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Photos of some Dasyphyllum species. (A) Dasyphyllum reticulatum (DC.) Cabrera. (B) Dasyphyllum sprengelianum (Gardner) Cabrera. (C) Dasyphyllum brasiliense (Spreng.) Cabrera. (D) Dasyphyllum leptacanthum (Gardner) Cabrera. (E) Dasyphyllum diamantinense Saavedra & M.Monge. (F) Dasyphyllum flagellare (Casar.) Cabrera. Photo credits: Photographs by Cláudio N. Fraga, except A (by Mariana M. Saavedra) and B (by Paola L. Ferreira). Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6475/fig-1
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Dasyphyllum Kunth is the most diverse genus of the South American subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), comprising 33 species that occur in tropical Andes, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Chaco. Based on distribution, variation in anther apical appendages, and leaf venation pattern, it has traditionally been divided into two subgenera, na...
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... is the largest genus in Barnadesioideae, comprising 33 species (Saavedra, 2011;Saavedra et al., 2018; Fig. 1) distributed from Venezuela to Northwestern Argentina, but absent in the Amazon region (Cabrera, 1959;Saavedra, 2011;Saavedra, Monge & Guimarães, 2014). The genus is morphologically diverse and can be distinguished from the other genera of Barnadesioideae by including trees, shrubs, and woody vines with pairs of straight, curved, or ...
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... (11 species). The two sections are distinguished by involucre size and capitula arrangement with section Macrocephala having involucre longer than 20 mm in length and arranged in a solitary or small group of heads (Figs. 1A and 1B) and section Microcephala having heads arranged in synflorescence (corymbiform cymes) smaller than 18 mm in length (Figs. 1C-1F). Nonetheless, the treatment by Cabrera (1959) often relied on a single and narrow morphological concept to define the species. Due to the great morphological variation, floristic studies undertaken in Brazil have shown that many characteristics overlap; thus casting doubt on species delimitation (Roque & Pirani, 1997;Saavedra et al., ...
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... of them were classified in two sections using the same morphological definition for sections provided by Cabrera (1959), that is, Dasyphyllum Cabrera with 24 species, and Macrocephala Baker ex Saavedra with six species; and the remaining three species Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6475/ fig-1 ( D. diacanthoides, D. excelsum belonging to D. subgenus Archidasyphyllum, and D. hystrix) were placed as incertae sedis. Several phylogenetic studies aiming to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within Barnadesioideae have included species of Dasyphyllum (Bremer, 1994;Stuessy, Sang & DeVore, 1996;Gustafsson et al., 2001;Urtubey & Stuessy, 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009) but none of them representative of taxon sampling from each genus. ...
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... ILD test did not indicate incongruences between the plastid and combined datasets (P > 0.05), thus allowing both to be used for further phylogenetic analyses. Moreover, based on the results of BP and PP (>80), we did not find any evidence of significant incongruence among the relationships that differed between the trees ( Fig. 2; Figs. S1-S4). Therefore, we decided to discuss our results based on the combined analysis of the three regions as it includes the largest number of taxa (Fig. 2). Our combined alignment consisted of 2,414 bp (trnl-trnF = 912 bp; psbA-trnH = 537; ITS = 965 bp) for 63 taxa (see summary statistics for each dataset in Table ...
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... all phylogenetic hypotheses, Dasyphyllum was found to be non-monophyletic due to the highly supported position of D. diacanthoides and D. excelsum (formely subgenus Archidasyphyllum) as sister clade to Fulcaldea and Arnaldoa (Fig. 2, Node 1 PA BP 76%, ML BP 98%, PP 1). However, at the intrageneric level, both currently-accepted sections (Dasyphyllum and Macrocephala) were found to be non-monophyletic. (Fig. S4) and combined phylogenies (Fig. 2) ...
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... phylogenetic analyses show that, as traditionally circumscribed, Dasyphyllum is non-monophyletic due to the well-supported placement of D. diacanthoides and D. excelsum, which belong to Dasyphyllum subg. Archidasyphyllum, sensu Cabrera (1959), in a clade sister to Arnaldoa and Fulcaldea ( Fig. 2; Figs. S1-S4), a finding that confirms previous studies based on molecular data ( Gustafsson et al., 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Funk & Roque, 2011;Padin, Calviño & Ezcurra, 2015). Despite their shared Andean distribution, the clade comprising Arnaldoa, Fulcaldea, D. diacanthoides, and D. excelsum is morphologically diverse and well-defined into ...
