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Seeds of Perinari excelsa were investigated for its antimicrobial, nutritional and phytochemical properties. Results of the study show that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the seed were active against both gram negative and gram positive organisms used. Important bioactive constituents present in the extracts were alkaloids, anthraquinones, c...
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... extraction of bioactive components from medicinal plant is known to permit the demonstration of their physiological activity as well as facilitate pharmacological studies on the plant leading to synthesis and discovery of pure and potent compounds that have low toxicity when used as drugs. Result of the phytochemical screening in this study (table 2) shows the presence of some bioactive components in the seed extract. It contains alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins. ...
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... The antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals can vary, for instance due to tannins act by deprivation of iron; binding with hydrogen or via interactions non-specifically with proteins of the virus or bacteria such as [31][32]. The antiviral activity of some medical plant is due to its potent interaction with viral protein [33] and inhibition of the viral ribonucleic acid synthesis [34]. Table 4. Streptococcus spp count varied from 3.85 -6.55 cfu/g, Escherichia coli (4.92 -8.13 cfu/g), Pseudomonas spp (2.98 -4.11 cfu/g), Micrococcus spp (2.01 -2.93 cfu/g) and Salmonella spp (4.74 -7.08 cfu/g) were highest (P<0.05) in T1, followed by T2, T3 and T4, and lowest in T1. ...
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Limonium stocksii leaf powder on the growth performance and intestinal microbial population of broiler chicks. 500-1-day old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments with 5 replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate in a complete randomized design. Basal diet was adequate in all nutrients according to the requirements of birds. Birds in treatment one (T1) was fed basal diet without Limonium stocksii leaf powder while those in treatment two (T2), T3, T4 and T5 were fed same diet with Limonium stocksii leaf powder at 20 g, 40 g, 60 g and 80 g per kg diet. The experiment lasted for 28 days and chicks had unrestricted access to clean fresh water and feed. Result obtained showed that Limonium stocksii leaf powder contains several phyto-constituents with flavonoids having the highest concentration (851.4 mg/g) while coumarins had the lowest concentration of 82.63 mg/g. Average daily weight gain was higher in T5 (59.68 g/b), intermediate in T2 (54.63 g/b), T3 (54.74 g/b), T4 (54.80 g/b) and lowest in T1 (48.83 g/b) (P<0.05). Average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio which varied from 74.18-78.95 g and 1.32-1.69 were significantly influenced by the treatment (P<0.05). Mortality was recorded only among birds fed T1 (1.21 %) (P<0.05). Intestinal microbial counts of Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Micrococcus spp and Salmonella spp ranged from 3.85-6.55 (cfu/g), 4.92-8.13 cfu/g, 2.98-4.11 cfu/g, 2.01-2.93 cfu/g, 4.74-7.08 cfu/g and 4.16-6.14 cfu/g were higher in T1 relative to the other groups. Conversely, Lactobacillus spp was lowest in T1 relative to the other treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Limonium stocksii leaf powder up to 60 g/kg positively influenced the growth performance and gastrointestinal morphology of broiler chicks.
... Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts of M. myristica, seeds revealed the presence of some bioactive components such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Iwu, 1993). Bioactive compounds have been widely proven to be active against human pathogens (Cowan, 1999;El-Mahmood, 2008 andEnabulele andEhiagbonare, 2011). In some parts of West Africa (notably, Ghana), M. myristica extract is used for treating certain skin infections due to its antimicrobial properties (Irvine, 2000;Talalaji, 1999). ...
... Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts of M. myristica, seeds revealed the presence of some bioactive components such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Iwu, 1993). Bioactive compounds have been widely proven to be active against human pathogens (Cowan, 1999;El-Mahmood, 2008 andEnabulele andEhiagbonare, 2011). In some parts of West Africa (notably, Ghana), M. myristica extract is used for treating certain skin infections due to its antimicrobial properties (Irvine, 2000;Talalaji, 1999). ...
