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![Picture of stalwart Mifune Kyūzō 三船久蔵 (18831965), 6 th dan (later 10 th dan) and training partners aside the water well following practice (Keiko-go no idobata 稽古後の 井戸端) taken in 1919. Individuals depicted on the picture and marked by numbers have been identified as follows: #1: Sakuraba Takeshi 櫻庭武 (1892-1941), 4 th dan (later 8 th dan), #2: Yoshida 吉田, 3 rd dan, #3: Bokuya 牧野, 3 rd dan, #4: Nakano Shōzō 中野正三 (1888-1977), 1 st dan (later, one day prior to his death, promoted to 10 th dan), #5 Mifune Kyūzō, 6 th dan, #6: Ishiguro Keishichi 石黒敬七 (1897-1974), 4 th dan (later 8 th dan), #7: Fujio 藤生, 4 th dan, #8: Baba Jukichi/Hisakichi/Toshikichi/ Hisayoshi 馬場寿吉 (1894-1952), 4 th dan (later 9 th dan), #9: Fukui 福井, 4 th dan, #10: Matsumoto 松本, 3 rd dan, and #11: Funazaki 船崎, 4 th dan [From Yūkō no Katsudō, June 1919].](profile/Carl-De-Cree/publication/277665808/figure/fig2/AS:613964811624476@1523392026934/Picture-of-stalwart-Mifune-Kyuzo-sanchuanjiuzang-18831965-6-th-dan-later-10-th-dan-and-training.png)
Picture of stalwart Mifune Kyūzō 三船久蔵 (18831965), 6 th dan (later 10 th dan) and training partners aside the water well following practice (Keiko-go no idobata 稽古後の 井戸端) taken in 1919. Individuals depicted on the picture and marked by numbers have been identified as follows: #1: Sakuraba Takeshi 櫻庭武 (1892-1941), 4 th dan (later 8 th dan), #2: Yoshida 吉田, 3 rd dan, #3: Bokuya 牧野, 3 rd dan, #4: Nakano Shōzō 中野正三 (1888-1977), 1 st dan (later, one day prior to his death, promoted to 10 th dan), #5 Mifune Kyūzō, 6 th dan, #6: Ishiguro Keishichi 石黒敬七 (1897-1974), 4 th dan (later 8 th dan), #7: Fujio 藤生, 4 th dan, #8: Baba Jukichi/Hisakichi/Toshikichi/ Hisayoshi 馬場寿吉 (1894-1952), 4 th dan (later 9 th dan), #9: Fukui 福井, 4 th dan, #10: Matsumoto 松本, 3 rd dan, and #11: Funazaki 船崎, 4 th dan [From Yūkō no Katsudō, June 1919].
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and Study Aim: The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive study of gonosen-no-kata [“Forms of Post-Attack Initiative Counter Throws”], a non-officially accepted kata of Kōdōkan jūdō made popular in Western Europe by Kawaishi Mikinosuke (1899-1969).
Material and Methods: To achieve this we apply historical methods and source crit...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... Ishiguro Keishichi 石黒敬七 (1897Keishichi 石黒敬七 ( -1974 was merely two years older than Kawaishi and had entered the Kōdōkan in 1915. Ishiguro can be seen as a 4 th dan- holder on a picture with Mifune , 6 th dan at the time, and other strong fighters, that was taken in 1919 ( Figure 2 University. Unfortunately, Kawaishi Norikazu was unable to provide us with the first names of these teachers and the corresponding kanji, without which their identifica- tion became virtually more challenging. ...
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and Study Aim: The purpose of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive review of nage-waza ura-no-kata [“Forms of Reversing Throwing Techniques”], a non-officially accepted kata of Kōdōkan jūdō made famous by the late Mifune Kyūzō (1883-1965), of which the date of creation has not been previously established, nor under what circumstances it...
Citations
... Almost a decade ago, in 2015, we published a paper (De Crée, 2015a) that aimed to provide a comprehensive study of gonosen-no-kata ("Forms of post-attack initiative counter throws"), a kata that is often linked to Waseda University rather than to the Kōdōkan, and that by the latter has never been officially accepted as a kata of Kōdōkan jūdō (Kōdōkan, 1986). We showed that in Western Europe this kata was propagated by Kawaishi Mikinosuke 川石酒造之助 (1899-1969), a Japanese teacher of jūdō who after a short stint in Great Britain had settled in France, and who himself was a 1924 graduate from Waseda University's Department of Political Science and Economics (Waseda Daigaku Seiji Keizaigaku-bu 早稲田大学政治経済学部). ...