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Premise:
Hybrid capture with high-throughput sequencing (Hyb-Seq) is a powerful tool for evolutionary studies. The applicability of an Asteraceae family-specific Hyb-Seq probe set and the outcomes of different phylogenetic analyses are investigated here.
Methods:
Hyb-Seq data from 112 Asteraceae samples were organized into groups at different ta...
Citations
... Several phylogenetic analyses among genera of Barnadesioideae have confirmed monophyly of the group [summary in Roque and Funk (2013)] and have also revealed well-supported and congruent inter-generic relationships (Gruenstaeudl et al. 2009, Ferreira et al. 2019 Fig. 1), except for Dasyphyllum Kunth. The first phylogenetic analyses were based on morphological data (e.g. ...
... The first phylogenetic analyses were based on morphological data (e.g. Bremer 1994, Stuessy et al. 1996, Urtubey and Stuessy 2001 followed by more precise analyses using molecular sequences (Gustafsson et al. 2001, Gruenstaeudl et al. 2009, Ferreira et al. 2019. All analyses reveal that the genera group into four evolutionary clades: (1) Chuquiraga Juss., Doniophyton Wedd., and Duseniella K.Schum.; ...
... Chloroplast sequences have shown relationships of the genus with Archidasyphyllum, Fulcaldea, and Arnaldoa (Gustafsson et al. 2001), Barnadesia and Huarpea (Gruendstaeudl et al. 2009), or even Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Duseniella (Funk and Roque 2011). But detailed morphological phylogenetic analyses (Urtubey and Stuessy 2001) and results from combined nuclear and chloroplast markers (Ferreira et al. 2019) have suggested that Schlechtendalia is the sister genus to the subfamily. More importantly, the most recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using target sequence capture involving 942 nuclear loci and more than 100 chloroplast genes (Ferreira et al. 2022) have confirmed that Schlechtendalia is, indeed, the sister group to the rest of the subfamily (Fig. 1). ...
Based on molecular phylogenetic studies, Barnadesioideae have been proposed to be the basal subfamily of Asteraceae. This is a complex of
10 genera and 87 species distributed primarily along the Andean mountains, Patagonia, and into southern Brazil and Uruguay. Phylogenetic
analyses have recovered all genera as monophyletic groups and have provided insights to their inter-relationships. Four generic clades have
been substantiated: (1) Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Duseniella; (2) Dasyphyllum; (3) Barnadesia and Huarpea; and (4) Archidasyphyllum,
Arnaldoa, and Fulcaldea. The remaining genus, the monospecific Schlechtendalia, has been an outlier in the subfamily, with some previous
analyses recovering it as basal for the entire subfamily, and others showing it as sister to Barnadesia and Huarpea (with weak support) as
well as to other genera. Recent massive sampling of loci has confirmed Schlechtendalia as the sister genus for the subfamily. Schlechtendalia
luzulifolia has morphology atypical for Asteraceae. The capitula are loose aggregations of florets, and the leaves are long and strap shaped,
more reminiscent of monocots. Morphological and anatomical investigations of the leaves reveal long, laminar blades with parallelodromous
vascularization. The vesture is often with ‘barnadesioid trichomes’, especially towards the base of the plant, plus additional uniseriate trichomes consisting of 3 to many cells, newly reported for the subfamily. Some glandular trichomes with 2-4 short cells also occur. The transverse
anatomy of the leaves reveals a single epidermal layer on both surfaces, which also contain the stomata (the leaf being amphistomatic). The
mesophyll is undifferentiated; the vascular traces are surrounded by sclerenchyma that not only encircles the traces but also extends towards
the epidermis and connects with it. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Schlechtendalia are divergent in comparison with other
genera of the subfamily. Chuquiraga, Doniophyton, and Huarpea have leaf adaptations for survival in xeric habitats, such as dense pubescence,
grey surfaces, and revolute margins. Schlechtendalia, in contrast, is adapted to a more mesic environment, especially near the Atlantic Ocean
and along the Uruguay and La Plata rivers. The leaves are oriented upright, which correlates with undifferentiated mesophyll and stomata
on both epidermal layers. The stem is an underground rhizome, an adaptation that permits survival during seasonal drought in the austral
summer in Uruguay and adjacent regions. It is hypothesized that Schlechtendalia may have become adapted to more mesic environments in
the Miocene prior to the rise of the Andes and development of the modern arid environments, into which many of the other genera of the
subfamily subsequently radiated.
