Table 2 - uploaded by Panos E Lagouvardos
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible interrelationships of teeth, skin, eye and hair colour. A portable colorimeter (Shade Eye NCC/Shofu) was used to record the colour in the CIELAB system of the upper right incisors in 150 dental school students, along with their skin colour at three different areas. Natural hair and eye colou...
Citations
... At present, there are only a few studies in the literature evaluating the relationship between tooth color and/or dental structures and eye or hair color. [10][11][12][13] However, there are no studies evaluating the relationship between the phenotypic features of the eye/hair and skeletal malocclusion. is study aimed to assess the relationship between eye and hair color and skeletal malocclusions and to examine the relationship between dentofacial features and eye and hair phenotypic features. ...
... [14] is eye color reference set divides eye color groups into three; specifically, blue, green, and brown. Next, the evaluation of hair color was performed using the Bruce Beard's hair color chart as detailed in Lagouvardos et al. [10] e scale specified in Bruce Beard's hair color chart divides hair color into three groups: Black, brown, and blonde. For each of the color assessments, three consecutive evaluations were carried out, and two or three identical results were ultimately accepted for the three evaluations. ...
... e literature contains several studies that evaluate the relationship between eye structure against various aspects of maxillomandibular structures. [10][11][12][13][17][18][19] However, none of these studies examined the association between eye color and craniofacial skeletal measurements. Although statistical analysis of the collated data did not identify a significant relationship between the color of the eyes and the hair and skeletal malocclusion, the data did determine that certain parameters involved in defining craniofacial skeletal characteristics were significant. ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish whether a relationship exists between eye and hair color and orthodontic anomalies; an association has never been evaluated previously.
Materials and Methods: The records of 406 adolescent patients to the Erciyes University Faculty of Dentistry for orthodontic treatment were included in this retrospective cohort study. Participants were divided into sagittal (Class I, Class II, and Class III) and vertical (low angle, normal angle, and high angle) skeletal malocclusion classes. Moreover, participants were also divided by their eye (brown, green, or blue) and hair (black, brown, or blonde) color. Collated data were statistically evaluated using the SPSS software by applying the one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis, the Pearson Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact tests. Statistical significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
Results: No statistically significant relationships were identified between sagittal and skeletal malocclusion and eye color (P > 0.05). However, the sella-nasion-b and CoGn parameters of brown-eyed individuals were significantly smaller than individuals with other eye colors (P < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was established for the CoA, CoGn, and ANS-Me parameters between the different hair groups (P < 0.05). All three parameters were significantly lower in brown-haired individuals compared to individuals with black haired (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: This study identified no significant association between the eye and hair color variable, with similarly formed craniofacial structures, and with the sagittal and vertical skeletal malocclusion. Therefore, any malocclusion estimation assumption formed based on either the hair or eye color of an individual will be incorrect.
... Some previous studies have reported that individual's eye, skin, hair color, and factors like sex and age can be used when selecting the tooth shade. [5][6][7] Some studies has indicated that tooth shade of women is lighter than men [8][9][10]. Some others reported that teeth with darker shade should be preferred for elderly individuals. ...
... 11,12 A correlation was determined between hair color and tooth shade even if it was poor. 7 While a significant correlation was observed in some studies investigating the correlation between the skin color and tooth shade, some studies reported no correlation. 5,7,10 Different methods are used to determine the skin or tooth shade. ...
... 7 While a significant correlation was observed in some studies investigating the correlation between the skin color and tooth shade, some studies reported no correlation. 5,7,10 Different methods are used to determine the skin or tooth shade. While some researchers preferred using shade guides and various classifications providing more subjective data, and some others used computer programs and digital instruments to determine the color. ...
Purpose:
There is conflicting information about the relationship between tooth color and skin color in the literature. The aim of the present study was evaluation of the correlation between L, a, b values of skin and tooth shade using a new skin color measurement method.
Materials and methods:
CIELab values of teeth were obtained through measurements from the middle third of the labial surfaces on central incisors of individuals using a clinical spectrophotometer. CIELab values of the skin were measured through facial images using a software which was manufactured for present study. A statistical analysis program (SAS 9.4) was used for the analysis of the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnow test, t-test, and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate the data (α=0.05).
