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As a local medicine and food, wampee fruit, with abundant bioactive compounds, is loved by local residents in Southern China. Titratable acid (TA), total sugar (TS), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected, and phytochemical profiles and cellular antioxidant activities were analyzed by the HPLC and CAA (cellular antioxidant activity...
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... shown in Table 2, eight phytochemical compounds were detected in sour wampee varieties, including syringin, rutin, benzoic acid, 2-Methoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, while just four of them were detected in sweet wampee varieties, including rutin, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, and the other four were not detected (Supplementary materials). Syringin was the only one that was detected in all the sour wampee varieties and not detected in all the sweet wampee varieties. ...Citations
... Both the pulp and the pericarp are edible and known for their high nutritional value and distinct flavor [2]. Previous studies have highlighted the presence of bioactive compounds in Wampee, such as phenolics, alkaloids, coumarins, and volatile oils [2][3][4], which exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumor effects [5][6][7][8][9]. Despite its known medicinal properties, the pericarp and seeds of Wampee fruit are often discarded during the processing of the fruit, leading to a significant loss of valuable resources. ...
Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, commonly known as Wampee, are valued for their edible and medicinal qualities, yet their pericarp and seeds are often discarded, resulting in wasted resources. This study investigates the anti-tumor potential of these by-products, focusing on their chemical composition and underlying mechanisms of action. A combination of metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation was employed in our study. Cytotoxicity screening demonstrated that the pericarp extract exhibited notable anti-tumor effects against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, while the seed extract showed no similar activity. Chemical profiling identified 122 compounds in the pericarp and seeds, with only 26.23% overlap, suggesting that distinct compounds may drive the pericarp’s anti-tumor activity. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses identified PTGER3, DRD2, and ADORA2A as key targets, with several alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and sesquiterpenes exhibiting strong binding affinities to these proteins. Western blot analysis further validated that the pericarp extract upregulated DRD2 and downregulated ADORA2A, indicating a possible mechanism for its anticancer effects. These findings suggest that Wampee pericarp holds promise as a source of active compounds with therapeutic potential for breast cancer, with implications for its use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
... Wampee has also been used to treat bronchitis in traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine [5]. Recent studies have identified its extensive health benefits, including anti-oxidation, anti-bacterium, anti-inflammation, antihypertension, neuroprotection, and prebiotic effects, which are mainly attributed to the bioactive phenolics, carbazole alkaloids, and polysaccharides [6][7][8][9][10]. Wampee can be classified according to its taste, which can be either sweet or sweet-sour. ...
The aims of the present stud were to optimize fermentation parameters of seedless wampee wine using response surface methodology (RSM) and evaluate the changes in flavor metabolites during fermentation. Seedless wampee wine of optimal sensory quality was produced using an inoculum concentration of 0.6%, initial sugar levels of 200 g/L, a fermentation temperature of 22 °C, and a fermentation period of 9 days. Then the flavor compound profiles (amino acids, organic acids and volatile aroma compounds) of seedless wampee wine during the fermentation under optimal conditions were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometr (GC-MS). The main fermented phase of fermentation resulted in fluctuations in both total amino acids and organic acids, with stabilization occurring later on. A total of 54 volatile components, including esters, alcohols, terpenes, and acids, were putatively identified. Terpenes were the primary drivers of the flavor characteristics of seedless wampee. The rise of esters and decline of terpenes have the potential to significantly alter the flavor of wine during fermentation. These results would contribute to the further development of seedless wampee wine.
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... Wampee (Clausena lansium [Lour.] Skeels), a tropical fruit from the Rutaceae family, is preferably distributed in Southeast Asian countries and southern China [8]. Scholars have determined the abundant bioactive compounds in wampee fruit, such as phenolics, flavonoids, coumarin, and amides, and evaluated their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and anti-tumor activities [9,10]. ...
... This higher antioxidant activity of methanol extract might be linked to the higher amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents for this extract. These findings agree with some of the previous research data, which have provided a positive relationship between bioactive contents and antioxidant potential (Chang, Ye et al. 2022, Chen, Ran et al. 2022, Li, Shi et al. 2022, Zengin, Ferna´ndez-Ochoa et al. 2023. However, in the case of phosphomolybdenum and MCA assay, different results were obtained, and the dichloromethane extract was found to contain higher activity. ...
... Other research has similarly observed that wampee pulp with higher phenolic content displays enhanced free radical scavenging capabilities. 34,40 In addition, Ye et al. analyzed the association between phenolic monomers and antioxidant properties, finding that in vitro antioxidant capacity was primarily attributable to phenolic monomers such as ferulic acid, catechin, and syringic acid, while hesperetin contributed most to the in vivo antioxidant capacity of wampee pulp. 32 Moreover, Zeng et al. reported that the ethanol extract of wampee fruit inhibited the expression of NF-κB, thereby protecting PC-12 cells from oxidative stress. ...
