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Pie chart showing major end uses of lithium as a percentage of world consumption.

Pie chart showing major end uses of lithium as a percentage of world consumption.

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With the large-scale use of lithium-ion batteries, the global demand for lithium resources has increased dramatically. It is essential to extract lithium resources from liquid lithium sources such as brine and seawater, as well as recycled waste lithium-ion batteries. Among various liquid lithium extraction technologies, lithium ion-sieve (LIS) ads...

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... this review, we summarize the chemical structure and adsorption mechanism of different LMO-type LIS. Emphasis is placed on preparation methods of LMO precursors and forming technologies for powder adsorbent (e.g., granulation, membrane formation, and foaming), followed with some prospects regarding LMO-type LIS (see Fig. ...
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... [18] (33 mg g -1 ). ...
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... time due to its unique heating mechanism. Chitrakar et al. [49] achieved semi-crystalline orthorhombic LiMnO 2 by microwave hydrothermal using γ-MnOOH and LiOH at 120 °C. The reaction time was only 30 min, which was significantly reduced compared with the traditional hydrothermal day. Moreover, the sample obtained in this process is needle-like (Fig. 10a), which is different from the cubic shape (Fig. 10b) obtained by conventional hydrothermal method at the same temperature. It suggested that a direct interaction between γ-MnOOH and the microwaves, in addition to the rapid heating of the LiOH solution. ...
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... et al. [49] achieved semi-crystalline orthorhombic LiMnO 2 by microwave hydrothermal using γ-MnOOH and LiOH at 120 °C. The reaction time was only 30 min, which was significantly reduced compared with the traditional hydrothermal day. Moreover, the sample obtained in this process is needle-like (Fig. 10a), which is different from the cubic shape (Fig. 10b) obtained by conventional hydrothermal method at the same temperature. It suggested that a direct interaction between γ-MnOOH and the microwaves, in addition to the rapid heating of the LiOH solution. ...
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... obtained particles are fine, narrowly distributed, and well crystallized, as shown in Fig. 11. Naghash and Lee [56] prepared LiMn 2 O 4 by co-precipitation method. In this process, stearic acid in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is used to co-precipitate lithium and manganese in stoichiometric proportions from MnSO 4 and LiNO 3 solutions. Sinha et al. [57] prepared submicron size particles of LiMn 2 O 4 by the ...
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... et al. [9] prepared Li 1.67 Mn 1.67 O 4 by heating o-LiMnO 2 at 450 °C in air. They proposed that the particle shape became clear with heating, but particle growth by calcination did not take place. In this process, the DTA-TG curves of o-LiMnO 2 (Fig. 12) showed an 8.5% weight gain, which agrees well with the theoretical weight increase by ...
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... divalent metals are the most studied elements in doping modifications. Feng et al. [61] studied the Li + extraction reactions in LiZn 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinel. They found that the Li + extraction and insertion proceeded by ion-exchange type mechanisms. The structure of this metal-doping material is shown in Fig. 13. Chitrakar et al. [62] first prepared spinel-type lithium antimony manganese oxide by aging the precipitates that were obtained by reaction of a mixed aqueous solution of manganese(II) and antimony(V) chlorides with (LiOH + H 2 O 2 ) solution, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 120 °C. The results showed that the exchange capacity ...
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... the other hand, their research group also obtained granulated polyacrylamide (PAM)-MnO 2 ion-sieve with 0.3-0.7 mm diameter by the inverse suspension polymerization method using Li 4 Mn 5 O 12 as the precursor, acrylamide as the binder, N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the cross-linker, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator (Fig. 14) 20 . The experiment showed that the maximum lithium equilibrium adsorption capacity is up to 2.68 mmol g -1 at 303 K. Furthermore, in the packed column, the Li + loading amount of PAM-MnO 2 ion-sieve remained almost constant after the 30 cyclic adsorption-desorption experiments (see Fig. ...
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... and ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator (Fig. 14) 20 . The experiment showed that the maximum lithium equilibrium adsorption capacity is up to 2.68 mmol g -1 at 303 K. Furthermore, in the packed column, the Li + loading amount of PAM-MnO 2 ion-sieve remained almost constant after the 30 cyclic adsorption-desorption experiments (see Fig. ...
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... of 10 wt% PVC and 15 wt% Li 1.67 Mn 1.67 O 4 in DMAc and liquid film thickness of 0.30 mm is optimum for adsorption. The adsorption cycle experiment indicated that this membrane-type adsorbent could be effectively regenerated and reused for lithium enrichment without significant adsorption capability loss. The process diagram is shown in Fig. ...
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... et al. [73] prepared an LMO-foam by a polyurethane template method using the oxygen-containing pitch as the support and crosslink. The result showed that the foam-type adsorbent had a homogeneous three-dimensionally interpenetrating network. SEM images of LMO foam are shown in Fig. 17. It exhibited considerable lithium adsorption capacities of 1.49 mg g -1 in brine. This makes the LMO-foam a promising inorganic lithium adsorbent. However, the combination of the pitch support and the nano-particles became loose after several adsorption cycles, and the numerous environmentally hazardous substances generated in the ...
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... [74] obtained millimeter-sized spherical ion-sieve foams (SIFs) from LMO by a composite process of foaming, drop-in-oil, and agar gelation. The experimental results showed that the prepared SIFs possessed a hierarchical trimodal pore structure after acid treatment. SEM images of the cross-sectional area (inner surface) of the SIFs are shown in Fig. 18. The maximum lithium adsorption capacities of the adsorbent could reach 3.4 mg g -1 in seawater. Moreover, after five adsorption cycles, the lithium uptake amount remained over 95%. It suggested that the foam-type LMO could be a promising candidate as an environmentally friendly and semi-permanent lithium ...
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... fabricated a flexible LMO/PVA composite foam with hierarchical porosity composed of macro and mesopores by a devised method of combined surfactant blending, cryo-desiccation and chemical cross-linking. The corresponding preparation schematic diagram of this material is shown in Fig. 19. In this work, PVA acted as binder and support; this accessible material with high hydrophilicity improved the kinetic properties of composite foam adsorbent. Compared with the corresponding powder, the LIS/PVA foams produced minimal reductions in Li + capacity due to its high porosity, excellent surface area, and superior LMO loading ...
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... package method is an interesting LMO forming method proposed by Chung et al. [80] The schematic diagram is shown in Fig. 21. In this method, the inorganic adsorbent powder was wrapped in PSF/non-woven fabric composite membrane to form a "tea bag". The proposed system has the advantage of direct application in the sea without using pressurized flow system. Thus, they indicated that it could be the most promising system for lithium uptake from seawater. ...

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