Table 2 - uploaded by Henrik Loe
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Source publication
To provide a large reference material on aerobic fitness and exercise physiology data in a healthy population of Norwegian men and women aged 20-90 years.
Maximal and sub maximal levels of VO2, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale: 6-20) were measured in 1929 men and 1881 women during treadmill running.
The highest...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... other age groups, regardless of sex, had PAI scores in the range 2.67-3.70, which are considered to indicate medium activity [26] (Table 2). ...
Citations
... An SPPB summary score of >10, combined with a gait speed of approximately 1.0 m/s and a Physical Activity Index of >=3.4, indicates good functional status [40,41] and a relatively high level of self-reported physical activity in both survivors and controls [42]. Supported by the results of others [26,27], these findings suggest that radical prostate cancer treatment had little impact on long-term physical performance. ...
Background and objective
Whether radical prostate cancer treatment affects long-term physical performance and physical activity in older men is not known. We aimed to compare physical performance and self-reported physical activity between relapse-free older prostate cancer survivors and population-based controls.
Methods
A single-centre, cross-sectional study including 109 men aged ≥70 yr receiving robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (61.5%) or external beam radiotherapy (38.5%) between 2014 and 2018 was conducted. Population-based matched (age, gender, and education) controls (n = 327) were drawn from the Trøndelag Health Study. The primary (the Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] summary score) and secondary (gait speed, grip strength, one-legged balance, and the self-reported Physical Activity Index) outcomes were compared between survivors and controls by adjusted linear mixed models.
Key findings and limitations
The SPPB score, gait speed, and Physical Activity Index did not differ between survivors (mean age 78.3 yr, mean time since treatment 52.9 mo) and controls (mean age 78.2 yr). Survivors had slightly poorer grip strength (regression coefficient [RC] –5.81, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] –7.46; –4.17) and one-legged balance (RC –4.36, p < 0.001, 95% CI –6.72; –2.00; adjusted models), but the clinical significance is uncertain. Small sample size and potential selection of the fittest survivors are limitations that may reduce the generalisability of our findings.
Conclusions and clinical implications
3 to 8 yr after radical prostate cancer treatment, older men’s overall physical performance and physical activity level were comparable with those of matched controls. This suggests that the treatment had little impact on functional status.
Patient summary
In this study, we investigated physical function in older men several years after they had undergone curatively intended treatment for prostate cancer in comparison with men in a general population of the same age and education. We found that physical function was similar, except slightly poorer grip strength and balance on one leg in men treated for prostate cancer. We conclude that the overall physical function was comparable with that of the general population and believe that this indicates that prostate cancer treatment was well tolerated despite older age.
... Although the adopted exercise protocol was not intended to be exhaustive, four patients (two males) were exhausted at different times during the vigorous workload indicating that they had reached their exercise capacity. The male patients achieved only ~40%, while the female only ~67% of their expected VO 2 max and associated workload compared with reference values of healthy people matched for age and sex (Loe et al., 2013). On average, the cirrhotic patients F I G U R E 1 HS blood flow at rest, during mild (10 min), moderate (20 min), and vigorous (30 min) exercise and in the recovery. ...
In cirrhotic patients, compromised hepatocyte function combined with disturbed hepatic blood flow could affect hepato‐splanchnic substrate and metabolite fluxes and exacerbate fatigue during exercise. Eight cirrhotic patients performed incremental cycling trials (3 × 10 min; at light (28 [19–37] W; median with range), moderate (55 [41–69] W), and vigorous (76 [50–102] W) intensity). Heart rate increased from 68 (62–74) at rest to 95 (90–100), 114 (108–120), and 140 (134–146) beats/min (P < 0.05), respectively. The hepatic blood flow, as determined by constant infusion of indocyanine green with arterial and hepatic venous sampling, declined from 1.01 (0.75–1.27) to 0.69 (0.47–0.91) L/min (P < 0.05). Hepatic glucose output increased from 0.6 (0.5–0.7) to 1.5 (1.3–1.7) mmol/min, while arterial lactate increased from 0.8 (0.7–0.9) to 9.0 (8.1–9.9) mmol/L (P < 0.05) despite a rise in hepatic lactate uptake. Arterial ammonia increased in parallel to lactate from 47.3 (40.1–54.5) to 144.4 (120.5–168.3) μmol/L (P < 0.05), although hepatic ammonia uptake increased from 19.5 (12.4–26.6) to 69.5 (46.5–92.5) μmol/min (P < 0.05). Among the 14 amino acids measured, glutamate was released in the liver, while the uptake of free fatty acids decreased. During exercise at relatively low workloads, arterial lactate and ammonia levels were comparable to those seen in healthy subjects at higher workloads, while euglycemia was maintained due to sufficient hepatic glucose production. The accumulation of lactate and ammonia may contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with cirrhosis.