The oil point pressure of calabash nutmeg (Monodora myristica) was investigated considering particle size, moisture content, heating temperature and heating time. Freshly harvested seeds obtained from a local market in Ibadan were decorticated and cleaned of all extraneous matter. The kernels obtained were milled and graded into fine and coarse aggregates. The experiment was a central composite design in which two levels of moisture content (17 and 21%wb), heating temperature (50 and 70 C) and time (5 and 15 mins) were considered. The data obtained were analyzed using Design Expert Version 6.0.8. The results showed that oil point pressure increased with time but decreased as heating temperature and moisture content increased. For fine aggregates, the minimum oil point pressure of 0.116 MPa was obtained at a temperature, time and moisture content combination of 60 C, 10 mins and 23%wb, respectively. However, for coarse aggregates, the minimum oil point pressure of 0.144 MPa was obtained at 70 C, 5 mins of heating time and moisture content of 21% (w.b). The results showed that the oil point pressure of fine aggregates was lower than that of the coarse aggregates. From the analysis of variance, heating time had significant effect on the oil point pressure (p<0.05). The minimum oil point pressure of calabash nutmeg was obtained as 0.116 MPa at an optimal temperature, time and moisture content of 64 C, 5 mins and 21% (w.b), respectively.
... It belongs to the Chrysobalanaceae family and commonly called grey plum. In Nigeria, it is popularly known as 'gbafilo' [11]. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the chemical composition of nhexane extract of Parinari excelsa (P. ...
The study was conducted to investigate the chemical compositions and larvicidal effect of n-hexane extract of Parinari excelsa seeds against fourth instar larvae of Culex mosquito after 24 h and 48 h exposure. The chemical composition of n-hexane extract of P. excelsa seeds were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Larvicidal activity was performed following standard procedures of World Health Organization (WHO). GC-MS analysis showed that the seed extract of P. excelsa contained hexadecyl phenyl carbonate with highest percentage (7.502%, RT=26.39), followed by tetradecyl phenyl carbonate (5.77%, RT=25.90), 1-methyl cyclohex-3-enyldodecyl fumarate (5.70%, RT=24.58), decyl phenyl carbonate (4.70%, RT=28.64) and the lowest, octadecyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (0.62%, RT=13.71). The result showed significant (p<0.05) mortality of larvae in 24 h and 48 h of exposure. However, the highest larval mortality was recorded at 48 h exposure. Result of regression analysis indicated that mortality rate positively correlated with concentration having a regression coefficient (R) close to one in each exposure case. The estimated lethal concentrations (LC 50) for 24 h and 48 h exposure were 2.056±0.176 µg/ml and 0.429±0.150 µg/ml respectively. This indicates that larvicidal activity recorded for 48 h exposure was 4.8 times more than that recorded for 24 h exposure. The study Original Research Article Dokubo et al.; ARRB, 36(1): 14-23, 2021; Article no.ARRB.52618 15 demonstrated that n-hexane extract of P. excelsa seeds exhibited larvicidal potential and can be utilized as biopesticides to minimize the multiplication of mosquitoes that transmit vector borne diseases.
... Phytochemical screening of the seed extract was carried out using methods previously described. 11 Antibacterial Activity Antibacterial activity of the seed extracts were tested using the agarwell diffusion test. About 0.2 mL of a 24 h broth culture containing 1 X 10 6 cells/mL of organism was aseptically introduced and evenly spread using bent sterile glass rod on the surface of gelled sterile Mueller Hinton agar plates. ...
... This has made the necessity of spices in daily food. Foods containing these phytochemicals not solely will provide our diet with certain antioxidant vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin E and provitamin A, however can also offer a complex mixture of different natural substances with antioxidant capacity [5,10,11].(black pepper), gingerone (ginger) and cumin aldehyde (cumin), etc. are reported to inhibit lipid peroxidation [12].Common spices, like sweet basil, clove, black pepper, turmeric, chili pepper, and ginger are typically a part of daily household meals and conjointly used as traditional medicine in many countries. For example, primarily, "Pepper soup" is known for its sensory, aromatic, attractive, pungency and spicy flavour ensuing from the use of bastered melegueta, clove, alligator pepper, ginger, black pepper, garlic, ethiopian pepper, chili peppers and other different spices. ...