... Here, we assess the impact of missing genomic data using empirical datasets for a morphologically and taxonomically diverse clade of the sunflower family (Asteraceae/Compositae), the subfamily Barnadesioideae (Fig. 1). This clade is endemic to South America, where it comprises ten genera and 80 species distributed from Venezuela to Argentina in dry areas along the Andes Ferreira et al., 2019;Ferreira et al., 2021). The clade is sister to the rest of the family (Bremer, 1987;Jansen et al., 1991), with species in this clade being readily distinguished from the remainder of the family by their axillary spines and trichome morphology (Cabrera, 1959;Urtubey, 1999;Erbar and Leins, 2000;Ferreira et al., 2021). ...
... The clade is sister to the rest of the family (Bremer, 1987;Jansen et al., 1991), with species in this clade being readily distinguished from the remainder of the family by their axillary spines and trichome morphology (Cabrera, 1959;Urtubey, 1999;Erbar and Leins, 2000;Ferreira et al., 2021). Understanding the relationships within Barnadesioideae is challenging due to conflicting inferences of generic relationships and the monophyly of genera and species (Hansen, 1991;Bremer, 1994;Stuessy et al., 1996;Gustafsson et al., 2001;Urtubey and Stuessy, 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Padin et al., 2015;Ferreira et al., 2019). ...
... Given the disjunct distribution and morphological variability of Chuquiraga jussieui, individuals from two populations were sampled. Within the three largest genera, Chuquiraga (Ezcurra, 1985), Barnadesia (Urtubey, 1999), and Dasyphyllum (Saavedra, 2011;Saavedra et al., 2014;Saavedra et al., 2018) taxa were selected to span their infrageneric classification or to represent major clades inferred in previous molecular phylogenies (Gustafsson et al., 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Padin et al., 2015;Ferreira et al., 2019). We further included 13 outgroups from NCBI The subfamily is a suitable model for investigating the impact of missing data on phylogenomics due to its wide morphological and ecological variation and renowned taxonomic challenges. ...
Target sequence capture has emerged as a powerful method to sequence hundreds or thousands of genomic regions in a cost- and time-efficient approach. In most cases, however, targeted regions lack full sequence information for certain samples, due to taxonomic, laboratory, or stochastic factors. Loci lacking molecular data for a large number of samples are commonly excluded from downstream analyses, even though they may still contain valuable information. On the other hand, including data-poor loci may bias phylogenetic analyses. Here we use a target sequence capture dataset of an ecologically and taxonomically diverse group of spiny sunflowers (Asteraceae, or Compositae: Barnadesioideae) to test how the inclusion or exclusion of such data-poor loci affects phylogenetic inference. We investigate the sensitivity of concatenation and coalescent approaches to missing data with matrices of varying taxonomic completeness by filtering loci with different proportions of missing samples prior to data analysis. We find that missing data affect both the topology and branch support of the resulting phylogenies. The matrix containing all loci yielded the overall highest node support values, independently of the amount of missing nucleotides. These results provide empirical support to earlier suggestions based on single genes and data simulations that taxa with high amounts of missing data should not be readily dismissed as they can provide essential information for phylogenomic reconstruction.
... Molecular studies of Barnadesioideae have led to detailed trees of the subfamily (Gustaffson et al., 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo, 2019). However, what would an ancestral barnadesioid, and presumably the ancestor for the family, look like? ...