Results:
Correlations between variables revealed that while the lowest and statistically insignificant correlations were observed with a* values of the skin, significant correlations did not exceed moderate level (p < .05). When considering regression analysis results, b* values of the skin had a statistically significant effect in describing b* values of the tooth, while L* and a* values of the skin were observed to be insufficient in describing L* and a* values of the teeth.
Conclusion:
Results of this study suggest that different significant correlations were observed between the skin and tooth color for different L*, a*, and b parameters (p <0.05 and p <0.01). The results indicated that skin color can be used for tooth color selection in case of loss of natural teeth or when discoloration is present on existing teeth.
... 6,9,10 Gingival color, was related to skin color, with more pigmentation associated with darker skin, in men more than women, and with the pigments being located in the attached gingiva, more in the interdental papillae rather than the free gingival margin. 12,13,17 The eye color was found not to be related to teeth color, 15 however, this was claimed only in relation to the lateral incisors and canines. 18 Obviously these findings represent a challenge to prosthodontists when trying to harmonize the color of teeth in the prostheses provided to the patients, and require adequate training and understanding of the principles of the visual and digital tooth shade determination. ...
... Skin color was proven to be used as a guide to select shades of missing anterior teeth that would be in harmony with the patient complexion. 5,6,8,10,[13][14][15][16]18,19 However, little data exists regarding the relationship between teeth and gingival color. Gingival color was found by Ghani et al 7 , Schnitzer at al 29 , Eckhard et al 30 , and Ho et al 31 to be significantly related to skin color with no correlation to gender, and since skin color is significantly related to teeth color, the current work investigated the relationship between the gingival and teeth color in order to add the gingival color to the potential references of missing teeth color. ...
... This recommendation has been supported by other studies 18,19 reporting that people with a darker skin color have teeth with higher value and people with lighter skin color have darker teeth. In contrast, according to another study, 20 Skin tone is difficult to define because of the lack of a wellcategorized reference scale or guide, while tooth color is better defined. The Fitzpatrick guide 23 is more related to dermatology and orientated in defining a phototype, categorizing skin damage after sun exposure, without valid reference samples. ...
Objective:
The purpose of this clinical study was to determine if skin tone and tooth color had the same influence on smile attractiveness.
Materials and methods:
A woman's smile photograph was digitally manipulated to create a range of images with varying colors. The skin shade was modified to create four tones (p1: light, p2: light medium, p3: medium dark, p4: dark) using the L'Oreal True Illusion shade as a guide. The tooth shade was modified in four different tones: A1, A2, A3, A4 using the VITAPAN Classical shade guide to produce 16 images. A sample of 328 participants rated each image for attractiveness by means of a visual analog scale (VAS). Comparison among groups was performed with a 2-way ANOVA adjusted for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni test (α = .05).
Results:
Image (p3-a1) showed the highest VAS values, while image (p1-a4) obtained the lowest, (Bonferroni Test: a1 vs a2, a3, a4 P < .001; p3 vs p1, p2, p4 P < .001). Analysis performed for age, sex, level of education, and laypeople/dentists were not statistically significant (P > .05).
Conclusions:
Variations in tooth and skin tone can significantly influence the perception of smile attractiveness. In the tested conditions, a brighter tooth shade significantly affected the attractiveness of the smile independently from skin tone.
Clinical significance:
Understanding patient and dentist perception of the attractiveness of a smile with the important role-played by skin tone, may help clinicians to better identify teeth shade, helping delivery of tailored prostheses and esthetic restorations.
... The methodology in these studies were different as the skin color was evaluated on subject's hand in the study conducted by Jahangiri et al. 10 Al-Dwairi et al. 14 concluded in their clinical that there was only moderate agreement between skin and teeth color. Whereas Lagouvardos et al. 9 found positive but weak correlation between tooth color and skin color. The results are in contrast with those of Hassel et al., 8 Dummett et al., 15 Gozalo-Diaz et al., 16 who found no relationship of skin to teeth color. ...
... Although insignificant relation was observed between eye color and L* and h* of teeth, but a negative and significant relation was seen between eye color and chroma of tooth. Although not many studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between tooth and eye color, but Lagouvardos et al. 9 in their clinical study stated that no linear relation exists between eye and teeth color. This is partially in accordance with the conclusion of Hassel et al., 8 who found in a multivariate analysis, that higher L* values of teeth were associated with subjects having lighter eye color. ...
