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-Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of Pezizomycotina including Dactylospora based on 5.8s, LSU and SSU sequence data. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 60% are given above the nodes. Strain/culture numbers are given after the taxon names. The tree was rooted with Taphrina antarctica Selbmann & Turchetti (CCFEE 5198) and Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. (AFTOL ID 1234).
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... Clades B and C comprise lignicoloussexual species derived from terrestrial and marine environments, respectively. In contrast, clade D comprises asexual Sclerococcum species from both lichenicolus and lignicolus terrestrial habitats (Schoch et al. 2009;Diederich et al. 2013Diederich et al. , 2018Pang et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Flakus et al. 2019;Olariaga et al. 2019;Haelewaters et al. 2022;Thiyagaraja et al. 2022). This phenomenon may be related to the limited specimens sampled and the adaptation of species to environmental changes. ...
In this study, four terrestrial collections of bactrodesmium-like hyphomycetous fungi were isolated from rotten wood in Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined LSU, ITS, mtSSU, and SSU sequence matrix indicate that these four isolates represent one species belonging to the Sclerococcum within the Dactylosporaceae, and present a distinct lineage. Therefore, Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium sp. nov. was introduced with corresponding morphological descriptions. Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium represents the first lignicolous asexual species from a terrestrial habitat.
... (1) The family Pleostigmataceae, with three molecular sibling species in Pleostigma, was recently introduced (Muggia et al. 2021) as a sister group of Verrucariales. This lineage was previously recognized with two taxa (Stenroos et al. 2010) and confirmed in subsequent studies (Gueidan et al. 2014;Chen et al. 2015;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Boonmee 2017 (Muggia et al. 2015(Muggia et al. , 2019, which together with Epibryaceae constitute a basal lineage of Chaetothyriales. (4) Melanina gunde-cimermaniae (Muggia et al. 2021) is a RIFs, associated with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine and Mediterranean habitats. ...
Fungi in the order Chaetothyriales are renowned for their ability to cause human infections. Nevertheless, they are not regarded as primary pathogens, but rather as opportunists with a natural habitat in the environment. Extremotolerance is a major trend in the order, but quite different from black yeasts in Capnodiales which focus on endurance, an important additional parameter is advancing toxin management. In the ancestral ecology of rock colonization, the association with metabolite-producing lichens is significant. Ant-association, dealing with pheromones and repellents, is another mainstay in the order. The phylogenetically derived family, Herpotrichiellaceae, shows dual ecology in monoaromatic hydrocarbon assimilation and the ability to cause disease in humans and cold-blooded vertebrates. In this study, data on ecology, phylogeny, and genomics were collected and analyzed in order to support this hypothesis on the evolutionary route of the species of Chaetothyriales. Comparing the ribosomal tree with that of enzymes involved in toluene degradation, a significant expansion of cytochromes is observed and the toluene catabolism is found to be complete in some of the Herpotrichiellaceae. This might enhance human systemic infection. However, since most species have to be traumatically inoculated in order to cause disease, their invasive potential is categorized as opportunism. Only in chromoblastomycosis, true pathogenicity might be surmised. The criterion would be the possible escape of agents of vertebrate disease from the host, enabling dispersal of adapted genotypes to subsequent generations.
... & Hafellner. However, Réblová et al. (2017) Ekanayaka et al. (2019) and Dong et al. (2020) that was already available for this family Dactylosporaceae. Wijayawardene et al. (2020) accepted Dactylosporaceae under Sclerococcales. ...
Sclerococcum is a species rich lichenicolous genus in Ascomycota. However, many species of Sclerococcum have been described based only on morphology. This study provides sequences for the large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (mtSSU) for the first time for Sclerococcum simplex, and the first geographical record of the genus from China. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that S. simplex clustered within Sclerococcum sensu stricto while the genus was recovered as paraphyletic in Dactylosporaceae. Our asexual specimen of Sclerococcum simplex was collected on a corticolous Pertusaria thallus. The taxonomic affinity of Sclerococcum simplex is investigated based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence.
... Examples are S. haliotrepha and S. mangrovei, which also differ in their much longer ascospores compared with those of S. martynii (Au et al. 1996;Jones et al. 1999), and S. vrijmoediae (Pang et al. 2014), which differs in its broader ascospores with hyaline sheaths at the septum. Two recently described terrestrial-lignicolous species of Dactylospora from Thailand (formally transferred to Sclerococcum below), D. chiangraiensis and D. fusiformis, are both much smaller than S. martynii with longer ascospores (Ekanayaka et al. 2019b). ...
