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Phylogeny of Halobates spp. (simpli®ed after Damgaard et al. 2000). Branches leading to oceanic species highlighted and species names shown in boldface. Number of species indicated for species groups. Hatched branch denotes clade composed of 20 coastal species
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Relatively few insects have invaded the marine environment, and only five species of sea skaters, Halobates Eschscholtz (Hemiptera: Gerridae), have successfully colonized the surface of the open ocean. All five species occur in the
Pacific Ocean, H. germanus White also occurs in the Indian Ocean, whereas H. micans Esch- scholtz is the only species...
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Context 1
... (1961) considered the group of oceanic Halobates species to be monophyletic, but a recon- struction of the phylogeny of the genus based upon morphology (Andersen 1991) as well as mitochondrial DNA sequences (Damgaard et al. 2000) shows that some oceanic species are more closely related to coastal Halobates species than they are to each other ( Fig. 1 shows a simpli®ed phylogenetic diagram for the genus with emphasis on the oceanic species). A group com- prising by H. micans, H. sobrinus, and H. splendens is related to the coastal species H. ¯aviventris Eschscholtz (Indo-West Paci®c) and H. hawaiiensis Usinger (Cen- tral Paci®c); the species pair H. germanus and H. sericeus is ...
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... Indian Ocean, each supported by relatively high bootstrap values (98, 83, and 99%, re- spectively) as well as branch support (10, 3, and 4, re- spectively). The nine H. micans haplotypes from the Atlantic Ocean (ma1 to ma9) dier from each other in 2 to 12 sites (0.6 to 1.5%). Seven substitutions are shared among haplotypes from the Paci®c Ocean (Fig. 3, mp1 to mp8) and four substitutions among haplotypes from the Indian Ocean (mi1 to mi10). The relationships among haplotypes from the Atlantic Ocean are largely unresolved, only grouping two haplotypes together on the consensus tree ( Fig. 6; bootstrap value 74%, branch support 2). The eight Halobates micans haplotypes from the Paci®c Ocean ...
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... (Fig. 5). The strict consensus tree (Fig. 7) distinguishes the two haplotypes from the southern Paci®c Ocean (bootstrap value 87%, branch support 2), whereas the group of nine haplotypes from the western Indian Ocean is unsupported. Both the neighbor-joining tree and the strict consensus tree keep together the three H. sericeus haplotypes (Fig. 7, bootstrap value 100%, branch sup- port 27) and group two haplotypes (se1 and se2; boot- strap value 96%, branch support ...
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... Halobates splendens, the sister species of H. micans (Fig. 1), is restricted to the southeastern part of the Paci®c Ocean, H. micans probably originated somewhere in the Indo-Paci®c and subsequently spread to the Atlantic Ocean (Andersen 1991(Andersen , 1998). Several possible routes of dispersal have existed in the past (Andersen 1999). In the Early and Middle Eocene, the Mediterranean was ...
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Citations
... Cytochrome Oxidase C subunit I (COI) that encoded mitochondrial quality is the most bountiful utilized hereditary marker that is utilized to distinguish the interspecific and intraspecific phylogenetic connections in water strider (Caterino et al., 2000). COI is fundamentally used to recognize the connections in the taxa of water strider, for example, Halobates (Damgaard et al., 2000a;Andersen et al., 2000) and Potamobates (Galacatos et al., 2000). These genera identified with gathering of monophyletic species and they are tried with DNA arrangement information consistently 2008). ...
This examination is intended to investigate the water strider fauna and their phylogenetic relationship in Tehsil Wazirabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Being a decent predator of mosquitoes and successful bioindicator of substantial metal contamination it assumes the imperative job to keep up the manageability of the biological system. The examples of water strider bug were gathered from different oceanic locales during summer and spring from 2018-2019 in Wazirabad City. The type of water strider that was distinguished during this exploration is Aquarius adelaidis (Zettel) having a place with distinct genera Aquarius of the family Gerridae. It likewise uncovered that Aquarius adelaidis disengaged from Wazirabad area has homology a with arrangement of water strider detailed from Cyprus island situated in the northeastern piece of the Eastern Mediterranean. The arrangement examination found that cytochrome c oxidase subunit I is profoundly monitored locale inside all Aquarius species around the world, and is less inclined to varieties and transformations. Aquarius adelaidis is increasingly bountiful with 58.2% of complete assortment.