Asteraceae subfamily Barnadesioideae (ten genera, c. 90 species), confined to South America, are sister to the remainder of the family. The relative antiquity of the barnadesioids might lead one to expect that they contain more wood features plesiomorphic for the family, but only one character clearly falls in that category. Pits on imperforate tracheary elements are bordered (except for annuals), whereas simple pits occur in two related families, Calyceraceae (part) and Stylidiaceae (all that have been examined); in Goodeniaceae bordered pits only occur. By attaining fully bordered pits in Chuquiraga, the imperforate tracheary elements qualify as an apomorphy, ‘neotracheids’, valuable for resisting embolism formation in dry and cold South American habitats. Neotracheids are found also in Loricaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae), also from these habitats. Neotracheids, like plesiomorphic tracheids, are conductive, unlike fibre tracheids and libriform fibres. Other barnadesioid wood characters adapted to cold and drought include grouping of vessels, high vessel density, shorter vessel elements and helical sculpture (including helical thickenings on lumen-facing walls) of secondary xylem vessels. In Chuquiraga and Dasyphyllum, these helical thickenings are bordered in some species (new report for angiosperms). Some of the barnadesioid adaptations to cold and drought can be found in North American Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae: Anthemideae), especially in montane and desert areas. Wood features of barnadesioids match their respective habits and habitats: a few trees; shrubs of humid, dry or desert areas; a distinctive rhizomatous succulent in the pampas (Schlechtendalia); a scree/gravel perennial (Huarpea) and two genera of annuals, one with succulent leaves (Duseniella) and one with rayless (at least at first) stems in arid and open soils (Doniophyton). Diversity is unusual considering the small size of the subfamily. Examples of endodermal crystals (Arnaldoa only), pith sclereids and primary xylem fibres are cited.
... Despite previous studies on the evolution of Barnadesioideae, understanding the relationships within the subfamily remains a challenge. Today, there is no doubt that the subfamily is monophyletic (Gustafsson et al. 2001, Padin et al. 2015b, Ferreira et al. 2019, Mandel et al. 2019. However, previous phylogenetic analyses have provided different hypotheses regarding the monophyly of the subfamily, the relationships between genera, infrageneric classification, and also species delimitation (Bremer 1994, Stuessy et al. 1996, Gustafsson et al. 2001, Urtubey & Stuessy 2001, Padin et al. 2015b, Ferreira et al. 2019. ...
... Today, there is no doubt that the subfamily is monophyletic (Gustafsson et al. 2001, Padin et al. 2015b, Ferreira et al. 2019, Mandel et al. 2019. However, previous phylogenetic analyses have provided different hypotheses regarding the monophyly of the subfamily, the relationships between genera, infrageneric classification, and also species delimitation (Bremer 1994, Stuessy et al. 1996, Gustafsson et al. 2001, Urtubey & Stuessy 2001, Padin et al. 2015b, Ferreira et al. 2019. Previous phylogenetic results could have been affected by the taxa selected, choice of the molecular regions, and the phylogenetic reconstruction method 1. Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera) P.L. Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo (2019: 13) Type:-Archidasyphyllum diacanthoides (Less.) ...
... Distribution and habitat:-Archidasyphyllum comprise two species restricted to the Nothofagus (southern beech) forest (broadleaf and mixed beech forest) of central Chile and adjacent central-western areas of Argentina from above an altitude of 1,200 m a.s.l. (Cabrera 1959, Ferreira et al. 2019. corolla length, bristles whitish. ...
The subfamily Barnadesioideae (Compositae) is endemic to South America, comprising 10 genera and 80 species of mostly spiny herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, trees, or woody vines distributed from Venezuela to Argentina. Three genera, Dasyphyllum(27 species), Chuquiraga (22 spp.) and Barnadesia (19 spp.) contain 85% of the species, while the other seven genera (Archidasyphyllum, Arnaldoa, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Fulcaldea, Huarpea, and Schlechtendalia) are represented by up to three species each. Most species are found in xeric areas in the Andean and Patagonian regions—as in the Páramos, Puna and Patagonian steppe vegetation—with a secondary center of diversity in eastern South America. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses have clarified the relationships within the subfamily, showing that there are many non-monophyletic groups in different taxonomic ranks. As a result, taxonomic changes have been proposed over recent decades in order to reflect classifications comprising only monophyletic groups. In the present study, we provide a generic synopsis of the subfamily Barnadesioideae based on the most recent generic circumscriptions, including a key, expanded morphological descriptions, information on geographical distribution and habitat, photographs and taxonomic notes for all genera.