... Multiple lines of evidence place the enigmatic discomycete P. martynii in the genus Sclerococcum (Eurotiomycetes, Sclerococcales, Dactylosporaceae). Ekanayaka et al. (2019b) created the order Dactylosporales, which is here synonymized with Sclerococcales (erected by Réblová et al. 2017) based on morphological diagnoses and molecular phylogenetic data. Ekanayaka et al. (2019b) may not have been aware of the order Sclerococcales, as they failed to cite Réblová et al. (2017) in their treatment of Dactylospora. ...
... Ekanayaka et al. (2019b) created the order Dactylosporales, which is here synonymized with Sclerococcales (erected by Réblová et al. 2017) based on morphological diagnoses and molecular phylogenetic data. Ekanayaka et al. (2019b) may not have been aware of the order Sclerococcales, as they failed to cite Réblová et al. (2017) in their treatment of Dactylospora. Réblová et al. (2017) also introduced the family Sclerococcaceae, which in turn is a synonym of Dactylosporaceae (Diederich et al. 2018). ...
Polydiscidium is an enigmatic, monotypic, and rarely reported genus of Ascomycota of uncertain placement. The morphologically unique Polydiscidium martynii grows on dead wood and forms compound ascomata composed of thick, black, gelatinous somatic tissue that branches out from a common base. Multiple apothecia are located on the branches, mostly toward the tips, and are composed of 8-spored asci and paraphyses embedded in a gelatinous matrix that turns blue in Melzer's reagent. The species was previously known from only three collections from Guyana (holotype), Trinidad, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and no sequences exist. Due to its peculiar morphology, taxonomic affinities of Polydiscidium have been debated, with different authors having placed it in Helotiaceae, Leotiaceae, or Leotiomycetes incertae sedis. Recent collections of this species resulting from long-term field work in Guyana and Cameroon led us to revisit the morphology and phylogenetic position of this fungus. Newly generated sequences of P. martynii were added to an Ascomycota-wide six-locus data set. The resulting phylogeny showed Polydiscidium to be a member of order Sclerococcales (Eurotiomycetes). Next, a four-locus (18S, ITS, 28S, mtSSU) phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that Polydiscidium is congeneric with Sclerococcum. A new combination is proposed for this species, Sclerococcum martynii. Micromorphological features, including the gelatinous hymenium composed of asci with amyloid gel cap and septate brown ascospores, are in agreement with Sclerococcum. New combinations are proposed for two additional species: Sclerococcum chiangraiensis and S. fusiformis. Finally, Dactylosporales is considered a later synonym of Sclerococcales.
... The family Dactylosporaceae is characterized by superficial blackish apothecia, excipulum of texture angularis to globose cells, hymenium consisting of a thick gelatinous matrix, paraphyses with swollen and pigmented apices, cylindrical to clavate amyloid octosporic asci with I-tholus covered by a I+ blue external gelatinous cap; subglobose to ellipsoid ascospores, and one to several transverse septa (Hafellner, 1979;Bellemère and Hafellner, 1982;Döbbeler and Buck, 2017;Ekanaya et al., 2019). This family presents species with variable ecological habits; among the main ones are saprobes on bark and wood, parasites, or lichenized taxa (Wijayawardene et al., 2018;Ekanayaka et al., 2019). In this family, only the genus Dactylospora Körb has been reported with species with a briophilous habit. ...
Background and Aims:
The briofilous fungi are a diverse and polyphyletic group of symbiotic mushrooms associated specifically with few bryophyte species, genera or families. Paruephaedria heimerlii stands out as a species with a bryophilous habit in Jungermanniales; it is known from Alaska, Europe, Japan and Tasmania. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present the first record of this species in Mexico, its first known tropical locality.
Methods:
The studied specimens were collected in the vegetation of pine-oak forest and tropical cloud forest in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The material was herborized and decontaminated by cooling, followed by determination from histological sections of the ascomas and observed with an optical microscope. Finally, the material was deposited in the fungal collections of the herbaria ENCB of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional and XALU of the Facultad de Biología of the Universidad Veracruzana.
Key results:
Using morphological characteristics and measures of sexual structures like spores, asci and hymenial structures, the studied material was determined as Paruephaedria heimerlii, representing the first record of this species both in Mexico and for the tropics.
Conclusions:
According to our observations and comparisons with reports in literature, it is probable that the presence of P. heimerlii is not conditioned to the temperature or altitude of the habitat in which it is found, but to the availability of hosts.
... However, A. lannaensis can be distinguished from A. funiculosus in shapes and sizes of conidia and phialides (Smith 1956). Therefore, we introduce a new species Aspergillus lannaensis (Fig. 104) Notes: Dactylosporaceae was established by Bellemère and Hafellner (1982) with various placements based on morphology and phylogenetic studies: Eurotiomycetes (Schoch et al. 2009b;Diederich et al. 2013;Pang et al. 2014;Ekanayaka et al. 2019b;Wijayawardene et al. 2020), Lecanoromycetes (Miadlikowska et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017), Pezizomycotina incertae sedis and Eurotiomycetes incertae sedis (Wijayawardene et al. 2020). Réblová et al. (2017) introduced Sclerococcaceae as type family of Sclerococcales but Diederich et al. (2018) reinstated Dactylosporaceae to replace Sclerococcaceae. ...