... Rev. Artes Marciales Asiát., 19(2), 129-150 ~ 2024 Crée, 2015a). ‡ Some early French authors list ō-soto-gake 大外刈 as the initiating throw rather than kosoto-gake. ...
... || Several authors use the terminology te-guruma 手車 as the countering throw. For extensive references, see (De Crée, 2015a). † † Some authors use indicate seoi-nage 背負投 or even ipponseoi-nage 一本肩背負) as the initiating throw rather than kata-seoi 肩背負. ...
The purpose of the present paper is to provide a critical update to previously published findings about the historical background of gonosen-no-kata (“Forms of Post-Attack Initiative Counter Throws”), a non-officially accepted kata of Kodokan judo that achieved some popularity in select European countries. We applied historical methods and source criticism to newly acquired evidence in this way offering a careful critical analysis of this kata’s origin, history and background. Expanding our earlier finding, i.e. the kata’s first verifiable European appearance in London, 1926, from 1927 onward it was spread throughout Europe by a number of judo teachers of Japanese origin. However, the results of this paper now also lead us to firmly refute the caution we had expressed earlier that gonosen-no-kata might well not be of Japanese origin. Indeed, the kata shows up for the first time in November 1915 when it is on display as part of the program surrounding the 20th Waseda University Judo Tournament in Tokyo where it was shown by a pair of judoka, named Nagae and Endo. From then on, the kata was regularly publically demonstrated in Japan at judo contests during the Taisho era (1912-1926) whenever a team from Waseda University participated. Among its most significant early proponents in Japan were Waseda students Endo Moriya, Ninomiya Sotaro, and Yasuoka Toraki. Waseda University’s former chief-instructors Miyakawa Ikkan (1885-1944) and Takahashi Kazuyoshi (1885-1942), and dedicated student(s), such as Endo Moriya (1896-1950) remain the most likely candidates involved in the creation and development of gonosen-no-kata.
... The European Union indicates the opportunity for projects involving young people and the elderly in "forms of co-learning aimed at enhancing the resources of both and opening up the possibility of better mutual understanding" [2]. Moreover, "a good intergenerational relationship represents one of the conditions for finding a purpose the practitioners, having psychological and social effects on overall wellbeing at different stages of the life course [26][27][28][29][30]. Furthermore, judo has inherently had an educational foundation since its genesis and development, which fosters a transfer of knowledge and skills from one generation to another and enhances the learning experience, accompanying its practitioners on the path of knowledge and awareness and in developing a sense of community [31][32][33][34]. According to Kano, the harmony and balance achieved by individuals cannot remain confined to the gymnasium and must serve as the basis for active social participation, involving individuals' constant commitment to contributing to social change [35]. ...
... Born at the end of the XIX century in a period of strong societal changes in Japan, judo was developed by Professor Jigoro Kano as an existential educational discipline [25,35]. Because of its multifaceted nature, judo can be considered a tool of (i) physical education, where techniques-both in structured (i.e., kata) and free (i.e., randori) practice-build physical competence [31][32][33]; (ii) cognitive achievement, as practitioners learn to read opponents and respond effectively, maturing mental agility, strategic thinking, and adaptability [16,61,[65][66][67]; and (iii) social and moral development, since its values of "gentleness" (jū) and mutual welfare and benefit (jita kyōei) guide behaviours both on and off the mat [18,43,53,68,69]. Overview of guidelines for intergenerational judo activities based on the judo fundamentals [25], systematic literature reviews [43,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], and online judo courses contents and methods [38,40] ...
