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Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) values for each shading levels in this study (37°38'40"N 127°06'25"E).
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There are about 20 known species of Hylotelephium distributed within Eurasia and North America. Some Hylotelephium species have been reported to have a potential medicinal effect and have been used to remove cadmium from soil. Additionally, various cultivars have been sold and used as ornamental plants for aesthetic purposes. Although Hylotelephium...
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... The decreases in both the biomass and the carbohydrate content of the Petunia 'Pretty Flora' under low-light conditions are attributable to reduced photosynthesis (Kwack and Lee, 1999). Similarly, even plants with relatively high shade tolerance, such as Hylotelephium species or Delosperma cooperi, show poor growth when exposed to light intensities below their preferred thresholds (Lu et al., 2003;Lee et al., 2022b;Nam et al., 2022). Moreover, the observed recovery of the leaf number and rate of photosynthesis after eight weeks can be interpreted as a physiological trait of both species tested here, whereby at least eight weeks are required for acclimatization to low-light conditions (Yang et al., 2022). ...
... while 'Eden Rosso' showed the longest root length of 14.03 cm at the 45 % shading level. According toNam et al. (2022), Hylotelephium telephium 'Lajos' showed no significant shading effects on root length across 0-99 % shading levels, whereas H. sieboldii 'Mediovariegatum' exhibited significant root length reduction at the 99 % shading level, despite showing similar significant levels up to 75 % shading level. Additionally,Qi et al. (2019) reported a significant decrease in the root length of Pinus koraiensis at the 80 % shading level compared to direct sunlight, indicating that the impact of shading treatment on root length varies among species. ...
This study investigated the suitable shading levels for Peperomia species and cultivars, a genus within the Piperaceae family known for its ornamental value as an indoor plant. We examined the effects of four different shading levels (45, 60, 75, and 99 %) using polyethylene (PE) shading films on four Peperomia species and cultivars, namely: P. obtusifolia (L.) A.Dietr., P. quadrangularis (J.V.Thomps.) A.Dietr., P. caperata Yunck. ‘Eden Rosso’, and P. caperata ‘Napoli Nights’. After an eight-week cultivation period, we assessed plant sizes, biomass (i.e. fresh and dry weight), leaf color, chlorophyll content (SPAD units), and five chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦDo, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, and PIABS) in Peperomia species and cultivars. The results indicated that P. obtusifolia and ‘Eden Rosso’ exhibited the best growth performance within the 45-75 % shading range, whereas P. quadrangularis and ‘Napoli Nights’ showed optimal performance at the 45 and 60 % shading levels, respectively. All species and cultivars demonstrated reduced growth and biomass under the 99 % shading level, hypothesized to be due to restricted CO2 assimilation under low-light conditions. Leaf color, measured by CIE76 color-difference (ΔE* ab) analysis based on the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage Lab (CIELAB) color space, remained relatively constant across four different shading levels. Analyses of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence revealed that high shading levels might deactivate some reaction centers, although the overall photosynthetic efficiency appeared largely unaffected. The performance index (PIABS) suggested that except for P. quadrangularis, which peaked at the 60 % shading level, P. obtusifolia, ‘Eden Rosso’, and ‘Napoli Nights’ generally performed well under the 45- 75 % shading levels. Therefore, Peperomia plants are capable of tolerating broad shading conditions, except for excessively high shading (99 % shading level). These results indicate that providing suitable shading levels is effective in improving the growth and photosynthetic activity of those several Peperomia species and cultivars.
... 바이오매스 (biomass) 분석에서 단삼의 지상부 생체중은 12 과거 연구에서 춘화처리한 배추 (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis 'Qingtai No. 4')는 12 h·d -1 -18 h·d -1 범위의 광주기 내에서 16 h·d -1 의 광주기일 때 가장 높은 생체중을 나타내는 것으로 보고되었으며 (Liu et al., 2023), 새싹 채소용 비트의 건물중 과 샐러드무 (Raphanus sativus)의 바이오매스는 16 h·d -1 처리 구에서 가장 높게 나타나 (Guo et al., 2019; Hernández-광주기의 영향을 받은 단삼의 생장 매개변수의 결과를 종합 하여 볼 때, 지상부와 지하부를 막론하고 크기가 크고 무거운 바이오매스를 가진 식물체를 생산하기 위해서는 12 h·d -1 -16 h·d -1 범위의 광주기에서 재배하는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 판 단된다. 2. 단삼의 외적품질 변화 식물의 외적품질은 소비자의 직관적 평가에 영향을 미치기 때문에 충분히 고려되어야 할 사항이며 (Lee and Nam, 2023), 오랜 시간에 걸친 비생물적 스트레스는 식물의 생장뿐 만 아니라 외적품질에도 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 주의해야 한다(Nam et al., 2022). 잎의 외적품질에 관한 결과에서 명도 (lightness)를 나타내는 색공간 (color space) 매개변수인 CIELAB L * 값은 처리간 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다(Table 3). ...
Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is commonly used as a health-promoting tea in China. This study investigated and analyzed the improvements in S. miltiorrhiza growth, external quality, vegetation indices, and photosynthetic performance through photoperiod control. Methods and Results: The study was conducted with four different photoperiods: 8, 12, 16, and 24 hours of light period (h·d-1). The results showed that the 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 photoperiods were most effective for promoting shoot growth. This was determined by evaluating plant sizes, shoot biomass; various remote sensing vegetation indices including normalized difference vegetation index, photochemical reflectance index, and modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index; and five chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, ΦDo, ABS/RC, DIo/RC, and PIABS). Similarly, the root growth, root biomass, and external quality parameters (CIELAB color space values and visual score) indicated that a 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 photoperiod was the most effective. Conversely, continuous light conditions for 24 h·d-1 photoperiod significantly decreased most growth parameters and both shoot and root external qualities, suggesting inefficiency in such conditions. Conclusions: Therefore, the study recommends cultivating S. miltiorrhiza under a 12 h·d-1 - 16 h·d-1 range photoperiod to improve the growth, external qualities, and physiological characteristics.
... 단삼의 생장과 외적품질을 향상시키기 위한 주야간 온도의 실험적 제어 al., 2021b), 호야(Hoya carnosa)와 스파티필름(Spathiphyllum wallisii)(Lee et al., 2021a), 자주꿩의비름(Hylotelephium telephium)(Nam et al., 2022)이 큰 초폭으로 넓은 수광면적을 나타낼 때 엽록소 수치도 함께 증가하였다는 결과와 일치하였 다. 따라서 적정 재배온도에서는 초장과 초폭의 증가와 동시에 동일 면적 대비 엽록소 함량의 증가를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판 단된다. 지상부 생체중과 건물중은 24/19, 28/23, 32/27°C 처리구 모두 던컨의 다중검정 결과에서 동등한 유의수준을 나타냈 다. 한편, 지상부의 생체중 및 건물중과 동일하게 지하부 생체중과 건물중 또한 24/19, 28/23, 32/27°C 처리구에서 동등한 유 의수준을 나타냈다. ...
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medicinal crop belonging to the Lamiaceae family. It is commonly used in China as an ingredient in health-promoting teas that enhance immunity and prevent diseases. Although some Korean local farmers have reported that S. miltiorrhiza grows vigorously in high temperatures and produces roots with a deep red color, there is no clear evidence or literature to confirm this. Therefore, this study investigated the growth and external quality of S. miltiorrhiza in response to different day and night temperature levels. Day and night temperature treatments were designed into four levels: 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, and 32/27°C, respectively. Among the parameters related to plant sizes, the shoot height and number of roots showed the highest values in the 32/27°C treatment, while other parameters, particularly the shoot width and root length exhibited the highest values in the 28/23°C treatment. In contrast, the majority of parameters, including the fresh weight and dry weight, which are indicative of root biomass, were lowest in the 20/15°C treatment, suggesting that S. miltiorrhiza, a species that prefers relatively high temperatures, thrives in warmer conditions. Importantly, the root fresh and dry weights, which are likely to be correlated with the market value of S. miltiorrhiza, showed the same significance levels within the temperature range of 24/19–32/27°C, but not in the relatively low-temperature treatment of 20/15°C. Thus, cultivation of S. miltiorrhiza is deemed feasible within all temperature ranges except for 20/15°C, with optimal conditions falling within the temperature range of 24/19–32/27°C. The CIELAB a* value, associated with red color, was highest in the comprehensive assessment of the 32/27°C treatment. Moreover, in the 32/27°C treatment, the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) color chart values were found to indicate a deep reddish or brown-red color, with readings of 166B and 174A. Additionally, the root color obtained the highest visual score in the 32/27°C treatment. Based on previous studies, a* is considered to be related to the content and quantities of tanshinones and other hydrophilic phenolic compounds, which are effective components associated with the orange-red color. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate S. miltiorrhiza at a high temperature of 32/27°C to achieve high growth rates, excellent external quality, and produce superior S. miltiorrhiza plants.
