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The main objective of this study was to analyze the efficiency of CWs for purifying swine wastewater in order to reduce its pollutant load. The system included a pretreatment module (raw swine wastewater tank, phase separator, and settlement tank), and three constructed wetlands connected in series and planted with Phragmites australis and Suaeda v...
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... analyses were performed using SPSS (SPSS Version 23.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Table 1 shows the characterization of slurry at each stage of the treatment system. As can be seen, after the phase separator, the temperature showed no significant differences with respect to the raw slurry, with a value of 12.9 ± 1.6 • C in the storage tank. ...Context 2
... swine wastewater pH had a slight non-significant increase after the phase separator (Table 1). The mean pH values were slightly alkaline, showing almost identical values of around eight at the end of the CWs; oppositely, Schierano et al. [21] found a reduction in pH values (from 8.55-9.25 to 7.95-8.75) ...Context 3
... the observed decrease was only significant for PC3, which could be due to a release of ions from the CWs caused by the interaction between the substrate and the biofilm within the wetland [4]. The anions showed no significant differences between the PB and the resulting slurry in PC3, except for PO 4 3− , NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− , which decreased from 147 ± 39.7 mg L −1 to 35.4 ± 4.3 mg L −1 for PO 4 3− , whilst increasing significantly for SO 4 2− and NO 3 − ( Table 1). The cations also showed no statistically significant differences, except for K+, with concentrations of 787 ± 25.9 mg L −1 for raw slurry and 312 ± 22.3 mg L −1 for slurry after passing through the CWs. ...Context 4
... should be noted that the minus sign means that the parameter increased with respect to the initial value (Table 2). The pH varied from 7.8 in the influent to 7.8 in the effluent of the CW (Table 1), without a statistical difference. In the case of the EC, the phase separator decreased its value by 25%, whilst the wetland also enabled us to reduce the EC by 25%, with a total reduction of 44%. ...Context 5
... from the atmosphere together with the release of oxygen from the rhizosphere would favor nitrification processes, whilst anaerobic conditions in the lower part of the CWs would favor denitrification [35]. The behavior of the anions was very heterogeneous, with extremely high values being obtained, especially in the cases of N-NO 2 − , N-NO 3 − , and SO 4 2− , with a total increase in the N-NO 2 − , N-NO 3 − , and SO 4 2 concentrations from 0.03 to 1.6 mg L −1 , from 7,5 to 100 mg L −1 , and from 152 to 1514 mg L −1 , respectively (Table 1). The cations increased as they passed through the system, showing negative total efficiencies, except for K + with a total efficiency of 60%; this was due to the release of cations, especially of calcium and magnesium, from the calcareous substrate used in constructing the wetland. ...Citations
... These technologies are classified into three categories: physical, chemical, and biological. Physico-chemical methods, such as coagulation and crystallization, are effective in separating and precipitating contaminants, as well as recovering nutrients from slurry (Chen et al., 2024;García-Valero et al., 2024). Among the biological processes, anaerobic digestion and composting stand out for their ability to transform organic waste into biogas and generate digestate, a biofertilizer rich in N, P, and K, used in agriculture (Meng et al., 2023;Montalvo et al., 2020). ...
The inadequate management of swine fecal waste endangers human health and the environment, causing soil contamination, the spread of zoonoses, and eutrophication of water bodies. These nutrient-rich wastes also contain antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), posing a significant public health risk. This systematic review aims to identify optimal operating parameters for stabilizing pig waste, focusing on the production of compost, biosolids and biogas, while taking into account the specific composition of these wastes. Operational parameters for waste stabilization, including composting, and biogas generation, are analyzed. The findings aim to identify issues and propose solutions for a more sustainable and efficient management of these wastes, thereby protecting the environment and public health.
... The TW cells were filled with two types of substrates, boleo with diameter between 5 and 7 ′′ , a constant layer thickness 40 cm high in all areas, filled with crushed gravel with diameters between ½ ′′ to 1 ½ ′′ and 15 cm before the top edge of each wall. The first layer had a porosity of 8% and the second layer had a porosity of 35%, with a total layer porosity of 43% ( Figure 2) to promote anaerobic conditions [27,28]. All systems had 3 days of HRT. ...
... The TW cells were filled with two types of substrates, boleo with diameter between 5 and 7″, a constant layer thickness 40 cm high in all areas, filled with crushed gravel with diameters between ½″ to 1 ½″ and 15 cm before the top edge of each wall. The first layer had a porosity of 8% and the second layer had a porosity of 35%, with a total layer porosity of 43% ( Figure 2) to promote anaerobic conditions [27,28]. All systems had 3 days of HRT. ...