... DNA sequence data for the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene are suitable for elucidating phylogenetic relationships among populations and closely related species (Sperling et al. 1997;Andersen et al. 2000;Damgaard et al. 2000aDamgaard et al. , 2000bGalacatos et al. 2002). Furthermore, Zettel and Damgaard (2003) suggested the need for analyses that incorporated both mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) sequence data to discuss speciation and/or hybridization. ...
The genus Aquarius, of the subfamily Gerrinae, was formerly divided into two species and one subspecies in Japan (A. paludum paludum, A. paludum amamiensis and A. elongatus, respectively). Aquarius haliplous Yasunaga et al. 2018 has recently been described as a new species, which occurs in brackish waters of Nagasaki Prefecture and is found sympatrically with the widely distributed species, A. p. paludum. However, they are considered to be speciated, with no cross-breeding. In this study, molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses were undertaken using the mitochondrial DNA COI (529 bp) and nuclear DNA histone H3 (314 bp) gene regions to investigate the genetic and morphological differentiation in the genus Aquarius, including A. haliplous, throughout Japan (including the islands). The results show that, unlike A. p. paludum, A. p. amamiensis and A. haliplous, A. elongatus displays substantial genetic differentiation. Considering that, although morphological differences exist in the antennae of A. p. paludum and A. p. amamiensis, A. haliplous has no clear genetic or morphological difference from A. p. paludum, and hence cannot be classified as a distinct species. Therefore, we propose that A. haliplous be synonymized with A. paludum.
... The widely accepted mutation rate (0.004-0.008 sites per million years) for the mitochondrial COI gene of Heteroptera was adopted, and the mutation rates of other genes were calculated based on the p distances method. 56 Species boundary and phylogeographical pattern provide new insights into the management efforts www.soci.org 1.7 49 was used to assess the convergence of runs. ...
BACKGROUND
Correct identification together with information on distribution range, geographical origin and evolutionary history are the necessary basis for the management and control of invasive species. The bean bug Megacopta cribraria is a crucial agricultural pest of soybean. Recently, M. cribraria has invaded the United States and spread rapidly, causing severe reductions in soybean yields. However, the species boundary and phylogeographical pattern of this invasive bean bug are still unclear.
RESULTS
The results of different species delimitation methods (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography) strongly demonstrated that M. cribraria and Megacopta punctatissima represent the same species. M. punctatissima should not be considered a distinct species but rather a variety of M. cribraria. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three well‐supported clades (Southeast Asia [SEA], East Asia continent [EAC] and Japan [JA]) with distinct geographical structures in the M. cribraria–M. punctatissima complex. The SEA clade was at the base of the phylogenetic tree, and the sister relationship between the EAC clade and JA clade was strongly supported. The split between the EAC clade and JA clade occurred at approximately 0.71 Ma, corresponding to the submergence period of the East China Sea land bridge.
CONCLUSION
This study clarified the species boundary between M. cribraria and its closely related species and revealed the phylogeographical pattern and evolutionary history of M. cribraria. The species delimitation and phylogeography results achieved in this study could provide new insights into the monitoring and management of this agricultural pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
... Most population genetic studies of oceanic Halobates have thus far focused on the cosmopolitan H. micans with its widespread distribution across all three major oceans-Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific (Andersen and Cheng 2004). Andersen et al. (2000) found that COI haplotypes of H. micans from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were more similar to each other than to haplotypes from the Indian Ocean. Cold surface currents along the western coast of Africa were suggested as a barrier against dispersal around the southern tip of Africa, preventing more recent gene exchange that led to large genetic divergences between haplotypes from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. ...
