Phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood analysis of genus Actinostella within order Actiniaria using the concatenated dataset (12S, 16S, COIII, 18S, and 28S). Samples for which anatomy or histology was studied here are highlighted in red. Support values from SH-aLRT support (%) / parametric aLRT support / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) are indicated on each branch. Black lled-in circles indicate nodes with support of ~100% for all inferences and red ones are clusters with marginal ruff presence. Abbreviation-BCS: Baja California Sur; YU_Me: Chabihau, Yucatán, Mexico; MI_Co: Múcura Island, Bolivar, Colombia; PC_Pa: Panamanian Caribbean; PP: Panamanian Pacic; UB_Br: Praia do Lamberto, Saco da Ribeira, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; VM_Me: Veracruz, Mexico.

Phylogenetic reconstruction based on maximum likelihood analysis of genus Actinostella within order Actiniaria using the concatenated dataset (12S, 16S, COIII, 18S, and 28S). Samples for which anatomy or histology was studied here are highlighted in red. Support values from SH-aLRT support (%) / parametric aLRT support / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%) are indicated on each branch. Black lled-in circles indicate nodes with support of ~100% for all inferences and red ones are clusters with marginal ruff presence. Abbreviation-BCS: Baja California Sur; YU_Me: Chabihau, Yucatán, Mexico; MI_Co: Múcura Island, Bolivar, Colombia; PC_Pa: Panamanian Caribbean; PP: Panamanian Pacic; UB_Br: Praia do Lamberto, Saco da Ribeira, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; VM_Me: Veracruz, Mexico.

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Based on a phylogenetic and morphological analysis of different populations of Actinostella flosculifera (Le Sueur, 1817) species complex throughout the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and Brazil, and on the descriptions of Barragán et al . [1] from the Caribbean Sea and Ocaña (1994) from the Canary Islands (CI), as well as other studies in Sout...

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... analysis (Fig. 6 and Table 4). ...
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... phylogenetic results align with those of Barragán et al. [1], nding Actinostella as a distinct monophyletic group, apart from other genera with marginal ruff, such as Oulactis (Fig. 6). Barragán et al. [1] suggested that the marginal ruff has independently evolved at least twice between Actinostella and Oulactis, based on the subset of sampled actiniarians. Our results coincide with and support this ...
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... species both inhibit the Central American Pacic. However, A. bradleyi is the only species that presents an additional cycle of mesenteries (except for A. osculifera from the Canary Islands, as reported by Ocaña [7]). Our phylogenetic analysis found that A. bradleyi and A. californica are more closely related to each other than to A. osculifera ( Fig. 6 and Table 4). Table 4 Diagnostic positions in the 12S, 16S, COIII, 18S, and 28S markers in the different species/populations of genus Actinostella. The pair base positions are ordered based on the alignments provided (Appendix S5). The position of the nucleotides corresponds to the species/population of the rows vs. ...