Spices are important food supplements, which have been used as flavouring agents and preservatives for thousands of years in tropical Africa, Asia and other parts of the world. They are well known for their medicinal properties, and their use in traditional systems of medicine has been on record for a long time. Current biomedical efforts are focused on their scientific merits, to provide science based evidence for the traditional uses and to develop either functional foods or nutraceuticals. Although, epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated that spices are important source as antioxidant, bioavailability enhancement nature, antimicrobial activity, hypolipidemic property, antidiabetic influence, anti-inflammatory ability, anticarcinogenic potential, neuroprotective effect, antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, hepato-protective, hypotensive, antiaging, osteoporosis, DNA damage, heart diseases, induce apoptosis, diuretic, central nervous system stimulant, analgesic, immuno-modulator and carminative. The review included black pepper, turmeric, cinnamon, garlic, oregano, thyme, ginger, cumin, nutmeg, clove, coriander, fennel, rosemary, cardamom, chili pepper, fenugreek, and kokum. The spices were characterized by the presence of mineral elements such as calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, copper and zinc which are very important to human nutrition. Phytochemical screening indicated that these spices are also rich in phytonutrients including alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids phytoestrogens, carotenoids, limonoids, phytosterols, glucosinolates, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, anthocyanidins, tannins, proteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, quinones, coumerin, and emodins in different quantities. The present review findings indicate that the spices are good sources of nutrients, mineral elements and phytochemicals which could be exploited as great potentials for drugs and nutritional supplements.
... Spices are defined as vegetable substances of indigenous origin which are aromatic or have a hot piquant taste, used to enhance the flavour of foods or adding stimulating ingredients to the foods [1]. They have been used in Indian cooking for thousands of years and are recognized as valuable, safe and naturally available source of medicine for treating various ailments [2]. ...
... The recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [3] earlier used and enumerated by [13] were used for the determination of the nutritional and mineral content. ...
... However the aqueous extracts inhibited all the test organisms at 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml except Staphlococcus aureus for Nauclea latifolia and Listeria monocytogenes for Morinda lucinda. The results are in line with the report of [13] who reported that the susceptibility of bacteria to crude plant extracts varies according to strain and specie. From the results, the ethanol extracts had higher zones of inhibition against all test organisms at varying concentrations as compared to the aqueous extracts. ...
The leaves of two medicinal plants namely; Morinda lucida and Nauclea latifolia were investigated for their antibacterial, mineral and phytochemical properties. Results of the study showed that the aqueous and ethanolic extract of the two leaves had significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes and Proteus mirabilis. The biologically active constituents present in the extracts were cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponin, coumarins, reducing sugar, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids. The percentage yield extracts of the respective plants were Morinda lucida leaves 12.9% for ethanol and 9.0% for aqueous extracts while Nauclea latifolia had 12.1% for ethanol and 8.4% for aqueous extracts. Results of the antibacterial activity analysis revealed that the ethanolic extracts of the two medicinal plants at different concentrations were more active against the test organisms named above than the aqueous extracts. The MIC values for the ethanolic extracts ranged between 25.0 and 100.0 mg/ml while that of aqueous extract ranged between 50.0 and 100.0 mg/ml. The MBC values for ethanolic extract ranged between 50.0 and 100mg/ml while that of aqueous extracts also ranged between 50.0 and 100mg/ml. Analysis of the mineral content of the plant leaves shows that they were rich in potassium and calcium. This study confirms that the leaf extracts have some reasonable level of antimicrobial activity and appreciable amounts of mineral content which could be beneficial to human health. The findings from this work can be further exploited for isolation and characterization of novel Phytochemical compounds which could be used in the treatment of infectious diseases especially in light of the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms and the need to produce new effective antimicrobial agents.
... All the selected plant seeds used in this study contained appreciable amount of minerals (Table 4), which compared well with reports of other authors (Oluyemi et al., 2006, Stephen & Joseph, 2011 while values obtained for C. millenii was lower than the one reported by Bello et al. (2008) in parts per million (ppm). The differences in the composition may be due to the differences in the locality of their growth. ...