... Furthermore, existing studies on population genetics for these species are typically constrained by small sample sizes (i.e., ≤ 10 individuals per sample). Andersen et al. (2000), for example, analyzed COI variation for only six specimens of H. splendens, eight H. sobrinus, and three H. germanus. No obvious relationship was found between genetic divergence and geographic distance for the three species, but the result could be an artifact of small sample sizes. ...
... Phylogenies from past studies have identified H. micans, H. sobrinus, and H. splendens as closely related sister species, although the exact order of ancestry varies between different studies (Andersen et al. 2000;Andersen and Cheng 2004;Román-Palacios et al. 2018). These three species have very different zoogeographies that may be linked to past demographic events. ...
The oceans are harsh environments where insects are not expected to thrive, yet a few skaters of the genus Halobates Eschscholtz, 1822 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) have completely adapted to life on the open seas. There are five oceanic Halobates species that have well-established and distinct distributions, but little is known about their population dynamics and intraspecific genetic variation. Moreover, existing knowledge on most species has been largely based on limited sample sizes. We examined the phylogeographic patterns and inferred past population dynamics of three Halobates species (H. micans Eschscholtz, 1822, H. sobrinus White, 1883 and H. splendens Witlaczil, 1886) based on an unprecedented large number of specimens (73–199 individuals each) collected from the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) Ocean. These species have distinct biogeographies, with H. sobrinus occurring mostly along coastal Mexico, H. micans in the ETP north of the equator, and H. splendens largely south of the equator in the cold tongue of water derived from the Peru (Humboldt) current. We did not find evidence for sub-population structure within each species over distances as far as 6000–7000 km. Populations of all three species were found to deviate from neutrality, with evidence of past population growth. Genetic diversity and haplotype genealogies varied between species, implying distinct evolutionary trajectories. Coalescent analyses using Bayesian skyline plots suggested that H. splendens underwent a population expansion ~ 1 Ma, whereas H. sobrinus and H. micans experienced demographic growth ~ 120 Ka to 100 Ka, respectively. The period of population expansion of H. splendens roughly corresponds to the establishment of cool, productive waters in the cold tongue starting ~ 1 Ma and reaching modern temperatures ~ 800 Ka. Population expansions of both H. micans and H. sobrinus north of the equator occurred mostly during the last interglacial period, characterized by increased frequency and dominance of El Niño conditions, and a relatively southerly position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone of high rainfall. Intensification of El Niño conditions between ~ 75 and 125 Ka may have produced a warmer, low wind and nutrient-depleted habitat favoring population growth for both H. micans and H. sobrinus. Key insights drawn from the results of this study, alongside future resolution of evolutionary relationships among Halobates species, will complete our understanding of how these remarkable insects conquered the high seas where no other insect could.
... The extracted genomic DNA was used as a template for a pair of primers, which were 16Sar/16Sbr [25], 16Sar (5 -CGCCTGTTTAT-CAAAAACAT-3 )/16Sbr (5 -CCGGTC-TGAACTCAGATCAC-GT -3 ), amplifying the sample 16S rRNA gene through PCR. The amplification program was as follows: predegeneration, five minutes at 95 ∘ C; 40 cycles of 45 s at 95 ∘ C for degeneration, 45 s at 55.2 ∘ C for annealing, and 45 s at 72 ∘ C extensions; and the final extension was 10 min at 72 ∘ C. The PCR products were resolved via agarose gel electrophoresis, and the PCR fragment sizes were detected by DNA marker. ...