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercofocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efbula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufa longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fci, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa favovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidisvitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium difractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufa chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
... The new subclass Sclerococcomycetidae was recognized also by Voglmayr et al. (2019) in their phylogenetic inference supporting the description of the two new classes, Xylobotryomycetes and Candelariomycetes (Ascomycota). The new taxonomy of Sclerococcales seems to have been overlooked by Ekanayaka et al. (2019) who recently introduced the order Dactylosporales and family Dactylosporaceae for a corresponding phylogenetic lineage within Eurotiomycetes. In our phylogenetic reconstruction, we selected samples of the lichenicolous species Sclerococcum sphaerale and the marine species Sclerococcum haliotrephum to represent the order clade Sclerococcales. ...
... M195 from our analysis. The "unnamed lineage 2," referred to as "Pleostigma-clade," was represented by Pleostigma jungermannicola only in the study of Ekanayaka et al. (2019). Réblová et al. (2017a) did not include this lineage in their description of the new order Sclerococcales, but they considered it when describing the two new genera Bradymyces (Trichomeriaceae) and Bacillicladium (undetermined position in Chaetothyriales; Réblová et al. 2017b). ...
Lichen thalli provide a long-lived and stable habitat for colonization by a wide range of microorganisms. Increased interest in these lichen-associated microbial communities has revealed an impressive diversity of fungi, including several novel lineages which still await formal taxonomic recognition. Among these, members of the Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes usually occur asymptomatically in the lichen thalli, even if they share ancestry with fungi that may be parasitic on their host. Mycelia of the isolates are characterized by melanized cell walls and the fungi display exclusively asexual propagation. Their taxonomic placement requires, therefore, the use of DNA sequence data. Here, we consider recently published sequence data from lichen-associated fungi and characterize and formally describe two new, individually monophyletic lineages at family, genus, and species levels. The Pleostigmataceae fam. nov. and Melanina gen. nov. both comprise rock-inhabiting fungi that associate with epilithic, crust-forming lichens in subalpine habitats. The phylogenetic placement and the monophyly of Pleostigmataceae lack statistical support, but the family was resolved as sister to the order Verrucariales. This family comprises the species Pleostigma alpinum sp. nov., P. frigidum sp. nov., P. jungermannicola, and P. lichenophilum sp. nov. The placement of the genus Melanina is supported as a lineage within the Chaetothyriales. To date, this genus comprises the single species M. gunde-cimermaniae sp. nov. and forms a sister group to a large lineage including Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriaceae, Cyphellophoraceae, and Trichomeriaceae. The new phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Chaetothyiomycetidae provides new insight into genus and family level delimitation and classification of this ecologically diverse group of fungi.
... The qualities of raw sequences generated in this study were checked with Finch TV version 1.4.0. Based on nucleotide BLAST 2 and previous publications (Raja et al., 2008;Koukol and Kolárová, 2010;Réblová et al., 2012Réblová et al., , 2016Diederich et al., 2013;Pang et al., 2014;Boonmee et al., 2016;Su et al., 2016;Yang et al., 2016;Hernández-Restrepo et al., 2017;Pino-Bodas et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2018;Dayarathne et al., 2019;Ekanayaka et al., 2019;Olariaga et al., 2019), related sequences together with newly generated ones were selected for constructing a phylogenetic tree. All sequences used in this study are listed in Table 1. ...
During our ongoing surveys of fungi on submerged wood in the Greater Mekong Subregion, we collected two new species similar to Bactrodesmium longisporum. Pseudobactrodesmium gen. nov. is introduced to accommodate the new species, P. aquaticum, P. chiangmaiensis and B. longisporum is transferred to this genus. Fasciculate conidiophores, enteroblastic conidiogenous cells and subulate to fusiform, phragmoseptate conidia with a tapering apical cell and sheath characterize the genus. Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum has longer conidia than P. chiangmaiensis. The placement of Pseudobactrodesmium in Dactylosporaceae (Eurotiomycetes) is a novel finding based on analyses of combined LSU, SSU, ITS and RPB2 sequence data. Our study reveals that Pseudobactrodesmium is likely to be a speciose genus with different species in streams around the world.