... Born at the end of the XIX century in a period of strong societal changes in Japan, judo was developed by Professor Jigoro Kano as an existential educational discipline [25,35]. Because of its multifaceted nature, judo can be considered a tool of (i) physical education, where techniques-both in structured (i.e., kata) and free (i.e., randori) practice-build physical competence [31][32][33]; (ii) cognitive achievement, as practitioners learn to read opponents and respond effectively, maturing mental agility, strategic thinking, and adaptability [16,61,[65][66][67]; and (iii) social and moral development, since its values of "gentleness" (jū) and mutual welfare and benefit (jita kyōei) guide behaviours both on and off the mat [18,43,53,68,69]. This umbrella review synthesised 16 systematic literature reviews published in the last 10 years (2013-2024), drawing insights from a vast sample size (n = 372,655). ...
In alignment with European policies regarding intergenerational sports, this study seeks to integrate existing evidence- (i.e., umbrella review) and eminence- (i.e., international validated educational courses for coaches) based knowledge on judo training across the lifespan. For evidence knowledge, searches of the Google Scholar, ISI-WoS, PubMed, and Scopus databases (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024535420) for studies focused on training youth and older judo practitioners, with no time restriction up to April 2024, were conducted. This resulted in 16 systematic reviews meeting the inclusion criteria, with an “excellent” (n = 6), “good” (n = 7), and “fair” (n = 3) quality according to the NIH tool. With a large sample size (n = 372,655), the reviews focused on wellbeing (n = 9; bone status, injuries, and psychophysical effects) and performance (n = 7; athlete success, combat time, rapid weight loss, and the Special Judo Fitness Test), examining athletic levels (novices to Olympics), sex, and age (children to older adults). For eminence knowledge, the International Judo Federation Academy courses encompassed the “Undergraduate Certificate as Judo Instructor” (UCJI), which provides a comprehensive structure for teaching judo, including techniques, moral code, roles, responsibilities, refereeing, safety, and age-specific belt examination requirements and progression, and the “Educating Judo Coaches for Older Practitioners” (EdJCO) curricula, which provide theoretical and applied modules (e.g., ageing, health, and organisation) to train older judo practitioners. The findings were summarised in a framework, highlighting the most relevant aspects of intergenerational judo programmes (i.e., aims, key characteristics, coaches’ roles, barriers, and facilitators). To develop a comprehensive educational intergenerational judo methodology, future research should examine coaches’ and practitioners’ opinions on intergenerational judo activities carried out in different national contexts.
... ▪ Go-no-sen mode, combat contextualization, associated entries, 3 free attacks with circle shifts, 3 free counterattacks; ▪ Go-no-sen mode, contextualization of the combat with opposite grip for the attacker, entries with gallop time, 3 attacks in ashi-waza, 3 counterattacks in ura-nage; ▪ Sen-no-sen mode, kata contextualization, sliding entries, 3 attacks in ashi-waza, 3 counterattacks in sen-no-sen; ▪ Go-no-sen mode, combat contextualization, sutemi entries, 3 attacks with the same technique, 3 counterattacks with different standing transitions (osaekomi-waza (holds), kansetsu-waza (arm bars), shime-waza (strangulations)); ▪ Sen-no-sen mode, contextualization of combats, ground-work, 3 free attacks, 3 free counterattacks, attacks and counterattacks can be linked [Calmet 1996]. ...
Background. Randori (free practice combat exercise) and kata (formal codified practice exercise) are complementary in learning judo. Traditionally taught by imitation (relationship between sensei and senpai/kohai; SHU phase of the SHU-HA-RI method) and after randori, kata are often perceived as an obstacle for promotion to a higher rank. Active teaching methods may help us in changing this perception. Aim. A personal expression or personal free practice of concepts of kata may precede formal expression or formal codified practice in learning kata. Methods. From 2011 to 2018, the personal expression based on the concepts of gonosen-no-kata (kata of counterattacks) was analyzed in 38 bachelor-level students at the University of Montpellier (France). Subjects mastered the nage-no-kata (mandatory for 1 st dan black belt) but were not knowledgeable in the gonosen-no-kata (mandatory for 4 th dan black belt). During 4 hours of class, they had to perform freely all or part of 4 series: 3 different counterattacks after 3 different attacks, 1 identical counterattack after 3 different attacks, 3 different counterattacks after 1 identical attack, and 3 free counterattacks after 3 free attacks. Results. Subjects performed 95 series containing 282 attacks/ counterattacks: 231 attacks and 47 counterattacks corresponded to those codified in the gonosen-no-kata, reflecting the students' insights. Techniques banned in competition by the International Judo Federation in 2011 were not used by the students. No significant differences were found between women and men in choices of defense used for dodging and sen-no-sen, and in techniques used for counter attacking. Men and women did, however, significantly differ in blocking attacks. Conclusions. • Active teaching methods for learning gonosen-no-kata are valuable and might be expanded. • Students are creative in choosing techniques. • Personal expression may precede formal expression in learning kata. There may be unexpected challenges for French judo technical staff in developing methods to include gonosen-no-kata in warm-up and techniques.