Guang Dilong is a Traditional Chinese Medicine prepared from the dried body of Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier), a species of earthworm. However, preparations of Guang Dilong may be adulterated by other species and a method of quality control is needed. A method was developed to analyze and authenticate commercial Guang Dilong, utilizing ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD). Equipment included an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μ m). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.01% formic acid, pumped at 0.3 mL/min. Wavelength detection was at 260 nm. Twenty-two batches of confirmed P. aspergillum samples (reference) from different sources and 20 batches of adulterated samples were analyzed to establish a reference fingerprint for commercial Guang Dilong. Five peaks in the fingerprints of the reference batches were identified as characteristic; six characteristic peaks in the fingerprints of the adulterants were identified by comparing their retention time with those of the references. The total 42 batches of samples were compared with the reference fingerprint, and the fingerprints of the P. aspergillum samples were similar. The UHPLC-DAD method can simultaneously determine the contents of six compounds (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine, inosine, guanosine, and adenosine) in the reference and adulterated batches. The six compounds showed good regression ( r > 0.9999) within test ranges. The recovery (accuracy) was 98.25 to 101.68%, with relative standard deviation <2.67%. In summary, this UHPLC-DAD method combines chromatographic fingerprint with quantification analysis and could be readily used as an efficient quality control method for Guang Dilong.
... Various phenomena can generate distinct lineages within DNA barcode data, e.g., phylogeographic processes (Andersen et al., 2000;Damgaard, 2005Damgaard, , 2008bYe et al., 2016), the presence of maternally inherited endosymbionts as Wolbachia (Lis, Marya nska-Nadachowska & Kajtoch, 2015), or the existence of cryptic species (Paterson et al., 2016;Jiu et al., 2017). In this context we found 11 species with intraspecific K2P distances >2.2%, ranging from 2.32% (Mesovelia vittigera Horváth, 1895) to a maximum of 9.44 (C. ...
With about 5,000 species worldwide, the Heteroptera or true bugs are the most diverse taxon among the hemimetabolous insects in aquatic and semi-aquatic ecosystems. Species may be found in almost every freshwater environment and have very specific habitat requirements, making them excellent bioindicator organisms for water quality. However, a correct determination by morphology is challenging in many species groups due to high morphological variability and polymorphisms within, but low variability between species. Furthermore, it is very difficult or even impossible to identify the immature life stages or females of some species, e.g., of the corixid genus Sigara . In this study we tested the effectiveness of a DNA barcode library to discriminate species of the Gerromorpha and Nepomorpha of Germany. We analyzed about 700 specimens of 67 species, with 63 species sampled in Germany, covering more than 90% of all recorded species. Our library included various morphological similar taxa, e.g., species within the genera Sigara and Notonecta as well as water striders of the genus Gerris . Fifty-five species (82%) were unambiguously assigned to a single Barcode Index Number (BIN) by their barcode sequences, whereas BIN sharing was observed for 10 species. Furthermore, we found monophyletic lineages for 52 analyzed species. Our data revealed interspecific K2P distances with below 2.2% for 18 species. Intraspecific distances above 2.2% were shown for 11 species. We found evidence for hybridization between various corixid species ( Sigara , Callicorixa ), but our molecular data also revealed exceptionally high intraspecific distances as a consequence of distinct mitochondrial lineages for Cymatia coleoptrata and the pygmy backswimmer Plea minutissima . Our study clearly demonstrates the usefulness of DNA barcodes for the identification of the aquatic Heteroptera of Germany and adjacent regions. In this context, our data set represents an essential baseline for a reference library for bioassessment studies of freshwater habitats using modern high-throughput technologies in the near future. The existing data also opens new questions regarding the causes of observed low inter- and high intraspecific genetic variation and furthermore highlight the necessity of taxonomic revisions for various taxa, combining both molecular and morphological data.