... On the other hand, while we acknowledge the existence of other articles with larger sample sizes that provide reference standard values for some of the variables discussed in the present study, these variables are typically stratified by sex and age (Loe et al. 2013;Vainshelboim et al. 2020), but not by training status. Therefore, understanding the reference standard values of these variables according to training status would be valuable for interpreting an individual's fitness level more accurately. ...
... However, exercise protocols with steeper slopes of load increment yield higher workload values at different physiological points (Jamnick et al. 2018). Regarding reference standard values, other studies report data with larger sample sizes, but they classify individuals based on age and sex rather than training status (Loe et al. 2013;Vainshelboim et al. 2020). Although we acknowledge that our study does not provide data from such a large sample size, to the best of our knowledge, it is currently the only study available in the literature that reports reference values considering training status. ...
Purpose
To analyze the influence of training status on the percentage of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and velocity (%VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax) at which ventilatory threshold 1 and ventilatory threshold 2 occur (VT1 and VT2, respectively), in males and females separately considering age, during a ramp incremental treadmill test.
Methods
791 males (36.8 ± 9.9 years) and 301 females (33.9 ± 11.0 years) performed a ramp incremental exercise test until fatigue where VT1 and VT2 were determined. Participants were classified as low, medium or high training status combining the oxygen consumption at VT1, VT2 and VO2max by clustering analysis.
Results
VO2max is poorly correlated with the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which VT1 and VT2 occur (r < 0.3), in contrast, there is a positive correlation between oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2 with the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which VT1 and VT2, respectively, occur in males and females (r = 0.203–0.615). Furthermore, we observed the %VO2max, %HRmax and %Vmax at which thresholds occur were greater the higher the training status (all p < 0.003).
Conclusion
The physiological determinants of the percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur are more related to oxygen consumption at VT1 and VT2, respectively, than to VO2max. Moreover, due to the higher percentage of maximum at which VT1 and VT2 occur in individuals with a higher training status, the common strategy consisting of establishing exercise intensity as a fixed percentage of maximum might not be effective to match intensity across individuals with different training status.
Clinical trial registration
NCT06246760.
... In addition, assessing this indicator typically comprises the evaluation of various factors, such as VO 2max strength and maximum metabolic equivalents (METs), which require regular monitoring [2]. Previous studies also reported a significant correlation between low CRF levels and increased susceptibility to potentially fatal diseases [3]. This has led to the development of various training drills by sports practitioners to increase its levels among individuals [4]. ...
The aim of this study was to assess the use of NEFA for the young population of Indonesia as well as to test its validity and reliability through comparison with laboratory tests. This study was divided into two phases: laboratory testing aimed at measuring VO2max on a treadmill using a velocity-dependent ramp test (INCS) method based on incremental protocols, and the NEFA measurement phase. The two phases were separated by a week. There was a significant correlation between the three variables: NEFA HRrest vs NEFA Non-HRrest (CC = 0.934; p = 0.001), NEFA Non-HRrest vs INCS test (CC = 0.476; p = 0.005), and NEFA HRrest vs INCS test (CC = 0.525; p = 0.002). The equation of NEFA HRrest and NEFA Non-HRrest was not accurate when performed on a young population with moderate physical activity levels (aerobic for 1–3 hours/week).
... When comparing the world records in sports depending on size or muscle strength, the male records are 10 to 30 percent better than the female records [5,7,8,[10][11][12][13]. Furthermore, men have higher mL of oxygen consumed in 1 minute / body weight in kg (VO2) max than women [14,15]. Aerobic power is of great importance for endurance performance such as distance running or road cycling. ...
BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing debate whether women with testosterone (T) within the male range shall be allowed to compete in the female class in sports. In men, T has an ergogenic effect, but the effect of T in young women has not been investigated previously. We hypothesised that increased levels of T would enhance physical performance in exercising women. T is classified as a doping agent by the World Anti-Doping agency (WADA). However, the existing doping analysing methods seems to be insufficient to detect exogenous use of T in women. In addition, the menstrual cycle and the use of hormonal contraception might aggravate the interpretation of the doping test results. Accordingly, the percentage of positive doping tests are higher in men than in women. The aim was to study the effect of T in female athletic performance, as well as endocrine influence on the steroid profile of relevance for anti-doping testing in women.