... %) and H.umbellata (17.60 %) have higher concentration of fats as compared to the other species. The crude fat contents in some of the plant species such as P. excelsa and C. millenii (6.95 and 8.72 %) respectively corresponds to the reported values byStephen and Joseph (2011) for P. excelsa (7.50 %) and lower when compare with the report ofBello et al.(2008) for C. millenii (40.0 %). The crude fat analysis showed that the selected species apart from C. bunduc and H. umbellata are deficient in fats and this makes them good for health.Hussain et al. (2010). ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals, proximate, mineral element composition and antimicrobial activity of ten different medicinal plant seeds. The medicinal plants investigated were Canna bidentata, Ceasalpinia bunduc, Cola millenii, Hunteria umbellata, Hydrocotyle asiata, Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, Perinari excelsa, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Solanum dasyphyllum, and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The micro-organisms used for the antimicrobial assay were seven clinical pathogens, four bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three fungi: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albican using agar well diffusion method. In proximate analysis, moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extract and energy values were determined. And for minerals analysis, potassium and sodium were determined using Flame Photometer, while calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and zinc were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result of the phytochemical screening showed that all the selected plant seeds contained alkaloids and saponin, except in Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, and phenolic group is present in Perinari excelsa only. Proximate analysis result revealed that the moisture content of the samples ranged between 12.51-26.7%, crude protein 8.65-48.09%, crude fibre 2.69-12.66%, crude fat 2.65-18.10%, ash contents 3.26-11.45% and carbohydrate 16.79-59.38%. While mineral element analysis result showed that the selected plant seeds contained low levels of potassium (2.14-8.12 mg/l), zinc (1.38-5.53 mg/l), iron (0.22-1.9 mg/l) and manganese (0.14-1.40 mg/l) and high levels of calcium (3.25-68.55 mg/l). The antimicrobial screening revealed that all the plant seeds used in this study have good antibiotics properties against various bacterial and fungi pathogens tested with maximum inhibition observed in S. jollyanum and minimum in M. macrostachyum. The result of this study showed that all the selected plant seeds contained reasonable amount of nutritional values and phytochemical constituents which suggest the application of the seeds as supplementary sources of antimicrobial agent and essential nutrients to man and livestock.
... Phytochemical screening of the seed extracts for Alkaloids, Anthraquinones, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Tapenoids were carried out using the methods earlier used and highlighted by [18]. ...
... The recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists [20], earlier used and enumerated by [18] were used for the determination of the nutritional and mineral content. ...
... Percentage yield of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the powdered seeds of Monodora myristica (table 1), is for water 7.94% and ethanol 12.50%. This yield is higher than that obtained by [18], for another plant seed Perinary excelsa who recorded 8.45% and 6.32% for water and ethanol respectively. El-Mahmood et al., (2008) [21] observed that factors like the age and type of plant material, and polarity of the solvent used could affect extract yield. ...
Seeds of Monodora myristica was investigated for its antimicrobial, nutritional and phytochemical properties. Results of the study, shows that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the seeds, were active against both gram negative and gram positive organisms used. Important bioactive constituents found to be present in the extracts were alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Yield extracts of the powdered seeds, was for water 7.94% and ethanol 12.5%, indicating that ethanol was the better of the two solvents used. Results of the antibacterial activity of the extracts reveal that the ethanolic extracts at different concentrations were more active against the test organisms namely Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi than the aqueous extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the aqueous extract ranged between 2.5 and 3.0 mg/ml while that for ethanolic extract was between 2.5 and 3.5 mg/ml. The minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) values for aqueous extract ranged between 3.0 and 3.5 mg/ml while that for ethanolic extract ranged between 3.5 and 4.0 mg/ml. Nutritionally result from the study justifies the use of the seed as both a spice and food component by locals. The seed was particularly found to be very rich in potassium and magnesium. There is therefore the need for further studies on the active components of the seeds of Monodora myristica so as to maximize its medicinal and nutritional potential.
... The major identified compound are 5-Methoxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-1(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-7-oxa-bicyclo heptanes followed by 1,2,3-Benzenetriol (Pyrogallol), α-caryophyllene, 2-propen-1-one, 1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-ethoxyphenyl)3-phenyl, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadeca dienoic acid, 2-pentanone, 1-(2,4,6trihydroxyphenyl)α-Amyrin (β-amyrin), Squalene and limonene [40] . The other compounds like alkaloids, coumarins, catechins, glycosides, flavanoids, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenes, sugars, xanthoproteins, derivatives and fixed oils are also reported from E. singampattiana [16,29,35,37,51,55] . Several studies have proved the significant anti-hyperproteinemia, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects of this species [21,22,25,46,52] . ...
Eugenia singampattiana Beddome is an important medicinal plant commonly known as Jungle Guava, restricted to Agasthyamalai phyto-geographical region, in Southern Western Ghats. This species is commonly used in the treatment of asthma, giddiness, body pain, rheumatism and also good source of alkaloids, coumarins and catechins. Due to habitat loss and over exploitation, natural population of the species is depleting at an alarming rate and is already enlisted as critically endangered by IUCN. The present review is focused on distribution, population status, silvicultural aspects and medicinal importance of Eugenia singampattiana. Since the species is having high utilization potential with restricted distribution, large scale restoration and in situ conservation at species level is an urgent need.
