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As carriers of direct contact between plants and the atmospheric environment, the microbiomes of phyllosphere microorganisms are increasingly recognized as an important area of study. Salt secretion triggered by salt-secreting halophytes elicits changes in the community structure and functions of phyllosphere microorganisms, and often provides posi...
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Context 1
... electric conductivity (EC) and Na + and K + contents increased significantly under salt stress, but had no significant effect on soil water content (SWC) and pH (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, soil total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents were reduced to different degrees under salt stress (18.25%, 25.19% and 16.36%) (Table 1). Furthermore, the contents of Na + and K + in the root, stem, and leaves of T. chinensis were significantly higher under salt stress than in the control (CK) (p < 0.05). ...Context 2
... electric conductivity (EC) and Na + and K + contents increased significantly under salt stress, but had no significant effect on soil water content (SWC) and pH (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, soil total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents were reduced to different degrees under salt stress (18.25%, 25.19% and 16.36%) (Table 1). Furthermore, the contents of Na + and K + in the root, stem, and leaves of T. chinensis were significantly higher under salt stress than in the control (CK) (p < 0.05). ...Context 3
... the dominant bacteria phyla in the phyllosphere of T. chinensis under salt stress ( Figure S2A). Salt stress significantly reduced the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in phyllosphere (Table S1), and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between EC, Na + , and K + in the phyllosphere ( Figure 3A). In the rhizosphere, Proteobacteria (18.99-25.97%), ...Context 4
... the dominant bacteria phyla in the phyllosphere of T. chinensis under salt stress ( Figure S2A). Salt stress significantly reduced the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in phyllosphere (Table S1), and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between EC, Na + , and K + in the phyllosphere ( Figure 3A). In the rhizosphere, Proteobacteria (18.99-25.97%), ...Context 5
... the dominant bacterial phyla in the rhizosphere of T. chinensis ( Figure S2B). Salt stress significantly decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Acidobacteriota and increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in the rhizosphere (Table S1). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that Bacteroidota was significantly and positively correlated with EC and pH. ...Context 6
... our study, the increase in soil salinity not only enhanced the Na + and K + contents within the tissues and between the phyllosphere of T. chinensis, but it also decreased the contents of soil TOC, TN, and TP (Table 1). Therefore, we hypothesize that salt stress alters the rhizosphere microbial community, thereby affecting the biogeochemical cycles of the functional flora [33,34]. ...Context 7
... phyllosphere and rhizosphere physicochemical characteristics of the 16 samples were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (Table 1). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to distinguish the soil physicochemical properties, and the Na + and K + contents in the rhizosphere, tissues and phyllosphere under salt stress (Figure 1). ...Context 8
... Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants13081091/s1, Table S1: Relative abundance of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria phylum in T. chinensis under salt stress; Table S2: Relative abundance of phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungi phylum in T. chinensis under salt stress; Table S3: Relative abundance of energy source functional groups of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria in T. chinensis under salt stress; Table S4: Relative abundance of carbon cycle functional groups of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria in T. chinensis under salt stress; Table S5: Relative abundance of nitrogen cycle functional groups of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria in T. chinensis under salt stress; Table S6: Relative abundance of phosphorus cycle functional groups of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria in T. chinensis under salt stress; Figure S1: Field growth (A) and salt treatment (B and C) of T. chinensis; Figure S2: Relative abundance (top 10) of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial (A and B) and fungal (C and D) communities at phylum level of T. chinensis under salt stress. ...Similar publications
Carbon-sequestering microorganisms play an important role in the carbon cycle of wetland ecosystems. However, the response mechanism of carbon-sequestering microbial communities to wetland type changes and their relationship with soil carbon remain unclear. To explore these differences and identify the main influencing factors, this study selected...
Citations
... Crops adapt to salt stress by the selective absorption of Na + and K + ions (Qu et al. 2024). Furthermore, plant roots store most of the absorbed Na + to avoid the transport of Na + to other organs (Yuan et al. 2021). ...
Background and aims
Increased soil salinization is the major cause of soil degradation. With the increase in soil salinization, accompanied by nutrient deficiency, the mechanisms of improving nutrient uptake and utilization by rhizosphere microorganisms under saline-alkaline conditions are largely unknown.