METHODS: The studies in this thesis are based on two double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Forty-eight young healthy women were randomised to 10 weeks of 10mg daily T-cream or placebo to study the effects of moderately increased T concentration on physical performance, body composition, psychological well-being and self-confidence, and the steroid profile in urine and blood. Physical performance was measured by performance tests at the Swedish School of Sports and Health Sciences. Body composition was measured with DEXA. Well-being and self-confidence were measured by questionnaires. We also studied the effect of combined oral contraceptives (COC) and the menstrual cycle phases and genetic factors on the steroid profile using serum and urine samples from a trial where 348 women were randomised to three months of COC or placebo. Genotyping, immunoassays, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS were performed.
MAIN RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a causal effect of T on physical performance as measured by an increase in running time to exhaustion of 8.5% in young healthy women. T also promotes an increase in lean mass and might influence phycological well-being and confidence. The results are of importance for the understanding of the sex difference in athletic performance, as well as for regulations of hyperandrogenism in women’s sports. Standard anti-doping urine analyses detected T-administration in only two out of 24 participants. Individual thresholds increased the detection rate to 40%. Furthermore, it was shown that COC have great impact on the urinary steroid biomarkers included in anti-doping analyses. COC suppressed the serum steroids and phase II metabolites while the ratio of T and androstenedione (A4) remained stable. Moreover, the results confirm that T/A4 remained stable throughout the menstrual cycle. T-administration increased the T/A4-ratio in serum 3.5 times compared to placebo. We can conclude that the urine analyses in use today is insufficient to detect T-doping in women. Instead, we suggest serum testing, including the ratio of T/A4.
... For the physiological variables, the values were compared to reference data in datasets of healthy adults, and cut-o values for clinical CPET interpretation were used to judge normality. [32][33][34][35][36][37] e study was approved by the ethics committee of the Ghent University Hospital (EC2018/1029 -B670201837207) and all patients signed an informed consent form prior to participation. Procedure. ...
... Aerobic capacity was compared to predicted values. [32][33][34][35] Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 28 (IBM Corp.). Histograms, box plots, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and QQ plots were used to indicate the distribution of the data and to investigate the outliers and extreme measurements. ...
Objective
Although exercise therapy is safe, effective and recommended within the nonpharmacological treatment in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), guidelines regarding type and dosage lack. Insufficient knowledge about physical and physiological parameters makes designing effective exercise programs challenging. Therefore, the goal was to simultaneously assess trunk strength, spinal mobility and the axSpA patients' cardiorespiratory fitness.
Methods
In a cross-sectional study, 58 axSpA patients (mean age:40.8years, 50% males, mean symptom duration:10.3years) performed maximal cervical and trunk mobility and isometric strength tests in all planes (David Back Concepts devices) and a maximal cardiopulmonary bicycle exercise test (n=25). Mobility and strength data were compared to healthy reference data. Cut-off values for clinical CPET interpretation were used to judge normality. Patients were compared based on radiographic involvement and symptom duration.
Results
Both strength (p≤0,017) and mobility (p≤0,001) were significantly lower for the axSpA patients compared to reference. Strength deficits were comparable between the radiographic and nonradiographic group (p>0,05 except trunk extension p=0,029), whereas mobility showed higher deficits in the radiographic group (cervical extension p=0,017 and rotation p=0,005 and trunk extension p=0,034 and rotation p=0,029), regardless of symptom duration. Similarly, symptom duration positively affected oxygen pulse (p=0,027), relative anaerobic threshold (p=0,020) and aerobic capacity (p=0,021).
Conclusion
Strength is more affected than mobility when compared to healthy controls. Likewise, mainly the metabolic component of aerobic capacity is impaired, affecting cardiopulmonary fitness. These findings indicate that future personalized exercise programs in axSpA patients should incorporate exercises for cardiopulmonary fitness next to strength and mobility training.
... While Statistics Norway randomly selected schools for participation in childhood to create a nationally representative sample, no steps were taken at age 24 years to ensure that the sample was representative of young Norwegian adults. However, the follow-up cohort at age 24 years was comparable to other Norwegian studies of young adults in several aspects, such as BMI, maximal oxygen uptake, and total physical activity level [31,41,42]. There are some limitations to the current study. ...
Background
There is a lack of longitudinal studies examining changes in device-measured physical activity and sedentary time from childhood to young adulthood. We aimed to assess changes in device-measured physical activity and sedentary time from childhood, through adolescence, into young adulthood in a Norwegian sample of ostensibly healthy men and women.