Clausena lansium, commonly known as wampee, is a subtropical fruit from the Rutaceae family characterized by its high nutrient content and numerous bioactive substances. This low-fat fruit is abundant in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Wampee has been found to contain several bioactive compounds, including essential oils, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. These bioactive constituents provide numerous health-enhancing properties, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial effects. The relationship between these compounds and their impacts on health has been explored in various studies. While the disease-prevention efficacy of C. lansium has been established, additional research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved. This paper presents a comprehensive review of wampee, focusing on its bioactive compounds, the beneficial effects derived from its consumption, and the evidence supporting the development of wampee-based functional foods in future studies.
... The high antioxidant activity of the methanol and water extracts tend to tally with their TPC and TFC since these solvent extracts had higher content. Indeed, a number of studies have observed the positive correlation between TPC/TFC and the antioxidant efficacy of plant extracts [19][20][21]. It is to be noted that some previous studies have also observed the antioxidant potential of P. spina-christi. ...
Paliurus spina-christi Mill., a member of the Rhamnaceae family, is a traditionally used medicinal plant in the management of a panoply of human ailments. The current research focused on its phytochemical profile and biological properties evaluated by its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. The methanol extract was found to be the most effective antioxidant as evidenced by its DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, cupric and ferric reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), and high activity in phosphomolybdenum (PBD) assay, and also displayed the highest anti-tyrosinase activity. The n-hexane extract was the most effective AChE inhibitor (8.89 ± 0.08 mg GALAE/g) followed by the methanol (8.64 ± 0.01 mg GALAE/g) while the latter showed the highest BChE inhibition (2.50 ± 0.05 mg GALAE/g). Among the different solvent extracts of the stem, the methanolic extract showed highest antioxidant activity in the following assays: DPPH (909.88 ± 4.25 mg TE/g), ABTS (3358.33 ± 51.14 mg TE/g), CUPRAC (781.88 ± 16.37 mg TE/g), FRAP (996.70 ± 47.28 mg TE/g), and PBD (4.96 ± 0.26 mmol TE/g), while the dichloromethane extract showed the highest MCA (28.80 ± 0.32 mg EDTAE/g). The methanol extracts revealed the highest TPC and TFC among the different solvents used, and as for plant part, the stem extracts had the highest TPC ranging from 22.36 ± 0.26 to 121.78 ± 1.41 (mg GAE/g), while the leaf extracts showed the highest TFC ranging from 8.43 ± 0.03 to 75.36 ± 0.92 (mg RE/g). Our findings tend to provide additional scientific evidence on the biological and chemical activities of P. spina-christi, which may serve as a source of naturally occurring bioactive chemicals with potential biomedical applications.
... Also, 2-methoxy cinnamic acid was decreasing in OBC and not detected at all after 72 h, while it increased in OAC by 2.0-fold in the same period. This compound was identified before in Sesamum indicum (Wang et al., 2018) and Clausena lansium (Chang et al., 2022), but not yet in Ocimum species. These findings indicated that the OAC cell suspension culture is a potential candidate as a source of phenolics not found in other Ocimum species. ...
Ocimum (basil) is a widespread genus commonly consumed for culinary and medicinal purposes attributed to unique secondary metabolites. The present research investigated the metabolic profiles of two Ocimum suspension cultures derived from O. basilicum and O. americanum, following elicitation by methyl jasmonate at different time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h) compared to the baseline at T = 0 h identifying bioactive metabolites and the influence on their expressional behaviour. Based on comprehensive extraction and mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical protocols, the results showed that phenolic acid abundances, particularly rosmarinic acid, were increased significantly in O. americanum culture after 72 h to a 2.0-fold increase (p < 0.05). Similarly, its 3-O-methyl derivative was increased by 1.6-fold after 48 h in O. basilicum, and drastically (21.9-fold) after 72 h in O. americanum. Moreover, 23 out of the 56 identified bioactive secondary metabolites showed variable importance in the projection (VIP) scores ≥ 1, including isovitexin and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid for O. basilicum. Furthermore, analysis of primary metabolites indicated that aromatic amino acids and sugars decreased indicating higher rates of consumption, while organic acids as end products of metabolisms increased significantly following elicitation for O. basilicum. Besides, the lipid profile showed a total of 107 metabolites. However, the effect of elicitation was variable between both species. Hence, the integration of untargeted metabolomics with chemical elicitation may improve our knowledge regarding the effects on various metabolites accumulation behaviour of different basil suspension cultures in a comparative and time-dependent approach.
... The total FP content from the above four fractions was 4.22 mg GAE/g DW, lower than those of the samples in the current study (4.52-8.20 mg GAE/g FW). Chang et al. [22] reported that the average FP and FF of peel and pulp mixture from five sour wampees were 5.22 mg GAE/g FW and 4.81 mg CE/g FW, and they were 6 times and 4 times higher than those of five sweet wampee varieties, respectively. In this research, Jixin (W3) is a sour wampee and Prasad et al. [1] confirmed that the phenolic contents of hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, butanol fraction, and water fraction of wampee peel were 7.9 µg GAE/g DW, 330 µg GAE/g DW, 30.3 µg GAE/g DW, and 54 µg GAE/g DW, respectively. ...