... Despite this apparent wealth of studies, at least on Europe, we had to exclude a number of them [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] for the potentially biased collection of their data, for comprising too small of a sample size, for lack of information on the data sources or for being not population-representative. In total, twelve studies met our quality criteria for population representativeness and were used for the subsequent analysis. ...
DNA-based prediction of externally visible characteristics has become an established approach in forensic genetics, with the aim of tracing individuals who are potentially unknown to the investigating authorities but without using this prediction as evidence in court. While a number of prediction models have been proposed, use of prior probabilities in those models has largely been absent. Here, we aim at compiling information on the spatial distribution of eye and hair coloration in order to use this as prior knowledge to improve prediction accuracy. To this end, we conducted a detailed literature review and created maps showing the eye and hair pigmentation prevalence both by countries with available information and by interpolation in order to obtain prior estimates for populations without available data. Furthermore, we assessed the association between these two traits in a very large data set. A strong limitation was the quite low amount of available data, especially outside Europe. We hope that our results will facilitate the improvement of already existing and of novel prediction methods for pigmentation traits and induce further studies on the spatial distribution of these traits.
... Although there are no differences in precision between contact and non-contact systems in measuring a facial prostheses [11], facial skin color values present differences among studies, due to differences in the point of measurement (tip of the nose, ear lobe, zygomatic area and forehead) and the living location of the individual influenced by sun exposure. Clarys et al. [12] reported mean values 61.3, À12.2, À16.5 for the L*, a*, and b* parameters, Gozalo-Diaz et al. [13] 46.9, 16.9 and 18.5 respectively, and Lagouvardos et al. [14] 68.1, 14.8 and 18.8. ...
... image (Fig. 1). An image of 10 Â 13.3 cm in dimensions and 300 dpi of resolution was used as the background layer, representing standard skin color with RGB values R = 201, G = 155, B = 132 based on CIELAB data from Lagouvardos et al. [14] (L = 67,7, a = 14,3, b = 18). A second smaller image (4.9 Â 6.0 cm) of the same with the background image resolution and color was placed in front and in the center of a second transparent layer representing the color of skin prosthesis. ...
Purpose:
This study investigates the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (PT, AT) of observers for L*, a* and b* facial skin differences, very important for the fabrication of a maxillofacial prosthesis.
Methods:
One image (10×13.3cm/300dpi), simulating standard facial skin color, and 27 smaller images (4.9×6.0cm/300dpi), simulating shades with different RGB values from the standard were made, using Adobe-Photoshop CS3. The RGB values, were based on 9 stepped increases in L*, a* and b*. Images were shown in the middle of a computer screen with the standard image in the background. 90 persons with normal color vision and optical acuity were selected and instructed to evaluate 81 (27×3) randomly shown images for a perceptible or an acceptable (48h later) mismatch, between central and background image. Using best fitting regression curves 50 % PT and 50 % AT for all parameters were estimated along with their 95 %CI.
Results:
Observers' reliability found high (0.807-0.945) while the cubic and exponential were the best fitted curves to the data. Overall 50 % ATs were smaller than 50 % PTs (p<0.01) and overall ΔL* parameter showed the lowest thresholds (0.119PT/0.864AT), significantly smaller (p<0.05) than Δa* (0.993PT/2.037AT), Δb* (1.147PT/2.517AT), and ΔEab*(1.497PT/1.808AT). No differences were found between sex or age groups in 50 % ATs for Δa* and Δb* parameters, but 50 % PT for Δa* was smaller in females and in older people with the opposite for Δb*.
Conclusions:
Changes in L* were more perceptible and less acceptable than changes in a* and b*. For this reason ΔL* parameter needs attention equally to ΔE*ab when fabricating a facial prosthesis.
... In contrast, Haralur et al. [157] investigated the relationship of the colour of maxillary incisors and facial skin across four different ethnic groups and found that the L* value of the tooth colour had a positive correlation with the L* value of skin colour for subjects from Saudi Arabian, Indian and East Asian origin. This is in agreement with the findings of Lagouvardos et al. [158] who showed skin lightness value of the malar and earlobe areas was positively but weakly correlated to the lightness value of the maxillary incisors for a Caucasian population. In addition, Haralur et al. [157] found a negative correlation between the L* values of tooth and skin colours for subjects of African origin. ...