Methods
A longitudinal cohort of 731 Norwegian boys and girls (49% girls) participated at age 9 years (2005–2006) and 15 years (2011–2012), and 258 of these participated again at age 24 years (2019–2021; including the COVID-19 pandemic period). Physical activity and sedentary time were measured using ActiGraph accelerometers. Linear mixed models were used to analyse changes in physical activity and sedentary time and whether low levels of childhood physical activity track, i.e., persist into young adulthood (nchange=721; ntracking=640).
Results
The most prominent change occurred between the ages of 9 to 15 years, with an increase in sedentary time (150 min/day) and less time spent in light (125 min/day), moderate (16 min/day), and vigorous physical activity (8 min/day). Only smaller changes were observed between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from childhood to young adulthood differed between subgroups of sex, tertiles of body mass index at baseline and tertiles of peak oxygen uptake at baseline. While the tracking models indicated low absolute stability of physical activity from childhood to young adulthood, children in the lowest quartiles of moderate-to-vigorous (OR:1.88; 95%CI: 1.23, 2.86) and total physical activity (OR: 1.87; 95%CI: 1.21, 2.87) at age 9 years were almost 90% more likely to be in these quartiles at age 24 years compared to those belonging to the upper three quartiles at baseline.
Conclusions
We found a substantial reduction in physical activity and increase in time spent sedentary between age 9 and 15 years. Contrary to previous studies, using mainly self-reported physical activity, little change was observed between adolescence and young adulthood. The least active children were more likely to remain the least active adults and could be targeted for early intervention.
... Yet, the EB-test and Å-test displayed higher VO 2 max values than American (Jackson et al. 1996;Talbot et al. 2000), Japanese (Sanada et al. 2007), and Brazilian populations (Herdy and Uhlendorf 2011 in cardiorespiratory fitness (Hawkins and Wiswell 2003). Authors of the HUNT study reported that the measured VO 2 max was specifically lower in the age group 40-49 years and older compared to younger age groups, similar to what was seen for the Å-test and the (Loe et al. 2013a). The Hunt study shows a relative decline per decade in VO 2 max (age group 20-29 years to 60-69 years) of 6.9% for men and 7.0% for women. ...
... Figure 2A illustrates that individuals who engage in higher levels of self-reported exercise tend to exhibit higher VO 2 max values, as observed for both the Å-test and the EBtest. This observation aligns with prior research findings that have consistently reported a positive correlation between exercise frequency and VO 2 max Talbot et al. 2000;van Poppel et al. 2010;Loe et al. 2013a). However, the variance explained by exercise was relatively low in the present study (Å-test; R 2 = 10%, EB-test; R 2 = 8%), consistent with previous research findings Talbot et al. 2000;van Poppel et al. 2010;Loe et al. 2013a). ...
... This observation aligns with prior research findings that have consistently reported a positive correlation between exercise frequency and VO 2 max Talbot et al. 2000;van Poppel et al. 2010;Loe et al. 2013a). However, the variance explained by exercise was relatively low in the present study (Å-test; R 2 = 10%, EB-test; R 2 = 8%), consistent with previous research findings Talbot et al. 2000;van Poppel et al. 2010;Loe et al. 2013a). For instance, the HUNT study also demonstrated a limited overall fit between their Physical Activity Index and VO 2 max, yielding R 2 values of 9% for men and 7% for women. ...
Aims
Submaximal tests estimating VO2max have inherent biases; hence, using VO2max estimations from the same test is essential for reducing this bias. This study aimed to establish sex- and age-specific reference values for estimated VO2max using the Åstrand-test (Å-test) and the Ekblom-Bak test (EB-test). We also assessed the effects of age, exercise level, and BMI on VO2max estimations.
Methods
We included men and women (20–69 years) from the Swedish working population participating in Health Profile Assessments between 2010 and 2020. Excluding those on heart rate-affecting medicines and smokers, n = 263,374 for the Å-test and n = 95,043 for the EB-test were included. VO2max reference values were based on percentiles 10, 25, 40, 60, 75, and 90 for both sexes across 5-year age groups.
Results
Estimated absolute and relative VO2max were for men 3.11 L/min and 36.9 mL/min/kg using the Å-test, and 3.58 L/min and 42.4 mL/min/kg using the EB-test. For women, estimated absolute and relative VO2max were 2.48 L/min and 36.6 mL/min/kg using the Å-test, and 2.41 L/min and 35.5 mL/min/kg using the EB-test. Higher age (negative), higher exercise level (positive), and higher BMI (negative) were associated with estimated VO2max using both tests. However, explained variance by exercise on estimated VO2max was low, 10% for the Å-test and 8% for the EB-test, and moderate for BMI, 23% and 29%.