... One of the most intriguing questions regarding these sea skaters is which strategies have enabled them to colonize the sea, especially the open oceans. Phylogenetic studies based on molecular and morphological markers suggest that Asclepios and Halobates diverged from their limnic sister group, Metrocorini, and extended their habitats to the seacoasts; some of them even established themselves in the open ocean [8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
There exist surprisingly few marine insects, most of which are confined to the intertidal zone. Halobates is the only genus to have some oceanic species along with some coastal species. Among the coastal sea skaters, that is, genus Halobates and its close relative, genus Asclepios, there are variations in their affinity for the shore. We have studied the distributions of two endangered Japanese sea skaters, Halobates matsumurai and Asclepios shiranui in Kujukushima, where they cooccur in coves. To compare their survival strategies at sea, we especially noted differences in their distributions along the shore during high and low tides. The results show that A. shiranui tended to remain along the shore during low tide. This species appeared to cling to the shore against the ebb current and to stay in the protected coves. By contrast, H. matsumurai tended to leave the shore during low tide. Notably, some adults were found skating outside the coves. The strategy of H. matsumurai appeared to be leaving with the ebb current even beyond the coves, thereby using more resources and enlarging its habitat. Some such coastal Halobates might have acquired the ability to live on the open ocean clearly independent of the shoreline.
... For the second approach of estimating divergence times, we employed COI substitution rates. Rates varying between 0.4 and 0.8% Ma −1 for the COI locus had been reported previously and used for gerromorphans ( Andersen et al., 2000;Damgaard & Zettel, 2003;Ye et al., 2014). As such, we enforced a uniform prior on the COI substitution rate with lower and upper boundaries of 0.004 and 0.008 substitutions site −1 Ma −1 , respectively. ...
... , which is in agreement with previous substitution rates (0.4-0.8% Ma −1 ) reported for gerromorphans ( Andersen et al., 2000;Damgaard & Zettel, 2003;Ye et al., 2014). The run with an empty alignment produced two to three times older or younger estimates for the focal nodes with considerably larger confidence intervals, indicating that the effect of calibration priors was not strong in estimating divergence times. ...
We investigated the systematics and biogeography of the West-Palaearctic water cricket genus Velia Latreille based on a phylogenetic analysis of five molecular markers obtained from 79% of all known taxa of the subgenera Velia (s. str.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) Tamanini. The results revealed a sister group relationship between Velia (Plesiovelia) and the monotypic subgenus Velia (s. str.), and showed that the former is divided into three major clades. All taxa of Velia (Plesiovelia) were recovered as monophyletic, except for V. (P.) serbica Tamanini, which was paraphyletic with respect to V. (P.) mancinii mancinii Tamanini. Our results also indicate the existence of several unrecognized species. Molecular dating based on fossil data and COI rates indicates that the split between Velia (s. str.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) occurred between 40 Ma and 22 Ma. An ancestral area reconstruction suggests the latter originated in south-eastern Europe, from where it radiated to the west and east, along the Neogene archipelagos of Europe and Asia Minor. North-western Africa served as the second most important diversification centre of the subgenus. The low genetic variability in the widespread V. (P.) caprai caprai Tamanini and V. (P.) saulii Tamanini implies a rapid postglacial colonization of Europe, while high diversity within the lineages of V. (P.) serbica indicates survival of Pleistocene glaciations in microrefugia throughout south-eastern Europe. These results serve as a useful framework for future studies ranging from the systematics of the group to historical biogeography, ecology and biodiversity conservation.
... Although there is evidence for diverging rates between lineages (e.g. [104][105][106]), the commonly used mtDNA rate we selected was broadly supported by Papadopoulou et al. [81] in a study of tenebrionid beetles using a number of geological calibration points from the mid-Aegean trench. ...
Background: Larvae of the Holarctic mayfly genus Rhithrogena Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) are a diverse and abundant member of stream and river communities and are routinely used as bio-indicators of water quality. Rhithrogena is well diversified in the European Alps, with a number of locally endemic species, and several cryptic species have been recently detected. While several informal species groups are morphologically well defined, a lack of reliable characters for species identification considerably hampers their study. Their relationships, origin, timing of speciation and mechanisms promoting their diversification in the Alps are unknown.
