-clinical samples than when the effects of each are considered separately. The assessment of mental health competencies has an important predictive value for well-being in the presence of psychopathological symptoms and/or mental disorders.
... Kesejahteraan emosional mengacu pada mengalami emosi positif dan kepuasan hidup, kesejahteraan psikologis mengacu pada memiliki tujuan hidup, pertumbuhan pribadi, dan penerimaan diri, dan kesejahteraan sosial mengacu pada hubungan sosial yang positif dan rasa memiliki (Capone & Petrillo, 2020;Petrillo et al., 2015). Zábó et al. (2022) kemudian mengembangkan teori flourishing berdasarkan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Keyes (2002) dengan menambahkan domain spiritual well-being. Menurut Zábó et al. (2022), kesejahteraan spiritual adalah memiliki tanggung jawab dalam keterkaitan dengan orang lain dan kekuatan transenden serta menemukan kebahagiaan dari pengalaman yang bersifat universal dan transenden. ...
... Zábó et al. (2022) kemudian mengembangkan teori flourishing berdasarkan teori yang dikembangkan oleh Keyes (2002) dengan menambahkan domain spiritual well-being. Menurut Zábó et al. (2022), kesejahteraan spiritual adalah memiliki tanggung jawab dalam keterkaitan dengan orang lain dan kekuatan transenden serta menemukan kebahagiaan dari pengalaman yang bersifat universal dan transenden. ...
... Berdasarkan kerangka teori flourishing yang dikembangkan oleh Seligman (2018) dan Zábó et al. (2022), peneliti mencari evidence dari pernyataan yang disampaikan oleh partisipan yang sesuai dengan kategori yang ada di dalam teori flourishing. Perbandingan kedua teori tersebut dapat dilihat pada Tabel 1. Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa semua domain PERMA yaitu emosi positif, keterlibatan, hubungan, kebermaknaan, dan pencapaian (Seligman, 2018) muncul dalam tema-tema yang didapatkan berdasarkan hasil analisis isi dari wawancara partisipan. ...
Motivasi dan komitmen guru PAUD untuk tetap berjuang dalam kondisi penuh tantangan ini salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh tingkat flourishing, perkembangan dan pertumbuhan optimal individu dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan mereka, termasuk kesejahteraan spiritual, emosional, psikologis, dan sosial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggali nilai yang melandasi komitmen mengajar guru PAUD untuk dihubungkan dengan konseptualisasi flourishing. Pendekatan fenomenologi yang merupakan bagian dari metode kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Subjek penelitian merupakan 25 orang guru PAUD yang masih aktif mengajar dan telah mengajar minimal selama 10 tahun. Hasil menunjukan bahwa guru PAUD menunjukkan komitmen dan motivasi untuk tetap bertahan menjadi guru PAUD terlepas dari rendahnya pendapatan yang diperoleh. Nilai-nilai yang melandasi komitmen dan motivasi tersebut dapat digambarkan dengan kesejahteraan yang menggabungkan komponen sosial, psikologis, spiritual, dan emosional yang merupakan aspek dari flourishing. Flourishing pada guru PAUD akan meningkatkan lingkungan belajar, motivasi, dan pertumbuhan profesional bagi siswa maupun guru. Dengan demikian, institusi pendidikan harus memprioritaskan
