Figure - available from: International Journal of Nanomedicine
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Photograph of graphene oxide (left) and bacterially reduced graphene oxide (right) at aconcentration of 500 μg/mL.
Source publication
Background
This paper describes an environmentally friendly (“green”) approach for thesynthesis of soluble graphene using Bacillus marisflavi biomass as a reducing andstabilizing agent under mild conditions in aqueous solution. In addition, the study reported hereinvestigated the cytotoxicity effects of graphene oxide (GO) and bacterially reduced g...
Similar publications
Purpose:
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is gaining increasing recognition for breast cancer treatment because it offers local selectivity and reduced toxic side effects compared to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In PDT, photosensitizer drugs are loaded in different nanomaterials and used in combination with light exposure. However, the most representa...
Citations
... Exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) sheets are typically chemically reduced using sodium borohydride or hydrazine derivatives as the reducing agents. However, these toxic reducing agents cause undesired detrimental impacts on the environment and biological organisms [16,17]. Biogenic fabrication offers a safe, affordable, and non-toxic, production of rGO [18]. ...
Exploring efficient sustainable approaches for the noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis has become a recent research attention. Bioreduction with actinobacteria provides a sustainable route for metal NPs synthesis, especially for noble metals. In this study, Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) and a Palladium-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (rGO-Pd) were synthesized using Streptomyces maritimus, which acted as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. The nanocomposite was evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The synthesised Pd NPs and rGO-Pd nanocomposite were characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses. FT-IR analysis revealed the role of various functional groups present in actinobacterial metabolites in formation of Pd NPs and rGO-Pd nanocomposite. The XRD analysis confirmed the Pd NPs and rGO-Pd nanocomposite are crystalline in nature with average crystalline size of 2.48 nm and 11.37 nm, respectively. However, SEM-EDX, AFM and HR-TEM analysis reveals the uniform morphology of nanocomposites with the average particle size of 12 nm. The antibacterial efficacy of Pd NPs and rGO-Pd nanocomposite against Enterococcus sp, Staphylococcus aures, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli exhibited inhibition at 50 µg/mL. In addition, rGO-Pd nanocomposite exhibited the inhibition on DPPH radicals with 80% scavenging activity, and rGO-Pd demonstrated anticancer activity with an IC50 of 58.45 µg/mL, respectively. This study suggests that Streptomyces maritimus mediated Pd NPs can effectively used as a potential therapeutic agent.
Graphical Abstract
... Nevertheless, the subsequent deoxygenation of GO is imperative, typically accomplished through the chemical reduction of oxygenated functional groups. Ensuring the individual separation of graphene sheets during the synthesis of rGO constitutes a substantial challenge [12]. Chemical reduction methodologies frequently result in restricted rGO solubility or irreversible aggregation in aqueous media and the majority of organic solvents (unless capping agents are utilized) due to the pronounced π-π stacking interactions among rGO sheets [13][14][15]. ...
This study presents a simple, environmentally friendly, and rapid green chemical method for synthesizing a well-dispersed rGO-Ag NP nanocomposite. This method avoids the use of hazardous reducing agents and complex multistep processes often required in traditional synthesis methods. The successful synthesis of the nanocomposite was confirmed through various characterization techniques, including UV‒visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, and XRD analysis. The findings elucidated the effective transformation of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO), accompanied by the functionalization of rGO sheets with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The nanoparticles were uniformly distributed across the rGO sheets, exhibiting dimensions that varied between 18 and 50 nm. Moreover, a significant interaction between the AgNPs and the rGO sheets was detected, which may contribute to the improved stability and functionality of the resultant nanocomposite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also indicated the potential presence of a minor silver oxide (Ag2O) component within the nanocomposite. Nevertheless, the low intensity of the associated diffraction peaks suggested that AgNPs constituted the predominant component. Additionally, the rGO-Ag NP nanocomposite demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, thereby underscoring its applicability in a variety of biomedical contexts.
... According to [66], at high pH, the remaining carboxylic and hydroxyl groups in rGO are deprotonated to form negatively charged radicals resulting in the surface charge being more negative. Some reports argue that the reason of a more negative ζ in plant mediated reduction rGO than the GO is due to the presence of functional groups from the extract at the surface of rGO [67]. ...