... It can be found in many martial arts such as Judo, Kendo, Karate, Kenjutsu, Iaido/jitsu, Naginatado/jitsu, Tanto-do/jitsu, Wushu, Tai Chi, etc. Other styles might be less orchestrated but nevertheless stylized (smooth and without resistance by the opponent) such as in Aikido and Tai chi (De Cree & Jones, 2011;De Cree, 2013;De Cree, 2015;Dodd & Brown, 2016;Green , 2001;Kumar & Mishra, 2015;Massuca , 2014;Tutor , 2021;Weimann, 1997). ...
Introduction: Martial arts and combat sports are a wide spectrum of sports and disciplines. The spectrum can be divided in several clusters, by origin and geography, content (Striking arts, grappling arts, armed arts, armored arts and others), by contact (non, limited, full) and goal (recreative, competitive, self-development, self-defense, etc.)
Aim: The aim is to investigate the place of Historical European Martial Arts in the broad spectrum of Martial Arts and how it relates to other martial arts.
Methods: A scoping narrative review of martial arts and Historical European Martial Arts.
Results and Conclusion: Historical European Martial Arts is defined by its own properties and aspects that are defined by its origin, content, impact forms and goals. They are a cluster of martial systems developed in Europe and can be seen as the European counterpart of many comparable eastern martial arts such as a.o. the Japanese Budo and Chinese Wushu/kung fu with sometimes comparable techniques and with a variety of (often comparable) weapons. They can consist of grappling arts, striking arts, armed arts, armored arts and any combination thereof, depending on the discipline. Comparable to Budo, Wushu or other (Eastern) martial arts, some European martial arts also incorporate Kata-like drills, exercises, and plays. There are different contact forms ranging from non-contact with no protective equipment to full contact sparring and tournaments with a full set of protective equipment. Due to its own properties, it also has a specific injury profile. It deserves its proper place in the spectrum of martial arts and more research in the field of injury prevention is required.
... Katapredetermined and choreographed physical exercises, which together with free exercises (randori), lectures (kōgi) and discussions (mondō) form the four critical pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō education [31]. ...
Background and Study Aim: In Olympic judo, athletes are not allowed to kick, punch, or strike, or use any equipment or weapons. The athlete must subdue the opponent only by gripping the uniform and using techniques to lift and throw the competitor or pin them down to the mat. The purpose of the research is to know about type of injuries judo athletes during the European and World Judo Championships respectively, from 2010 to 2012 and evaluates the differences between men and women.
Material and Methods: The study investigates the incidence and type of injuries of 3,408 and 3,860 athletes at 16 European and 9 World Judo Championships respectively, from 2010 to 2012 and evaluates the differences between men and women.
Results: Bleeding and excoriation or wounds were the most frequent injuries accounted for 3.82% and 3.96% of total injuries for men and women respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in overall injury incidence between World and European tournaments (6% vs 8%, p = 0.57) and between European cadets, junior and senior tournaments (4% vs 6% vs 6%, p = 0.51 and p = 1.000). The overall injury rate was significantly higher in the veteran tournaments when compared to the other European tournaments (17% vs 4%, p = 0.002; 17% vs 6%, p = 0.01).
Conclusions: The study additionally shows that international judo competitions are associated with a low overall injury incidence. The risk of injury is greater and statistically significant in the veterans judo athletes group. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the regulations in this rival group.
... WKF karate athletes exhibit the lowest level of neuroticism among athletes studied (Table 6, Figure 1) as well as the lowest intersubject variability in case of this trait ( Table 6).The ANOVA analysis indicates lack of homogeneity in case of neuroticism (p<0.001) and extraversion (p<0.05) ( Table 7). Post-hoc test revealed lectures (kōgi) and discussions (mondō) form the four critical pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō education [77]. ...