Zhurbenko, M. P. 2022. Sclerococcum knudsenii (Ascomycota, Sclerococcales), a new lichenicolous fungus on Polycauliona bolacina from California. Herzogia 35: 131137. Sclerococcum knudsenii, a lichenicolous discomycete growing on Polycauliona bolacina, is described as new to science from California. The species is characterized by aseptate ascospores, not previously known in this genus, and polyspored asci. An updated key to the eight accepted polyspored species of Sclerococcum is provided. Zhurbenko, M. P. 2022. Sclerococcum knudsenii (Ascomycota, Sclerococcales), ein neuer lichenicoler Pilz auf Polycauliona bolacina aus Kalifornien. Herzogia 35: 131137. Sclerococcum knudsenii, ein lichenicoler Discomycet auf Polycauliona bolacina, wird aus Kalifornien als neu fr die Wissenschaft beschrieben. Die Art ist charakterisiert durch unseptierte Ascosporen, wie sie aus dieser Gattung bisher nicht bekannt waren, und durch vielsporige Asci. Ein aktualisierter Schlssel fr die acht akzeptierten polysporen Sclerococcum-Arten ist beigefgt.
Neotropical mountain forests are characterized by having hyperdiverse and unusual fungi inhabiting lichens. The great majority of these lichenicolous fungi (i.e., detectable by light microscopy) remain undescribed and their phylogenetic relationships are mostly unknown. This study focuses on lichenicolous fungi inhabiting the genus Lobariella ( Peltigerales ), one of the most important lichen hosts in the Andean cloud forests. Based on molecular and morphological data, three new genera are introduced: Lawreyella gen. nov. ( Cordieritidaceae , for Unguiculariopsis lobariella ), Neobaryopsis gen. nov. ( Cordycipitaceae ), and Pseudodidymocyrtis gen. nov. ( Didymosphaeriaceae ). Nine additional new species are described ( Abrothallus subhalei sp. nov., Atronectria lobariellae sp. nov., Corticifraga microspora sp. nov., Epithamnolia rugosopycnidiata sp. nov., Lichenotubeufia cryptica sp. nov., Neobaryopsis andensis sp. nov., Pseudodidymocyrtis lobariellae sp. nov., Rhagadostomella hypolobariella sp. nov., and Xylaria lichenicola sp. nov.). Phylogenetic placements of 13 lichenicolous species are reported here for Abrothallus , Arthonia , Globonectria , Lawreyella , Monodictys , Neobaryopsis , Pseudodidymocyrtis , Sclerococcum , Trichonectria and Xylaria . The name Sclerococcum ricasoliae comb. nov. is reestablished for the neotropical populations formerly named S. lobariellum ( Sclerococcales ). A key to sexual and asexual states of 40 species of lobariellicolous ascomycetous fungi is provided. Teleomorph-anamorph connections were established for several species using molecular methods and/or visual observations in nature. Additionally, we found that the anamorphic species Cornutispora ophiurospora inhabiting Lobariella was often accompanied by ascomata of Spirographa . Results of phylogenetic analyses, including newly generated sequences of several Cornutispora and Spirographa species inhabiting various host lichens, support the conclusion that Cornutispora is a synonym of Spirographa . Our Maximum Likelihood inference based on multiple loci show that all studied Spirographa (including Cornutispora ) belong to a new lineage within Ostropales . Based on these highly supported phylogenetic placements and the distinct character states of their conidiomata, in comparison with other Lecanoromycetes , a new family is proposed – Spirographaceae fam. nov. This new lineage includes broadly distributed mycoparasites, inhabiting various lichen and fungal hosts, and representing an early diversification event preceding the lichen-forming clade of Fissurinaceae , Gomphillaceae and Graphidaceae . Two lichenicolous species, Asteroglobulus giselae and Pleoscutula arsenii , were found to be nested within the Spirographa clade, and their teleomorph-anamorph connections were confirmed based on genotypic and phenotypic data. This phylogenetic result is corroborated by their highly similar ascomata anatomy. Together these results strongly indicate that both species are congeneric with Spirographa . As a result, four new species ( S. aggregata sp. nov., S. galligena sp. nov., S. maroneae sp. nov., and S. parmotrematis sp. nov.) and 15 new combinations are proposed ( Spirographa ascaridiella comb. nov., S. arsenii comb. nov., S. ciliata comb. nov., S. giselae comb. nov., S. herteliana comb. nov., S. hypotrachynae comb. nov., S. intermedia comb. nov., S. lichenicola comb. nov., S. limaciformis comb. nov., S. ophiurospora comb. nov., S. pittii comb. nov., S. pyramidalis comb. nov., S. triangularis comb. nov., S. tricupulata comb. nov., and S. vermiformis comb. nov.). Species of the genus Spirographa , as outlined here, are strongly host-specific, mainly at the generic level of their host. Some host genera can harbour more than one Spirographa species.