... 63 Gurunathan et al., 2016 show preparation of GO-AgNPs with pepsin as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent, these nanoparticles have significantly higher antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities in S. flexneri and S. pneumonia. 79 Jaworski et al., 2018 prepared silver nanoparticles decorated on graphene oxide via the ultrasonic method showing excellent antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria and yeast cells as compared with Ag-NPs and GO separately. 22 Kumar P. et al., 2019 show the production of GO-AgNPs and rGO-AgNPs based nanocomposites by sonochemical method with improving antibacterial activities due to synergistic antibacterial mechanism. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising issue worldwide, which is increasing prolonged illness and mortality rates in the population. Similarly, bacteria have generated multidrug resistance (MDR) by developing various mechanisms to cope with existing antibiotics and therefore, there is a need to develop new anti-bacterial and antimicrobial agents. Biocompatible nanomaterials like graphene and its derivatives, gra-phene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have been explored as potential antibacterial agents. It is observed that nanocomposites of GO/rGO and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles can result in the synthesis of less toxic, more stable, controlled size, uniformly distributed, and cost-effective nanomaterials compared to pure metal nanoparticles. Antibacterial studies of these nanocomposites show their considerable potential as antibacterial and antimicrobial agents, however, issues like the mechanism of antimicrobial action and their cytotoxicity need to be explored in detail. This review highlights a comparative analysis of graphene-based metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents against AMR and MDR.
... 63 Gurunathan et al., 2016 show preparation of GO-AgNPs with pepsin as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent, these nanoparticles have significantly higher antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities in S. flexneri and S. pneumonia. 79 Jaworski et al., 2018 prepared silver nanoparticles decorated on graphene oxide via the ultrasonic method showing excellent antimicrobial efficacy against bacteria and yeast cells as compared with Ag-NPs and GO separately. 22 Kumar P. et al., 2019 show the production of GO-AgNPs and rGO-AgNPs based nanocomposites by sonochemical method with improving antibacterial activities due to synergistic antibacterial mechanism. ...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising issue worldwide, which is increasing prolonged illness and mortality rates in the population. Similarly, bacteria have generated multidrug resistance (MDR) by developing various mechanisms to cope with existing antibiotics and therefore, there is a need to develop new antibacterial and antimicrobial agents. Biocompatible nanomaterials like graphene and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have been explored as potential antibacterial agents. It is observed that nanocomposites of GO/rGO and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles can result in the synthesis of less toxic, more stable, controlled size, uniformly distributed, and cost-effective nanomaterials compared to pure metal nanoparticles. Antibacterial studies of these nanocomposites show their considerable potential as antibacterial and antimicrobial agents, however, issues like the mechanism of antimicrobial action and their cytotoxicity need to be explored in detail. This review highlights a comparative analysis of graphene-based metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents against AMR and MDR.
... GO typically has a higher surface charge density than reduced graphene (rGO) due to oxygen-containing functional groups, influencing interactions with proteins, cellular signaling, and mechanical properties, ultimately affecting cell adhesion behavior [2,3]. Recently, environmentally friendly materials such as plant extracts, fruits, bacteria, fungi, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, proteins, green tea, and dextran have gained attention as alternatives for synthesizing graphene nanoparticles [5,6]. Assessing the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of these materials is crucial for biomedical and environmental applications [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
... This difference influences electrostatic interactions, protein adsorption patterns, cellular signaling, and mechanical properties, ultimately impacting cell adhesion behavior on these materials [2,3]. Recently, environmentally benign materials such as plant extracts, fruits, bacteria, fungi, and organic agents such as vitamins, amino acids, glucose, proteins, green tea, and dextran have gained attention as alternatives for synthesizing graphene nanoparticles [5,6]. Additionally, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of the material is indispensable for biomedical and environmental applications [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Background
The development of cost-effective, simple, environment-friendly biographene is an area of interest. To accomplish environmentally safe, benign culturing that has advantages over other methods to reduce the graphene oxide (GO), extracellular metabolites from actinobacteria associated with mushrooms were used for the first time.
Methods
Bactericidal effect of GO against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antioxidant activity, and hydroxyapatite-like bone layer formation, gene expression analysis and appropriate biodegradation of the microbe-mediated synthesis of graphene was studied.
Results
Isolated extracellular contents Streptomyces achromogenes sub sp rubradiris reduced nano-GO to graphene (rGO), which was further examined by spectrometry and suggested an efficient conversion and significant reduction in the intensity of all oxygen-containing moieties and shifted crystalline peaks. Electron microscopic results also suggested the reduction of GO layer. In addition, absence of significant toxicity in MG-63 cell line, intentional free radical scavenging prowess, liver and kidney histopathology, and Wistar rat bone regeneration through modulation of OPG/RANKL/RUNX2/ALP pathways show the feasibility of the prepared nano GO.
Conclusions
The study demonstrates the successful synthesis of biographene from actinobacterial extracellular metabolites, its potential biomedical applications, and its promising role in addressing health and environmental concerns.