... The total FP content from the above four fractions was 4.22 mg GAE/g DW, lower than those of the samples in the current study (4.52-8.20 mg GAE/g FW). Chang et al. [22] reported that the average FP and FF of peel and pulp mixture from five sour wampees were 5.22 mg GAE/g FW and 4.81 mg CE/g FW, and they were 6 times and 4 times higher than those of five sweet wampee varieties, respectively. In this research, Jixin (W3) is a sour wampee and Seedless (W1) is a sweet wampee, and we found 1.2-to 2.2-fold differences in the contents of FP, CP, BP, FF, CF, and BF of the peel or pulp from the four wampee samples. ...
... However, it was not detected in CP and BP of the other peel and pulp samples. Although many studies have measured the content of FP and phytochemical components [22,32,33], information remains lacking about the characterization and contents of FP, CP, and BP of different wampee varieties and different parts. Chang et al. [22] reported that rutin in FP of the mixture of peel and pulp from all ten wampee varieties was richer (>38.41 µg/g FW) than the other seven phytochemical components, including syringin, benzoic acid, 2-methoxycinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, and kaempferol with low content was only detected in FP from three sour wampee varieties and less than 2.29 µg/g FW. ...
Free, conjugated, and bound phenolic fractions of peel and pulp in four wampee varieties from South China were analyzed for their contents, composition, antioxidant capacities, and inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase. We found that there were significant differences in phenolic/flavonoid contents among diverse varieties and different parts (peel and pulp), and the contents were highest in the peel’s bound form. The results of UHPL-Q-Exactive HF-X and HPLC showed that chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, and rutin were abundantly distributed over the three phenolic fractions in peel and pulp of all wampee samples, while isoquercitrin was the most abundant in the conjugated form of peel/pulp and myricetin had the richest content in the free form of peel/pulp. Wampee peel had stronger antioxidant capacities of ABTS+, DPPH, ·OH, and FRAP than the pulp, and the bound phenolic fraction of the peel/pulp had much higher antioxidant activities than FP and CP fractions. It is interesting that the same phenolic fraction of the wampee peel displayed roughly close IC50 values of α-glucosidase inhibition to those from the pulp samples. The relationship between individual phenolic and TPC/TFC/the bio-activities and the similarity among the free, conjugated, and bound phenolic fractions in peel and pulp samples were explored by using Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis. This work provides a systematic and comprehensive comparison of the three phenolic fractions of diverse wampee varieties and different parts, and a rationale for applying phenolics from wampee fruits.
Traditional herbal medicines containing syringin in different parts of the world, have been used to enhance memory, relieve pain, cough, clear fever, treat psoas tension, tonsillitis, sore throat, acute gastroenteritis, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, etc. In this paper, the extraction, analytical method, pharmacological action and research progress of syringin containing plants were reviewed. Various extraction methods and detection methods of syringin were summarized, especially the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography were recommended for the extraction and determination of syringin. We spotlighted the anti‐cancer, brain‐protective, and anti‐inflammatory pharmacological effects of syringin. An in‐depth analysis of four plants that contain syringin ‐‐ Eleutherococcus senticosus, Codonopsis pilosula, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Syringa reticulata subsp. Amurensis. In addition, the safety and efficacy of these four plants and preparations containing syringin (Shugan Jieyu Capsule, compound Coginseng tablet, hyoscyamine ointment and Qinfenghong Zhike capsule) were analyzed. Although syringin has been widely used in traditional medicine, its specific mechanism of action and clinical efficacy are still not completely understood, and further research is needed to explore and verify it. This study provides valuable theoretical basis and potential research direction for the research and development of new drugs such as anti‐cancer and brain protection.
Wampee (Clausena lansium) is an economically significant subtropical fruit tree widely cultivated in Southern China. To provide high-quality genomic resources for C. lansium, we report a chromosome-level genome sequence for the “JinFeng” cultivar. The 297.1 Mb C. lansium genome contained nine chromosomes with a scaffold N50 of 29.2 Mb and encoded 23,468 protein-coding genes. Selective sweep analysis between sweet and sour C. lansium varieties and genome-wide association analysis identified 14 candidate genes putatively involved in sugar and acid accumulation. ClERF061, encoding an ethylene response factor, and ClSWEET7, encoding a Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) family protein, were proposed as key regulators of the sweet and sour tastes of the wampee fruit. ClERF061 and ClSWEET7 overexpression in tomatoes increased the total sugar and acid content in fruits. ClSWEET7 promoter activation by ClERF061 was confirmed via Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression. Our study provides valuable genomic resources for C. lansium genetics and breeding.