Conclusion
We present reference values for estimated VO2max from two submaximal cycle tests. Age, exercise, and BMI influenced estimated VO2max. These references can be valuable in clinical evaluations using the same submaximal tests.
... Cardiorespiratory fitness depends on the ability to obtain oxygen (O2) and distribute it throughout the body (Cristina & Cătălin, 2015). It is usually measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) (Levine, 2008;Loe, Rognmo, Saltin, & Wisløff, 2013). ...
Training mask is a respiratory muscle training device, although it was initially advertised as altitude simulators. The aim of the study was to assess the acute effects of wearing a training mask on physical and cognitive performance in cyclists. Twenty physically active subjects performed two graded exercise tests (GXT) until exhaustion, wearing and not wearing a mask, in counterbalanced order. Immediately after the GXT, they performed a cognitive task on a computer. Power, heart rate, lactate, Rating of Perceived Effort (RPE), peripheral oxygen saturation, lung capacity and cognitive variables (reaction time and response accuracy) were measured. Final power was 14.5 % lower when wearing a mask (p < 0.001; ES = 1.515). Heart rate (p = 0.002; ES = 0.790), lactate (p = 0.002; ES = 0.870), and RPE (p = 0.008; ES = 0.879) were also lower at the end of the mask test. However, in the intermediate stages of the test, at the same intensity, there was no difference in heart rate, while RPE was higher with mask. There were no differences between conditions in peripheral oxygen saturation or cognitive variables. In conclusion, the use of a training mask limits maximal aerobic performance, but there are no differences in cognitive variables or physiological parameters at the same intensity, while RPE increases at an equal intensity.
... Maintained V̇O 2max could be due to CRF (3.4 ± 0.3 L.min -1 ) in our middle-older aged caddies (59 ± 8 years) pre-season being directly comparable to age-related normative values reported in the HUNT study (50-59 years, 3.7 L.min -1 ; 60-69 years, 3.3 L.min -1 ). 86 Therefore, a stronger exercise stimulus may be required during caddying to further improve CRF to surpass the agepredicted estimates. Moreover, we observed a trend towards greater relative V̇O 2max , therefore, a larger cohort may produce statistically significant results. ...
Background : The physical demands of golf caddying, including walking while carrying a golf bag, may potentially affect body composition, and markers of metabolic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal health. Therefore, this study examined the impact of 24 weeks of caddying on physical health in middle-older aged males. Methods : Eleven full-time experienced male caddies (age: 59 [8] y; caddying experience: 14 [12] y) were recruited from a local golf course. The following were assessed at preseason and after 24 weeks of caddying (March–September 2022): body composition, heart rate, blood pressure, blood lipids, and performance tests (static and dynamic balance, strength, and submaximal fitness). Physical activity (PA) levels were assessed at preseason and at the mid-point of the caddying season. Across the caddying season, participants completed a monthly average of 24.0 (3.8) rounds. Results : Following the caddying season, improvements in static balance (Δ = 13.5 s), dynamic balance (Δ = −1.8 s), and lower back absolute strength (Δ = 112.8 N), and muscle quality (Δ = 2.0 N·kg ⁻¹ ) were observed (all P < .05). Additionally, blood lipids, including total cholesterol (Δ = −0.6 mmol·L ⁻¹ ), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ = 0.1 mmol·L ⁻¹ ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ = −0.6 mmol·L ⁻¹ ) (all P < .05), and body composition, including body mass (Δ = −2.7 kg), fat mass (Δ = −1.9 kg), fat percentage (Δ = −1.4%), fat-to-muscle ratio (Δ = −0.03), and body mass index (Δ = −0.9 kg·m ⁻² ) (all P < .05) improved. Caddying did not offer beneficial changes to cardiovascular variables or cardiorespiratory fitness ( P > .05), while coronary heart disease risk score decreased (Δ = −3.3%) ( P < .05). In relation to PA, light- (Δ = 145 min) and moderate-intensity (Δ = 71 min) PA, moderate to vigorous PA (Δ = 73 min), and total PA (Δ = 218 min) between preseason and the mid-point of the caddying season increased, while sedentary time (Δ = −172 min) decreased (all P < .05). Conclusion : Golf caddying can provide several physical health benefits such as improvements in various markers of cardiometabolic health, lower back absolute strength, and static and dynamic balance. The physical health improvements that caddying offers is likely contributed to by increased PA volume and intensity through walking on the golf course. Therefore, caddying may represent a feasible model for increasing PA volume and intensity and achieve physical health–related benefits.