... The 26S proteasome consists of a 20S core (700 kDa), in which the labeled proteins are digested into short peptides, and two 19S regulatory complexes (900 kDa) each. They are made up of many (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) different subunits. Six of them have ATPase activity. ...
... Lee et al. indicated that MG132 suppressed U2OS cell proliferation. Furthermore, it was found that MG132 treatment increased apoptosis and induced DNA damage in U2OS cell lines [15]. ...
... It should be noted that in our experiment, the effect of reduced graphene oxide was somehow enhanced by the addition of MG-132. Both Gurunathan et al. and Zhou et al. showed cytotoxic effects of graphene oxide on the estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cell line and the estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 cell line [15,16]. However, according to Zhang et al. and Jarosz et al., rGO showed even higher toxicity than GO. ...
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and a proteasome inhibitor (MG-132) are some of the most commonly used compounds in various biomedical applications. However, the mechanisms of rGO- and MG-132-induced cytotoxicity remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect of rGO and MG-132 against ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that rGO, MG-132 or a mix (rGO + MG-132) induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Apart from that, we found that treatment with rGO and MG-132 or the mix increased apoptosis, necrosis and induction of caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity in both breast cancer cell lines. Apoptosis and caspase activation were accompanied by changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells incubated with rGO. Additionally, in the analyzed cells, we observed the induction of oxidative stress, accompanied by increased apoptosis and cell necrosis. In conclusion, oxidative stress induces apoptosis in the tested cells. At the same time, both mitochondrial and receptor apoptosis pathways are activated. These studies provided new information on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in the ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines.
... Therefore, the development of large-scale synthesis methods from materials that are structurally similar to graphene has attracted increasing research attention [16]. One of the most prevalent and interesting approaches for graphite exfoliation on a large scale is through the use of active oxidizing agents in a chemical reaction to produce graphene oxide (GO) which is a carbon material with nonconductive hydrophilic properties [17]. ...
... The work of Gurunathan et al. has had a significant impact on the green manufacture of graphene, GO -its composites, and bioactivity-related research. Researchers looked into the detrimental impact of bacterial RGO on cancer cells in humans and discovered that soluble graphene could be produced using biomass as the reducing agent (Gurunathan et al., 2013). For a reducing as well as a stabilizing agent, triethylamine TEA was employed in their synthesis of biocompatible graphene. ...
... A comparative study of Cu/Glu/rGO synthesized at 100 • C with recently reported literature is shown in table 5. Graphene-based metal/ metal oxide nanocomposites show remarkable anticancer activity as compared to pure rGO or metal ions due to their synergistic effects and the death of cancer cells occurring because of the production of free radicals, thereby hindering their uncontrolled proliferation. Graphene-based nanomaterials are cytotoxic because they damage cell membranes due to their very sharp edges [84]. Besides altering cell morphology, nanocomposites decrease metabolic activity in cells, increase oxidative stress, dam-age mitochondria, and ultimately cause DNA damage [35,36,84,85]. ...
... Graphene-based nanomaterials are cytotoxic because they damage cell membranes due to their very sharp edges [84]. Besides altering cell morphology, nanocomposites decrease metabolic activity in cells, increase oxidative stress, dam-age mitochondria, and ultimately cause DNA damage [35,36,84,85]. Cu/Glu/rGO shows the synergistic effect of copper, glucose, and reduced graphene oxide. ...
In this work, glucose-capped copper nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide nanomaterial are synthesized at 100°C and 200°C via chemical reduction method and studied for their antibacterial and anticancer activities. Synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, Transmission Electron Microscope, and RAMAN. It is observed in Transmission electron microscopy and Selected area electron diffraction studies that copper nanoparticles deposited onto reduced graphene oxide are smaller than nanoparticles generated in the absence of reduced graphene oxide. Also, the size of copper nanoparticles synthesized at 200°C is smaller than at 100°C. Results suggest that Cu/Glu/rGO synthesized at both temperatures showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis, similarly, showed significant cell death in cancer cell lines [Cal33 and HCT-116 p53 (+/+)]. Interestingly, the nanomaterials were seen to be more effective against the cancer cell lines harboring aggregating mutant p53. Tumors with aggregating mutants of p53 are difficult to treat hence, Cu/Glu/rGO can be promising therapeutic agents against these difficult cancers. However, the antibacterial and anticancer activity of Cu/Glu/rGO synthesized at 100°C where Cu2O form is obtained was found to be more effective compared to Cu/Glu/rGO synthesized at 200°C where Cu form is obtained. Though fine-tuning of the material may be required for its commercial applications.