Results: Here we present a species-level phylogeny of Rhithrogena in Europe using two mitochondrial and three
nuclear gene regions. To improve sampling in a genus with many cryptic species, individuals were selected for
analysis according to a recent DNA-based taxonomy rather than traditional nomenclature. A coalescent-based
species tree and a reconstruction based on a supermatrix approach supported five of the species groups as
monophyletic. A molecular clock, mapped on the most resolved phylogeny and calibrated using published
mitochondrial evolution rates for insects, suggested an origin of Alpine Rhithrogena in the Oligocene/Miocene
boundary. A diversification analysis that included simulation of missing species indicated a constant speciation rate over time, rather than any pronounced periods of rapid speciation. Ancestral state reconstructions provided evidence for downstream diversification in at least two species groups.
Conclusions: Our species-level analyses of five gene regions provide clearer definitions of species groups within
European Rhithrogena. A constant speciation rate over time suggests that the paleoclimatic fluctuations, including the Pleistocene glaciations, did not significantly influence the tempo of diversification of Alpine species. A downstream diversification trend in the hybrida and alpestris species groups supports a previously proposed headwater origin hypothesis for aquatic insects.
Keywords: Dated phylogeny, Speciation, Diversification, Lineage-through-time, Pleistocene glaciations, Freshwater insects, Headwater, Mayfly, Ephemeroptera
... Given that the mutation rates for this species are unknown, we used the following confidence intervals from Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Cimicomorpha): COI, 0.6-1.0 %/ Ma [32,33]; CytB, 1.1-1.8 %/Ma [34]; and ITS1, 0.4-1.0 ...
... The HKY model with 0.25 as the inheritance scalar was used, and the upper prior bounds were set to 20 for the population size (q), 10 for the divergence time (t), and 1 for the migration rate (m). Parameters were estimated based on mutation rates for COI (0.6 × 10 −8 -1.0× 10 −8 ) and CytB (1.1 × 10 −8 -1.8× 10 −8 ) per site per generation [32][33][34], and average generation time was set to 0.5 years according to previous studies of other Anthocoridae species [40]. Final runs consisted of 1 × 100,000,000 steps with a burn-in of 1 × 10,000,000 steps, and the lowest ESS among the parameters was greater than 50. ...
Background
On account of repeated exposure and submergence of the East China Sea (ECS) land bridge, sea level fluctuation played an important role in shaping the population structure of many temperate species across the ECS during the glacial period. The flower bug Amphiareus obscuriceps (Poppius, 1909) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is an invasive species native to the Sino-Japanese Region (SJR) of East Asia. We tested the hypothesis of the ECS land bridge acting as a dispersal corridor or filter for A. obscuriceps during the glacial period. Specifically, we tested whether and the extent to which dispersal ability and host plant habitat requirement influenced the genetic structure of A. obscuriceps during the exposure of the ECS land bridge. ResultsPhylogenetic and network analyses indicated that A. obscuriceps is composed of two major lineages, i.e., China and Japan. Divergence time on both sides of the ECS was estimated to be approximately 1.07 (0.79–1.32) Ma, which was about the same period that the sea level increased. No significant Isolation by Distance (IBD) relationship was found between Фst and Euclidean distances in the Mantel tests, which is consistent with the hypothesis that this species has a good dispersal ability. Our Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) niche modeling of plants that constitute preferred habitats for A. obscuriceps exhibited a similar habitat gap on the exposed ECS continental shelf between China and Japan, but showed a continuous distribution across the Taiwan Strait. Conclusion
Our results suggest that ecological properties (habitat requirement and dispersal ability), together with sea level fluctuation during the Pleistocene across the ECS, have shaped the genetic structure and demographic history of A. obscuriceps in its native area. The host plant habitat requirement could also be a key to the colonization of the A. obscuriceps species during the exposure of the ECS land bridge. Our findings will shed light on the potential role of habitat requirement in the process of biological invasion in future studies.