Objectives:
To review current knowledge concerning the application of colour science on tooth colour and whiteness description, measurement, distribution and its psychological impact.
Data sources:
"Scopus" databases were searched electronically with the principal keywords tooth, teeth, colour, white, whiteness. Language was restricted to English and original studies and reviews were included. Conference papers and abstracts were excluded.
Conclusions:
The appearance and colour of teeth is a common concern for patients across many populations and is associated with an increased desire for treatments that improve dental aesthetics, including tooth whitening. The application of colour science in dentistry has allowed the precise description of tooth colour and whiteness. Coupled with the advances in instrumental tooth colour measurement, such as spectrophotometers, colorimeters, spectroradiometers and digital imaging systems, these parameters are quantifiable in a reproducible and robust manner. These principles have been applied to the tooth colour distribution in many study populations, indicating, in general, differences in tooth colour for subject age and gender, but not for ethnicity. Psychophysical studies on tooth colour and whiteness via third party assessment of images indicate that whitened teeth lead to judgements that are more positive on personality traits such as social competence and appeal, intellectual ability and relationship satisfaction.
... The research findings are contradictory in their opinion on the relation between tooth and skin color. Few authors report the positive linear correlation between tooth and skin color, 9 while others describe the inverse relation. 10 Extrinsic factors like smoking, stains, and intrinsic factors such as tetracycline staining, teeth vitality, age, and congenital defects are known to affect the tooth color. ...
Background:
Dental restoration or prosthesis in harmony with adjacent natural teeth color is indispensable part for the successful esthetic outcome. The studies indicate is existence of correlation between teeth and skin color. Teeth and skin color are changed over the aging process. The aim of the study was to explore the role of age on the tooth and skin color parameters, and to investigate the effect of ageing on teeth-skin color correlation.
Materials and methods:
Total of 225 Saudi Arabian ethnic subjects was divided into three groups of 75 each. The groups were divided according to participant's age. The participant's age for Group I, Group II, and Group III was 18-29 years, 30-50 years, and above 50 years, respectively. The tooth color was identified by spectrophotometer in CIE Lab parameters. The skin color was registered with skin surface photography. The data were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and correlation tests with SPSS 18 software.
Results:
The Group I had the highest 'L' value of 80.26, Group III recorded the least value of 76.66. The Group III had highest yellow value 'b' at 22.72, while Group I had 19.19. The skin 'L' value was highest in the young population; the elder population had the increased red value 'a' in comparison to younger subjects. The 'L' tooth color parameter had a strong positive linear correlation with skin color in young and adult subjects. While Group III teeth showed the strong positive correlation with 'b' parameter at malar region.
Conclusion:
The elder subjects had darker and yellow teeth in comparison with younger subjects. The reddening of the skin was observed as age-related skin color change. The age had a strong influence on the teeth-skin color correlation.
... There have been studies that determined the correlations between the tooth color and age/gender, 22,23 color of skin, hair and eyes, 24,25 and facial features and gender. 26 Several of these results were applied in the prediction of the teeth color from the correlated values in the studies. ...
The objective was to determine whether there were significant correlations in the three color coordinates within each of two color coordinate systems, such as the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L∗a∗bsystem, and the lightness, chroma, and hue angle system, of human vital teeth. The color of six maxillary and six mandibular anterior teeth was measured by the Shade Vision System. Pearson correlations between each pair of the color coordinates were determined (α= 0.01). The influence of two color coordinates on the other color coordinate was determined with a multiple regression analysis (α =0.01). Based on correlation analyses, all the color coordinate pairs showed significant correlations except for the chroma and hue angle pair. The CIE L∗was negatively correlated with the CIE a∗, b∗, and chroma, but positively correlated with the hue angle. The CIE a∗was positively correlated with the CIE b∗and chroma. Tooth color coordinates were correlated each other. Lighter teeth were less chromatic both in the CIE a∗and b∗coordinates. Therefore, it was postulated that the three color coordinates of human teeth were harmonized within certain color attribute ranges, and a lack of correlations in these coordinates might indicate external/internal discolorations and/or anomalies of teeth.