Background and Study Aim: As far as common adaptive effects are concerned, long-term karate training based on kumite technique (socially acceptable form of hand-to-hand-fighting) results in increased resistance to opponent’s strikes and ability to tolerate pain and certain type of body injuries. Therefore, it could be assumed that karate masters possess most of all certain personality traits, but kumite technique (style) is not a factor that significantly modifies
this relationship and the profile of the world champions of the kumite style may differ from this model. The
goal of the study is to verify this hypothesis.
Material and Methods: In total 150 best Polish kumite competitors were included in the study; 30 each from five techniques (styles) of
karate, including: semi contact- World Karate Federation recognised by the International Olympic Committee
(in this paper: WKF) and shōtōkan; full contact - Oyama; mix fighting - shidōkan; knockdown - kyokushin.
The subgroup of kumite karate champions (KKC, n = 23) consisted of winners of the gold medals of the world
championships, whereas the subgroup of karate masters (KM) consisted of other athletes (n=127). Personality
measurements were based on big five NEO-FFI scales (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience,
agreeableness, conscientiousness).
Results: It is true that karate masters have distinctive personality traits (which include: low neuroticism and high conscientiousness), whereas it would be false to assume that kumite technique (style) is not a factor that significantly modifies this relationship. WKF karate athletes exhibits the lowest neuroticism when compares to
other ones (p<0.01); Oyama karatekas exhibits lower extraversion than WKF, shidōkan and kyokushin athletes (p<0.05). It turned out to be true that personality profiles of gold medal winners of the World Karate
Championships of kumite style (KKC) may differ from the model of the remaining KM.
Conclusions: The new empirical argumentation is an important premise for conducting in-depth personality studies on athletes at every stage of a sports career. Such knowledge combined with studies of other predispositions and
adaptive effects (that are in relation to unique events determined by various types of sports) is a prerequisite
for embodying social and health-related mission of sports in an optimal manner.
... It was probably a kata devised by Koizumi and Tani." (R. Bowen, 2011b;8) Another occasion where Koizumi and Tani did Shinri-no-kata was the 29 November 1932 Oxford University enbu. The event program describes Shinri-no-kata as containing "locks, holds, methods of strangling, etc." 45 (Oxford University Judo Club, 1932;De Crée, 2015). Recall from earlier that it was also at this enbu that Koizumi and Tani did their "Kime-no-kata" featuring knife, pistol and stick attackspossibly the first public showing of Budokwai Kime-no-kata. ...
... Kata -predetermined and choreographed physical exercises, which together with free exercises (randori), lectures (kōgi) and discussions (mondō) form the four critical pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō educatinn [36]. ...
... There are no formal limitations (pertaining to sex, age, health, etc. [1,5,33]) in the practice of "judo as a sport of life". There is a space e.g. for ju-no-kata (forms of gentleness [34]; some sources stage that these are "gentle" forms, supposedly established for women [5,35]); koshiki-no-kata (archaic forms [5,36,37]). This dimension remains perhaps the closest to the concept of judo according to Jigoro Kano [1,38]. ...
Background & Study Aim: Sport, professionally and for all, is an area of both the application of modern technology, and to create new ones. The premises of such a statement is to protect health (all practitioners sport) and to achieve optimal sport results first of all by top athletes. In judo, like in each combat sports, motoric actions are cumulative directly on the body of an athlete during a specific exercise (kata, uchi komi etc.), training fights (randori) and the tournaments ones. The aim of this work are the most important premises based on the analysis of the available technology, augmented reality (AR) in relation to the expectations of adaptive judo athletes (under the scientific knowledge about the determinants of success) and assumptions construction of research tools and training, including initial scenarios. Material & Methods: We use the design method and the Delphi method involving the science of martial arts experts’ (2 professors sport science and at the same time judo coaches master class, 1 professor management science and judo coach first class, 1 PhD and three times of Judo Word Champion, 1 PhD and Karate World Champion). In our opinion, an essential value of the project are not only the methods but also the selection of experts (all of the scientific qualifications and experience of the practice of combat sports). The selection of only those people who possess abilities to perform scientific analysis of a studied phenomenon has been a very essential criterion from methodological perspective. Results: All the experts agreed that the essence of judo sport is to maintain a vertical posture and break the balance competitor. Only such a result makes it possible to continue the fight in the horizontal posture. However, these two general principles does not mean that they are fighting techniques of judo to ensure reliability. Conclusion: Therefore design methodology of teaching and perfecting judo techniques using AR cannot ignore these rules.