This study investigates the performance of large-scale ornamental treatment wetlands (TW) for the treatment of municipal wastewater in the municipality of Nautla, Veracruz, Mexico, specifically within a contaminated estuary in the Gulf of Mexico. The research employed a treatment wetland system that integrates mixed flow methods, including vertical subsurface flow (VSSF) and horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF), to optimize operational, maintenance, and energy costs. Over a monitoring period from 15 October 2022 to 17 September 2023, the system achieved remarkable efficiencies in the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N, NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, total nitrogen (TN), with removal rates of 93.37%, 93.37%,91.36%, 91.29%, 95.74%, 97.36%, 71.69%, 92.26% and 91.45%, respectively. The effluent complied with the water quality standards established by the official Mexican standard NOM-001-SEMARNAT-2021, demonstrating the effectiveness of this TW configuration in treating water characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels. The results are especially relevant for tropical climates, where high temperatures and humidity can affect microbial activity and nutrient cycling, potentially enhancing treatment performance and reducing construction and management costs. This research highlights the viability of ornamental treatment wetlands as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment in tropical climates and provides valuable information for future implementation and design criteria.
... where V eql -volume of effluent in m 3 /day Q ind -effluent flow rate Tdetention-Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) in days As the plant pumps 900 to 1000 m 3 /h, this must be converted to m 3 /day: Q = 900 × 24 h a 1000 × 24 h for the flow range, which gives 21,600 m 3 /day to 24,000 m 3 /day. With this flow data, we can estimate the volume of effluent in the lagoon and estimate its occupied area; bearing in mind that according to [30] When the temperature of the effluent is higher, the microbial activity in the anaerobic and facultative treatment process tends to be even more efficient, potentially allowing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) to be reduced [31][32][33][34][35]. By analyzing the data in the table, we can analyze the load of the effluent contaminated using the following equation: ...
The sugar industry must be managed in a manner that encourages innovation with regard to the waste generated throughout the process. The organic load of sugar mill waste is high, as is its potential to pollute water bodies at various stages of the production process, including cooling bearings, mills, sugar cane washing, bagasse waste and cleaning products. It is therefore necessary to identify treatment mechanisms that not only reduce this waste but also return purer water to the environment, combining the reuse of water in various applications. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of the physical and chemical properties of the effluents generated and the principal treatment technologies employed for the remediation of industrial wastewater from sugar factories. The wastewater from Mozambique’s sugar mills has high levels of dissolved or suspended solids, organic matter, pressed mud, bagasse and atmospheric pollutants. The BOD/COD ratio is low (<2.5), indicating the need for secondary treatment or, more specifically, biological treatment. This can be achieved through humid systems built from stabilization ponds, with the resulting water suitable for reuse in agricultural irrigation. In this work, an educational proposal has been developed for engineering students where they learn to calculate and optimize, among other parameters, the natural wastewater treatment and compare it with a conventional wastewater treatment.
... Microenterprises are experiencing a growth of 85 %, and approximately 13.5 % of this increase is attributed to the pork industry [3]. However, despite its importance in food production and employment generation, it is not exempt from generating significant volumes of waste, from solid waste from excreta to liquids from urine and water used for cleaning fattening and rearing areas [4,5]. These wastewaters contain high concentrations of pollutants such as organic matter, nitrogen and microorganisms like fecal coliforms, and when discharged into surface and groundwater bodies, they can cause serious damage to water quality, putting the health of ecosystems at risk [6]. ...
... The most effective hybrid systems in the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were those that had the VF as the first stage, followed by the HSSF as the second stage. This configuration achieved higher removal efficiencies of BOD 5 , thus proving to be an alternative for the treatment of domestic wastewater with swine wastewater in tropical zones. Concerning fecal coliforms (FC), both systems demonstrated high effectiveness, reaching removals greater than 99.9 % and practically achieving their total elimination. ...
... K is highly mobile in soil and can be easily leached [48,53,54]. Previous studies have reported high amounts of K in the leachate from treatments with high doses of SWW [56,57]. On the other hand, K can also be fixed in interlayers of primary or secondary minerals in the soil, serving as reservoirs, with the fixation release dynamics controlled by the addition (i.e., fertilizers) or exhaustion (i.e., plant uptake) of the mineral in the soil solution (i.e., exchangeable K + ), pH, CEC, and other environmental factors [58]. ...
This study evaluates the long-term effects of swine wastewater (SWW) on relevant parameters for soil fertility, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and organic matter (OM) in an agricultural area with 9 years of crop cultivation. Three types of SWW (raw, after leaving the biodigester, and after the manure plant) were analyzed with four application rates of SWW (0, 100, 200, and 300 m3.ha−1), associated or not with mineral fertilization, resulting in eight treatments. The study found that the long-term use of SWW had significant effects on soil parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize the data. The soil’s calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels were higher in soybean compared to other crops and natural soil. Similarly, the treatment with 0 m3.ha−1 of pig manure and without mineral fertilization showed higher levels of these nutrients. In contrast, potassium (K) was found in greater quantities in oats, SWW from the biodigester, higher doses of manure, and with mineral fertilization. The crops had a higher organic matter (OM) content compared to the natural soil, with corn and raw SWW showing the most significant increase.