... Developed to overcome the limitations of Hunter Lab, which was introduced in 1958, CIELAB is characterized by the inclusion of asterisks in its notation, represented as L * , a * , and b * as opposed to L, a, and b in Hunter Lab (Lee and Nam, 2022a). CIELAB has been widely applied in various horticultural studies, such as external quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables (Cho et al., 2021;Kim et al., 2022;2022e), ornamental flower crops (Jang et al., 2023;Park et al., 2023;Shin et al., 2022), and succulent plants (Lee, 2023;Nam et al., 2022), and serves as an excellent parameter for describing the qualitative quality of plants. Therefore, CIELAB is expected to be useful for evaluating leaf color in succulent plants. ...
Senecio haworthii is a succulent plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Optimal growth conditions for this species have not been well-established. In this study, we investigated the optimal day/night temperature range for enhancing the growth and ornamental quality of S. haworthii. Four day/night temperature treatments were designed as follows: 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, and 32/27°C. Based on the plant sizes and biomass analysis, the best growth performance was determined to be achieved under a relatively low-temperature treatment of 20/15°C. Conversely, the 32/27°C treatment resulted in the lowest growth rates, likely attributed to decreased leaf function caused by prolonged exposure to high-temperature conditions. Additionally, leaf color analysis using the CIELAB color space revealed that CIELAB L* , representing lightness, and CIELAB a* , indicating green-red opponent colors, proportionally increased with the rise in day/night temperature levels. Previous studies have reported an inverse relationship between L* and plant growth parameters. Consistent with previous research, the treatment at 32/27°C, which exhibited the lowest growth, showed higher L* values. Conversely, the CIELAB b* value, representing blue-yellow opponent colors, was highest under the 20/15°C treatment, suggesting leaf-yellowing tendencies in relatively lower temperature conditions. Based on the color difference analysis using CIE76 color difference (ΔE*ab), temperatures of 20/15 and 24/19°C were used as reference points; under these conditions, the temperatures of 28/23 and 32/27°C were evaluated as having a ‘small color difference’. Therefore, even with significant differences in day/night temperatures, no noticeable differences were concluded to be found in leaf color. Based on these findings, cultivating S. haworthii in relatively low-temperature conditions of around 20/15°C is concluded to be advantageous for enhancing both plant growth and ornamental quality compared to higher temperature conditions such as 32/27°C.
... (Lee and Nam, 2023b); of these, the CIELAB system is a three-dimensional color space defined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) of France in 1976 (Lee et al., 2022c). Since the surface color of plants is a factor that helps consumers to intuitively evaluate the external quality, it should be fully considered (Lee and Nam, 2023c , shading levels (Lee and Nam, 2023a;Nam et al., 2022), and light quality (Lee and Nam, 2023c) reported that L * also increases when the growth and development of plants are ...
Background and objective: The genus Viola, a member of the Violaceae family, is renowned for its ornamental flower crops. Additionally, Viola species are relatively pest-resistant and easy to manage. They are widely used in gardens, and some of their flowers are even edible. In this study, our focus was on V. cornuta cv. Penny Red Wing (hereinafter referred to as ‘Penny Red Wing’), an experimental plant chosen for its high ornamental value and rapid growth. Methods: We applied a purple light-emitting diode (LED) and three types of white LEDs with varying color temperatures: 3000, 4100, and 6500 K, respectively, as artificial light sources. Notably, purple LED have a far-red wavelength (700-800 nm) ratio of approximately 17.6% in their spectral power distribution. Results: The findings indicated that several parameters exhibited higher values under purple LED: shoot size parameters, shoot biomass, moisture content of shoots and roots, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCARI), total number of flowers, flower size parameters, scent score, Fv/Fm, and PIABS. However, the 6500 K white LED led to higher evaluations of root length, number of shoots and leaves, root biomass, moisture content of shoots and roots, Fv/Fm, and PIABS. Nevertheless, it was observed that shoot growth was relatively hindered, and the flowering responses were inadequate under the 6500 K white LED, suggesting their unsuitability for the mass production of ‘Penny Red Wing’. Furthermore, the 3000 and 4100 K white LEDs were also deemed unsuitable for cultivating ‘Penny Red Wing’ due to their lower cultivation efficiency. Conclusion: ‘Penny Red Wing’ was evaluated as having superior growth, flowering, and chlorophyll fluorescence responses under purple LED, indicating that the far-red wavelength had a more pronounced effect compared to the green wavelength (500-600 nm). Therefore, we recommend cultivating this cultivar under purple LED, which include the far-red wavelength.