... and Dasyphyllum subgen. Archidasyphyllum Cabrera (Barnadesioideae, Asteraceae), which has been recovered in several studies (Gustafsson et al., 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Funk and Roque, 2011;Ferreira et al., 2019). The former two genera are distributed in seasonally dry forests of the Central Andes with one disjunct species in the Caatinga domain of NE Brazil, while the latter is restricted to central and southern Chile and Argentina (Fig. 1) and has been segregated into the new genus Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera) P.L. Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo (Ferreira et al., 2019). ...
... Archidasyphyllum Cabrera (Barnadesioideae, Asteraceae), which has been recovered in several studies (Gustafsson et al., 2001;Gruenstaeudl et al., 2009;Funk and Roque, 2011;Ferreira et al., 2019). The former two genera are distributed in seasonally dry forests of the Central Andes with one disjunct species in the Caatinga domain of NE Brazil, while the latter is restricted to central and southern Chile and Argentina (Fig. 1) and has been segregated into the new genus Archidasyphyllum (Cabrera) P.L. Ferreira, Saavedra & Groppo (Ferreira et al., 2019). However, no historical biogeographical study has addressed the question of the timing and ancestral range of this clade. ...
... Barnadesioideae is a monophyletic subfamily of Asteraceae, sister to the rest of the family and comprising ten genera distributed throughout the South American continent (Ortiz et al., 2009;Ferreira et al., 2019). Within this group we focused on three genera, Fulcaldea (two species), Arnaldoa (three species) and Archidasyphyllum (two species). ...
Disjunct clades between the southern and the tropical Andes represent a biogeographical pattern that has not been studied. One of the plant groups showing this disjunction is the clade formed by the genera Archidasyphyllum, Arnaldoa and Fulcaldea (Asteraceae, Barnadesioideae). Archidasyphyllum is distributed in central and southern Chile and adjacent Argentina and is sister to the latter two, which in turn form a clade centered in northern Peru and southern Ecuador, with one species of Fulcaldea in Bahia, Brazil. The western American clades are separated by a distance of ca. 2500 km in direct line and have no representatives through the entire arid and hyperarid regions of the Pacific deserts and the dry Puna. We hypothesized that the Neogene origin of aridity in this intervening area might be responsible for this disjunction. To address this hypothesis, we estimated divergence times and ancestral range and quantified the climatic niches of the respective clades and compared them to each other and with the intervening area. Our results suggest a Miocene split of this clade from an ancestor previously distributed in the Central Andes, where the species of this clade are currently absent. Colonization of NE Brazil by Fulcaldea may have occurred during the Pliocene. The niche analysis rejects climatic niche conservatism and the intervening area is found to be climatically different from the current ranges occupied by either clade. We suggest that the global cooling trend in the Miocene and concomitant hyperaridity in the Pacific deserts and southern Central Andean highlands played a crucial role in the formation of this disjunct pattern and that the climatic niches of each clade have subsequently shifted in different directions.
... Apple Cucumber is considered to be a subspecies of Melon in Indonesia as suggested by this study. Not only this study, a new subspecies through phylogenetic analysis has been proposed by many researchers in angiosperm group (Zeng et al. 2014) such as in Dasyphyllum (Ferreira et al. 2019). On the basis of detailed quantitative and qualitative morpho-agronomic characters (141 characters), these two plants are different (Saputro et al. 2020). ...
Cucurbitaceae is one of the largest family in Angiosperm in which the most
member of this family is important fruit crops in Indonesia such as Cucumber,
Melon, Watermelon, and Apple Cucumber. In particular, Apple Cucumber,
currently attracts attention to many researchers due to its phylogenetic and
taxonomic problem. In term of its appearance, the fruit looks like an apple but the
taste is melon. The purpose of this study was to elucidatephylogenetic relationship
between Apple Cucumber and other species of Cucurbitaceae based on variation
of DNA sequences derived from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. As many
as six individuals of Apple Cucumber collected from Karawang, Jember, and
Aceh were examined. The ITS sequences of some species of family Cucurbitaceae
were retrieved from GenBank, and put them in the analysis. Phylogenetic analysis
based on parsimony method with using Begoniaas outgroup reveals that Apple
Cucumber are nested in the same clade as Melon (Cucumis melo) with high
bootstrap value (100%), suggesting that Apple Cucumber is under the same
species as Melon. However, on the basis of morphological characters of fruit, apple
cucumber is different with that of Melon. This considerably first phylogenetics
treatment provides fundamental knowledge for establishing a subspecies of Melon.