... Kata -predetermined and choreographed physical exercises, which together with free exercises (randori), lectures (kōgi) and discussions (mondō) form the four critical pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō educatinn [31]. ...
Background and Study Aim: Anthropometric status of youth judokas is an important factor in the process of maturation and sport development from cadet to senior judo athletes. Training process influences the body in different proportions, therefore a regular screening is recommended to monitor the youth athlete development and to give regular feedback to coaches about their training plans. The aim of present study was the status of the body symmetries in youth judokas during one year training period.
Material and Methods: Youth Slovenian male judokas (n = 7), age: 14.33 ±0.64 years; height: 171.01 ±9.69 cm; weight: 62.99 ±8.97 kg were recruited for this study. 3D anthropometric measurement of the judokas’ bodies was performed by the 3D body scanner NX-16 ([TC]2, Cary, North Carolina). With software, we extracted values of 17 paired variables. Shapiro-Wilk`s test was used to check the data for normality of distribution. Afterword’s for determination of differences in symmetries we used a paired t-test with statistical significance set at p≤0.05.
Results: Body asymmetries in year 2015 showed 3 statistically significant differences; forearm girth t(6) = 3.41, p = 0.01, mid-thigh girt t(6) = 3.26, p = 0.02, calf girth t(6) = 3.73, p = 0.03. In year 2016 we found two statistically significant differences; elbow girth t(6) = 2.76, p = 0.03, forearm girth t(6) = 3.05, p = 0.02. From year 2015 to 2016 the youth judokas body dimensions from 17 paired variables (total of 34 variables) were statistically greater in 18 variables.
Conclusions: One year of intense training has a big impact on a youth judokas body. With the help of the modern technology and sports testing we can use the acquired data and guide the training process in the way that can lower the occurrence of injuries but still develop the aimed goals, which are connected with better agility, power and better technique. But if we intentionally disregard the acquired data the occurrence of body asymmetries that can lead to injuries is imminent. Therefore, the usage of sports testing and especially useful interpretation of data is necessary in combination with additional education of judo coaches.
... in the preputial gland, which is able to produce anxiety by acting on the conspecific receptor [14]. Kata – predetermined and choreographed physical exercises, which together with free exercises (randori), lectures (kōgi) and discussions (mondō) form the four critical pillars of Kōdōkan jūdō educatinn [54] Kumite – is a semi-contact karate competitive concurrence, where two athletes perform various kicking, punching and blocking techniques towards each other with maximum control in order to gain points and win the match. Destruction is fictive. ...
Anxiety and stress are surprisingly common, both in the context of general population, and in relation to elite athletes , especially in combat sports. The aim of this review paper is the usefulness of changes in physiological indicators during diagnostic procedures of anxiety disorders and stress in combat sports athletes, on the basis of the available literature reports. Particular attention was paid to variability in hormonal balance, which undergoes dynamic fluctuations under conditions of increased mental stress as well as depending on the competition results (victory, defeat). Additionally, limitations of the conducted analyzes as well as the type of applied biological material were characterized. Both advantages and disadvantages of using different types of samples were taken into account. Articles qualified for analysis have been carefully selected from the available current Polish and English-language scientific original or review publications. They were acquired primarily from online databases (PubMed, EBSCO) and from the available library resources. The basic criterion for inclusion of the articles to a detailed analysis were a minimum of two measurements of a specific laboratory indicator (at rest and in relation to the competition or intensive training) in combat sports practitioners. The reported differences in available data, including the correlation of laboratory indicators with the assessment of anxiety and stress, may suggest that physical exercises and participation in important events produce very strong psychological burden and activate the various stress-related mechanisms. Despite quite controversial results, researchers support a theory that the outcome of the competition depends on the level of psychophysiological arousal.