... Previous studies were conducted on the growth of succulent plants according to shading levels (Lee et al., 2021b;2022c;Nam et al., 2022), the effect of shading treatment on the growth of ornamental flower crops (Jang et al., 2022;Kwon et al., 2020;Park and Kim, 2021), and adequate shading levels for vegetables and tea tree (Cao et al., 2022;Shim and Jeon, 2022;Sim et al., 2021). As such, studies reported different results for various plant species, and it is also necessary to investigate the most suitable shading level for the cultivation of M. cordifolium f. ...
Background and objective: Mesembryanthemum cordifolium is a plant belonging to the Aizoaceae family and is native to South Africa and Namibia. As a CAM plant, M. cordifolium exhibits strong resistance to drought stress and can be utilized for the removal of soil salinity and heavy metals. Furthermore, it is an important medicinal crop with anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. However, despite its potential benefits, research on the optimal growth environment for M. cordifolium remains scarce. Methods: Therefore, this study selected M. cordifolium f. variegata with high ornamental value as the experimental plant and compared the effects of different shading levels on the growth and leaf color quality of variegated baby sun rose (M. cordifolium f. variegata). Six shading levels (0, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 99%, respectively) were designed using polyethylene (PE) shading films. Results: The results showed that the shoot height, shoot width, dry weight, and chlorophyll content (SPAD units) were highest under the 60% shading level, while leaf length, leaf width, and fresh weight were highest under the 75% shading level. On the other hand, growth was relatively lower under the 0% shading level, which suggests that M. cordifolium f. variegata prefers shade over direct sunlight. On the contrary, M. cordifolium f. variegata showed growth even under the 99% shading level, proving to have strong shade tolerance, but the leaf color quality was lowerst. Conclusion: In conclusion, to significantly increase the size and biomass of plants and improve leaf color quality when cultivating M. cordifolium f. variegata under shading treatment, it is recommended to cultivate it under 60-75% shading levels.
... 그러나 3000 K 백색 LED 처리구와 6500 K 백색 LED 처리구 간의 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않아 녹색파장이 엽록소 수치의 증대와 관련이 있는지에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.CIELAB 색공간(color space)은 명도(L * ), 적색-녹색(a * ), 황색-청색(b * )을 기반으로 한 3가지 값을 제공한다. CIELAB는 산업과 연구에 분야에서 광범위하게 사용되는데, 식품이나 임산물의 품질 평가(Eitenmiller et al., 2011;Schulz et al., 2021), 식물체의 품 질평가(Cabahug et al., 2020;Kim et al., 2022;Lee et al., 2021;Nam et al., 2022;Park et al., 2021) 등에 이용된다. 엽색은 식물 의 표면적 품질에 대한 직관적인 평가가 가능하도록 하는 요소이며 소비자의 선택에 큰 영향을 미치므로 충분히 고려되어야할 항목이 다. 이때, 잎의 명도는 보라색 LED 처리구에서 가장 높은 39.09로 나타났는데, 이는 3000 K 백색 LED 처리구에 비해 7.83%, 6500 K 백색 LED 처리구에 비해 9.05% 높게 나타난 수치다. ...