... Later, a phylogenetic analysis showed that neither Dasyphyllum nor its infrageneric classification were monophyletic . Therefore, based on the phylogenetic, morphological, and biogeographical evidence, Ferreira et al. (2019) propose a new circumscription for Dasyphyllum, by elevating the subgenus Archidasyphyllum to the generic level and doing away with the previous infrageneric classification. ...
Dasyphyllum Kunth is the most diverse genus of the South American subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), comprising 31 species most of which are distributed along the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga domains. The genus has traditionally been divided into two subgenera, namely Archidasyphyllum and Dasy-phyllum. However, recent phylogenetic, morphological, and biogeographical evidence led to a new circum-scription of Dasyphyllum by elevating the subgenus Archidasyphyllum to the generic rank. The present work aimed to explore a chemophenetic characterization of Dasyphyllum for further supporting its new circumscription by a metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry and multi-variate statistical analyses. A total of 44 mass features were identified based on their UV spectra, high resolution MS data and MS2 fragmentation patterns as well as comparisons with standard compounds. Dasyphyllum samples exhibited a diversity of phenylpropanoids: 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 1,3-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid. On the other hand, Archidasyphyllum displayed the 2-O-caffeoyltartaric acid, 2,3-O-dicaffeoyltartaric acid and caffeoyl-feruloyltartaric acid as distinctive constituents. The occurrence of tartaric acid ester derivatives in Archidasyphyllum and its absence in Dasyphyllum may constitute a diagnostic chemical characteristic for further supporting the segregation of Archidasyphyllum from Dasyphyllum. The occurrence of phenylpropanoids in Archidasyphyllum and Dasyphyllum is here reported for the first time.
... Parsimony analysis was performed in PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) with the same parameters used in the morphological analysis. Additionally, we performed Bayesian inference analyses in MrBayes version 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al., 2012) using the facility CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al., 2010) with the parameters described in Ferreira et al. (2019). Previously to the Bayesian inference, the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for each matrix was selected using the Akaike information criterion (Akaike, 1973) in jModelTest version 2.1.9 ...
Subtribe Galipeinae (tribe Galipeeae) is the most diverse group of Rutaceae (the orange family) in the Neotropics, with 27 genera and ca. 130 species. The largest genus in the subtribe is Conchocarpus, with ca. 50 species, distributed from Central America to southern Brazil, and is particularly diverse in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The circumscription of the genus was recently changed to accommodate the species of Almeidea. However, even with this inclusion, Conchocarpus did not appear as monophyletic because the position of C. concinnus, which appeared in a clade with the other genera of Galipeinae rather than in the clade with the other species of Conchocarpus. The objective of the present study is to investigate the phylogenetic position of four other species of Conchocarpus (hereafter called “C. gauchaudianus group”) that share morphological traits and geographical distribution with C. concinnus suggesting a close phylogenetic affinity. Phylogenetic analyses were based on morphological and molecular data from nuclear regions ITS-1 and ITS-2 as well as plastid regions trnL-trnF and rps-16, and were conducted with parsimony and Bayesian inference as optimization criteria. Results showed Conchocarpus as polyphyletic with its species divided in two clades, one, herein called “the Conchocarpus sensu stricto group,” includes the type species C. macrophyllus, and the other “the Conchocarpus gaudichaudianus group” includes C. concinnus. The latter group is here recognized as a new genus, Dryades, the name given by Carl Friederich von Martius (1794–1868) to the Domain of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, inspired by the tree nymphs in Greek mythology. Floral structure and leaf morphology provided further support to the findings of phylogenetic analysis. A description of the new genus, new combinations, a key to the species of the new genus, discussions of the affinities of the species are also provided, as well as data on the conservation status of the species of Dryades. Additionally, new data on floral structure of C. heterophyllus, C. macrophyllus and C. minutiflorus (all from the Conchocarpus sensu stricto group) are provided.