Methods
The growth parameters and accumulation of nutrients by broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) were assessed under saline-alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the soil physicochemical properties and the types of rhizosphere microorganisms were determined.
Results
Broomcorn millet adapted to high saline-alkaline conditions by reducing its height and leaf area and increasing its root-shoot ratio. Salinity is an important factor that regulates the composition of the microbial community. Under high salinity (HS) treatment, the rhizosphere reshaped the microbial communities by recruiting specific beneficial microbes, namely Nocardioides, Saccharimonadal, and Nitriliruptoraceae bacteria that promote soil nutrient cycling and Operculomyces, Alternaria and Cryptococcus fungi that are involved in the decomposition of organic matter and the absorption of nutrients. In addition, the microbial community is influenced by the rhizosphere compartment, and more unique fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are recruited in the high salinity rhizosphere (HS_R) compared to the high salinity non-rhizosphere (HS_NR). The changes in the microbial communities may promote the cycling of soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in high salinity soil and ultimately promote the accumulation of P in all the organs and improve the N use efficiency of the plants.
Conclusion
The findings of this study reveal the mechanism of the adaptation of broomcorn millet to different levels of salinity stress and provide insights into microbial and fertilizer management in saline-alkali land.
... These results indicated that both shallow and deep DWTs significantly impacted root water uptake, with a notable reduction in DWT having the greatest effect. Regarding ECgw, it had minimal influence on root water uptake because T. ramosissima is highly salt-tolerant and can adapt to changes in soil salinity within a certain range [43]. Additionally, the accumulation of salt in the soil is a slow process, so changes in ECgw may not lead to a significant increase in soil salinity during the simulation period, thus having little impact on root water uptake [44,45]. ...
... These results indicated that both shallow and deep DWTs significantly impacted root water uptake, with a notable reduction in DWT having the greatest effect. Regarding EC gw , it had minimal influence on root water uptake because T. ramosissima is highly salt-tolerant and can adapt to changes in soil salinity within a certain range [43]. Additionally, the accumulation of salt in the soil is a slow process, so changes in EC gw may not lead to a significant increase in soil salinity during the simulation period, thus having little impact on root water uptake [44,45]. ...
In an arid climate with minimal rainfall, plant growth is constrained by water scarcity and soil salinity. Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) can mitigate degradation risks faced by riparian plant communities in these regions. However, its effects on long-term dynamics of root zone soil water content, salt levels, and root water uptake remain unclear. This study examined how groundwater affects salt and water dynamics, in addition to root water uptake, under different scenarios involving Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. The research was conducted in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in northwestern China. The Hydrus-1D model was used, following the EWC strategy. The results show that the distribution of T. ramosissima roots was significantly influenced by soil water and salt distributions, with 56.8% of roots concentrated in the 60–100 cm soil layer. Under water stress conditions, root water uptake reached 91.0% of the potential maximum when considering water stress alone, and 41.0% when accounting for both water and salt stresses. Root water uptake was highly sensitive to changes in Depth-to-Water Table (DWT), notably decreasing with lower or higher DWT at 40% of the reference level. EWC effectively enhances root water uptake by using water to leach salts from the root zone soil, with optimal results observed at 500–600 mm. This study advocates for sustainable EWC practices to support vegetation and combat desertification in the lower reaches of arid inland rivers.
... It is well established that salt-tolerant plants harbor specialized salt-tolerant microbiomes in their rhizosphere (roots) and phyllosphere (aerial parts of plants) [8]. These beneficial bacteria, known as salt-tolerant plant-growth-promoting bacteria (ST-PGPB), have been extensively studied to reveal their important roles in plant adaptation to salinity [9][10][11]. For instance, different strains of Enterobacter (endophytes), Bacillus (root endophytes), and Pseudomonas (the most abundant rhizobacteria) genera have been reported to induce salt tolerance and significantly improve the growth of Arabidopsis [12], rice [13], maize [14], and soybean [15]. ...
... Additionally, phyllosphere-associated bacterial communities are increasingly recognized as an important area of study under salt stress. Some studies have shown that increased rhizosphere salinity induces changes in the bacterial community structure and functions of the leaf phyllosphere, leading to reduced bacterial diversity and altered relative abundance [8,11]. ...
... Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were identified as the most abundant phyla colonizing both the phyllosphere and rhizosphere ( Figure 1A), while bacteria from the Actinobacteria phylum were less prevalent. These findings regarding the dominant phyla are consistent with earlier studies of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria reported in various salt-tolerant plant species within salt marsh ecosystems [8,11,27]. For example, Szymańska, S., et al. [28] similarly found a high abundance of bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes phyla in the root-associated endosphere under salt stress. ...
Salt marshes are highly dynamic and biologically diverse ecosystems that serve as natural habitats for numerous salt-tolerant plants (halophytes). We investigated the bacterial communities associated with the roots and leaves of plants growing in the coastal salt marshes of the Bayfront Beach, located in Mobile, Alabama, United States. We compared external (epiphytic) and internal (endophytic) communities of both leaf and root plant organs. Using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing methods, we identified 10 bacterial phyla and 59 different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the genus level. Bacterial strains belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were highly abundant in both leaf and root samples. At the genus level, sequences of the genus Pseudomonas were common across all four sample types, with the highest abundance found in the leaf endophytic community. Additionally, Pantoea was found to be dominant in leaf tissue compared to roots. Our study revealed that plant habitat (internal vs. external for leaves and roots) was a determinant of the bacterial community structure. Co-occurrence network analyses enabled us to discern the intricate characteristics of bacterial taxa. Our network analysis revealed varied levels of ASV complexity in the epiphytic networks of roots and leaves compared to the endophytic networks. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the intricate composition of the bacterial microbiota in habitats (epiphytic and endophytic) and organs (leaf and root) of coastal salt marsh plants and suggests that plants might recruit habitat- and organ-specific bacteria to enhance their tolerance to salt stress.
... It is well established that salt-tolerant plants harbor specialized salt-tolerant microbiomes in their rhizosphere (roots) and phyllosphere (aerial parts of plants) [8]. These beneficial bacteria, known as salt-tolerant plant-growth-promoting bacteria (ST-PGPB), have been extensively studied to reveal their important roles in plant adaptation to salinity [9][10][11]. For instance, different strains of Enterobacter (endophytes), Bacillus (root endophytes), and Pseudomonas (the most abundant rhizobacteria) genera have been reported to induce salt tolerance and significantly improve the growth of Arabidopsis [12], rice [13], maize [14], and soybean [15]. ...
... Additionally, phyllosphereassociated bacterial communities are increasingly recognized as an important area of study under salt stress. Some studies have shown that increased rhizosphere salinity induces changes in the bacterial community structure and functions of the leaf phyllosphere, leading to reduced bacterial diversity and altered relative abundance [8,11]. ...
... Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were identified as the most abundant phyla colonizing both the phyllosphere and rhizosphere ( Figure 1A), while bacteria from the Actinobacteria phylum were less prevalent. These findings regarding the dominant phyla are consistent with earlier studies of phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacteria reported in various salt-tolerant plant species within salt marsh ecosystems [8,11,27]. For example, Szymańska, S., et al. [28] have similarly found a high abundance of bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes phyla in the rootassociated endosphere under salt stress. ...
Salt marshes are highly dynamic and biologically diverse ecosystems that serve as natural habitats for numerous salt-tolerant plants (halophytes). We investigated the bacterial communities associated with the roots and leaves of plants growing in the coastal salt marshes of the Daphne Bay area in Alabama, United States. We compared external (epiphytic) and internal (endophytic) communities of both leaf and root plant organs. Using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing methods, we identified 10 bacterial phyla and 59 different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the genus level. Bacterial strains belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were highly abundant in both leaf and root samples. At the genus level, sequences of the genus Pseudomonas were common across all four sample types, with the highest abundance found in the leaf endophytic community. Additionally, Pantoea was found to be dominant in leaf tissue compared to roots. Our study revealed that plant habitat (internal vs. external for leaves and roots) was a determinant of the bacterial community structure. Co-occurrence network analyses enabled us to discern the intricate characteristics of bacterial taxa. Our network analysis revealed varied levels of ASV complexity in the epiphytic networks of roots and leaves compared to the endophytic networks. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the intricate composition of the bacterial microbiota in habitats (epiphytic and endophytic) and organs (leaf and root) of coastal salt marsh plants and suggests that plants might recruit habitat- and organ-specific bacteria to enhance their tolerance to salt stress.