The genus Sempervivum plants are members of the Crassulaceae family that is widely distributed in Eurasia and North Africa. Various species in Sempervivum have shown the potential to be used as medicinal crops in several studies in the past. Nowadays, succulents under this genus have gained popularity as ornamental plants. To increase its ornamental value and determine proper cultivation practices, a basic investigation of indoor factors, especially on lighting conditions is deemed necessary. This study aims to determine the effects of types of LED light qualities on the growth and leaf color of S. ‘Black Top’ (hereinafter referred to as ‘Black Top’) which could increase its market value. ‘Black Top’ were grown under three types of LED light qualities for indoor cultivation for 18 weeks. Results indicated that the tallest plants were grown under 3000 K white LED (peak 455, 600 nm) while the highest leaf length of plants was grown in purple LED (peak 450, 650 nm) treatments. Leaf width was not significantly affected by treatments. On the other hand, fresh weight was found to be highest under 6500 K white LED (peak 450, 545 nm), while dry weight was found that 3000 K white LED and 6500 K white LED had the same significance level. The highest chlorophyll content was taken from those grown under 6500 K white LED and the lowest in the purple LED, which suggests that balanced spectral distribution relatively produces increased chlorophyll content. In the analysis of CIELAB leaf color reading values, L* (color lightness) was found highest in the purple LED which suggests that if the spectrum was biased to one wavelength, it would produce unfavorable leaf color quality of ‘Black Top’. Based on these results, ‘Black Top’ are recommended to be grown under 3000 K and 6500 K white LED compared to purple LED to increase plant sizes and improve leaf color quality.
Cichorium intybus, a leafy vegetable belonging to the Asteraceae family, is known for its potential health benefits and the inclusion of various bioactive compounds and indigestible oligosaccharides that improve liver function and aid in fatigue recovery. In this study, we evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) light qualities on the growth, vegetation indices, and photosynthesis of the C. intybus cultivars ‘Asia Sugar’ and ‘Rossa Italiana’, grown in a closed nursery facility. LED light treatments included seven types of monochromatic, composite, and white LEDs (i.e., red, green, blue; purple; 3000, 4100, and 6500 K white LEDs) applied to these cultivars. The results showed that ‘Asia Sugar’ reached its largest size under the 3000 and 4100 K white LED treatments, whereas ‘Rossa Italiana’ exhibited the highest growth under the 3000 K white LED light treatment. An analysis of monochromatic light revealed that red LED light increased plant sizes and weights compared to blue LED light, and a higher distribution of red wavelengths within the white light spectrum positively influenced plant sizes and weights. With regard to increasing plant weights, both cultivars performed best under 3000 and 4100 K white LEDs, similar to the results for plant sizes. In contrast, ‘Asia Sugar’ showed the most favorable vegetation and photosynthetic indices under 4100 and 6500 K white LEDs, while the ‘Rossa Italiana’ showed the most favorable photosynthetic indices and chlorophyll content (SPAD units) under 6500 K white LED, opposite to the plant size results. These findings provide valuable insights into how specific LED light qualities can be optimized to enhance the growth and physiological responses of Cichorium intybus cultivars seedlings.
Taraxacum coreanum, a member of the Asteraceae family, is endemic to Korea and has high potential as a medicinal crop. However, as the cultivation method for T. coreanum has not been clearly established, it is necessary to discuss the proper method by which to raise seedlings. In this study, the effects of the shading levels on growth and photosynthetic responses of T. coreanum were investigated. The shading treatment in this study had five levels: 35, 45, 60, 75, and 99%, respectively, designed with polyethylene shade films. The plant height, plant width, leaf length, and leaf width were highest with the 75% shading level, while the root length, root fresh weight, and dry weight tended to increase as the shading level decreased. The fresh and dry weights of the shoots were highest at the 60–75% shading levels. PIABS, representing the performance index on an absorption basis, was highest at 7.13 at the 60% shading level, showing a trend similar to that of the fresh weight and dry weight of the shoots. The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) was 0.83–0.84 at shading levels of 35–75%, but it decreased to 0.74 at the 99% shading level. ΦDo, ABS/RC, and DIo/RC showed equal significance levels from shading levels of 35–75% and belonged to the normal range. However, these indicators of stress were highest at the 99% shading level, indicating that setting an excessively high shading level could significantly inactivate the reaction center of PSII. In conclusion, for the cultivation of T. coreanum under different shading levels, it is recommended to utilize shading levels of 60–75% to enhance the shoot sizes and fresh and dry weights significantly. Additionally, for significant enhancements in root length and growth, it is recommended to use shading levels of 35–75%, specifically excluding the 99% shading level.