... Parsimony analysis was performed in PAUP* version 4.0b10 9 (Swofford, 2002) with the same parameters used in the morphological analysis. Additionally, we performed Bayesian inference analyses in MrBayes version 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al., 2012) using the facility CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al., 2010) with the parameters described in Ferreira et al. (2019). Previously to the Bayesian inference, the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for each matrix was selected using the Akaike information criterion (Akaike, 1973) in jModelTest version 2.1.9 ...
Subtribe Galipeinae (tribe Galipeeae) is the most diverse group of Rutaceae (the orange family) in the Neotropics, with 27 genera and ca. 130 species. The largest genus in the subtribe is Conchocarpus, with ca. 50 species, distributed from Central America to southern Brazil, and is particularly diverse in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The circumscription of the genus was recently changed to accommodate the species of Almeidea. However, even with this inclusion, Conchocarpus did not appear as monophyletic because the position of C. concinnus, which appeared in a clade with the other genera of Galipeinae rather than in the clade with the other species of Conchocarpus. The objective of the present study is to investigate the phylogenetic position of four other species of Conchocarpus (hereafter called “C. gauchaudianus group”) that share morphological traits and geographical distribution with C. concinnus suggesting a close phylogenetic affinity. Phylogenetic analyses were based on morphological and molecular data from nuclear regions ITS-1 and ITS-2 as well as plastid regions trnL-trnF and rps-16, and were conducted with parsimony and Bayesian inference as optimization criteria. Results showed Conchocarpus as polyphyletic with its species divided in two clades, one, herein called “the Conchocarpus sensu stricto group,” includes the type species C. macrophyllus, and the other “the Conchocarpus gaudichaudianus group” includes C. concinnus. The latter group is here recognized as a new genus, Dryades, the name given by Carl Friederich von Martius (1794–1868) to the Domain of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, inspired by the tree nymphs in Greek mythology. Floral structure and leaf morphology provided further support to the findings of phylogenetic analysis. A description of the new genus, new combinations, a key to the species of the new genus, discussions of the affinities of the species are also provided, as well as data on the conservation status of the species of Dryades. Additionally, new data on floral structure of C. heterophyllus, C. macrophyllus and C. minutiflorus (all from the Conchocarpus sensu stricto group) are provided.
... Although some genera have different venation patterns (e.g., Mikania Willd. and Pentaphorus have species with actinodromous and other species with pinnate leaf venation), this character is not commonly variable within a genus and could be used to support newly circumscribed genera obtained by molecular and biogeographic evidence (Ferreira & al., 2019). ...
The tribe Gochnatieae is restricted to America. A recent molecular study including over 60% of the species of the tribe was carried out to untangle evolutionary relationships among the taxa. Eight supported clades were recovered as monophyletic genera, while Gochnatia s.l. was revealed as paraphyletic and currently restricted to the Central Andes. Gochnatia rotundifolia was not included in this phylogeny since extracted DNA from few and old collections from Brazil was unusuable. Since Cabrera's treatment of Gochnatia s.l., this species has received special attention due to its distinct morphological characters when compared with the other monophyletic genera of Gochnatieae. Therefore, this paper aims to provide new evidence that supports Gochnatia rotundifolia to be described as a separate monospecific genus based on a morphological study and a maximum parsimony (MP) analysis. A total of 21 species were studied. The leaf venation was analysed using digital X-ray capture (VIVA-Varian Image viewing & Aquisition). Seventeen morphological characters obtained from vegetative and floral parts of the plants were included in the data matrix. Our results reinforce the placement of Gochnatia rotundifolia within the tribe Gochnatieae. Gochnatia rotundifolia is consistently recovered in a clade as sister to the Cnicothamnus-Richterago group. The species differs from the other genera of the tribe by an actinodro-mous basal leaf venation with three primary veins, and pappus elements composed by (50-)60-75 bristles, sometimes almost flat setae, arranged in 2 or 3 series, unequal in length. Our results support Gochnatia rotundifolia as the sole species Vickia rotundifolia comb. nov. in a new genus of Gochnatieae, Vickia gen. nov. The new genus is described, illustrated, and a generic identification key for the tribe Gochnatieae is provided.
