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This study aimed to assess the prevalence and context of alcohol brand references in popular music. Billboard Magazine year-end charts from 2009 to 2011 were used to identify the most popular songs in four genres: Urban, Pop, Country, and Rock. Of the 720 songs, 23% included an alcohol mention, and 6.4% included an alcohol brand mention. Songs clas...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the 720 unique songs, 167 (23.2%) contained alcohol mentions (Table 1). Alcohol mentions were most common in Urban songs (37.7%), followed by Country (21.8%), ...
Context 2
... was a statistically significant decline in the num- ber of songs with alcohol references during the study pe- riod. In 2009, 27.1% of songs contained alcohol men- tions, compared with 24.3% in 2010 and 18.0% in 2011 (Table 1). Although the number of alcohol brand mentions was lower in 2011 than in 2009 and 2010, the trend was not statistically significant. ...
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Introduction:
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Citations
... It covers a wide range of elements, including various forms of alcohol-related content, both verbal and visual (hereafter referred to as "alcohol reference"). The verbal alcohol reference (hereafter referred to as "alcohol reference in lyrics") includes explicit words or phrases found within the lyrics that directly mention specific alcoholic beverages, brand names, drinking behaviors, contexts associated with alcohol consumption (e.g., bars), and expressions that convey altered states of feeling related to alcohol (e.g., drunk) (Herd, 2014;Roberts, 1999;Siegel et al., 2013). The visual depiction of alcohol (hereafter referred to as "visual alcohol reference") includes any visual depiction or imagery within a music video that is directly associated with alcohol including alcoholic beverages, containers, brand names, characters engaging in alcohol consumption, and specific alcohol logos (Cranwell et al., 2015;Escobedo, 2009). ...
... Herd, 2014Roberts, 1999Evans, 2014Escobedo, 2009Stickle, 2021Sloane, 2013Siegel, 2013 Primack, 2011 Johnson, 2012Holody, 2016Herd, 2005 Hanba, 2018Gruber, 2005Cranwell, 2015Christenson, 2012 Laybourn, 2017Hardcastle, 2015Hall, 2013Primack, 2008DuRant, 1997Albert, 2022Jones, 1997 ...
Understanding the prevalence of alcohol references in music and their impact on alcohol drinking behavior is important given the increased accessibility to daily music listening with the proliferation of smart devices. In this review, we estimate the pooled prevalence of alcohol references in music and its association with drinking behavior. Systematic searches were conducted across four major databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINHAL). Articles were selected following duplicate checking, title and abstract screening, and full‐text review. Studies reporting the prevalence of alcohol‐referencing music and/or investigating its association with drinking behavior were included. Pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effects model. Of 1007 articles identified, 26 met inclusion criteria and 23 studies comprising 12,224 songs were eligible for meta‐analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of alcohol references in music (including lyrics and videos) was 24.0% (95% CI: 19.0%–29.0%). The pooled prevalence was 22.0% (95% CI: 16.0%–29.0%) for only lyrics, 25.0% (95% CI: 18.0%–33.0%) for only the visual elements of music videos, and 29.0% (95% CI: 21.0%–38.0%) for both the lyrical content and the visual components. Only three studies assessed the relationship between listening to music with alcohol references and drinking behavior, and all three reported a positive association. Whereas almost a quarter of all songs included references to alcohol, public health preventive measures are needed to reduce alcohol exposure from music. Future research is needed to understand fully the effect of music with alcohol references on drinking behavior.
... To identify alcohol, we compiled a list of 673 alcoholrelated words-including brand names, urban slang, beverage names etc.-from various sources including previous scientific research concerning alcohol-related words in music (Christenson et al. 2012, Siegel et al. 2013, popular culture (Levine 1981), and popular media (Litt et al. 2018, Riordan et al. 2021); Wikipedia lists (e.g. top brands, beverage lists, location lists, intoxication references); lists from the World Health Organisation (WHO 1994), and words used in alcohol-related harm scales (e.g. the Yong Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; (Kahler et al. 2005)). ...
Background
Music is an integral part of our lives and is often played in public places like restaurants. People exposed to music that contained alcohol-related lyrics in a bar scenario consumed significantly more alcohol than those exposed to music with less alcohol-related lyrics. Existing methods to quantify alcohol exposure in song lyrics have used manual annotation that is burdensome and time intensive. In this paper, we aim to build a deep learning algorithm (LYDIA) that can automatically detect and identify alcohol exposure and its context in song lyrics.
Methods
We identified 673 potentially alcohol-related words including brand names, urban slang, and beverage names. We collected all the lyrics from the Billboard’s top-100 songs from 1959 to 2020 (N = 6110). We developed an annotation tool to annotate both the alcohol-relation of the word (alcohol, non-alcohol, or unsure) and the context (positive, negative, or neutral) of the word in the song lyrics.
Results
LYDIA achieved an accuracy of 86.6% in identifying the alcohol-relation of the word, and 72.9% in identifying its context. LYDIA can distinguish with an accuracy of 97.24% between the words that have positive and negative relation to alcohol; and with an accuracy of 98.37% between the positive and negative context.
Conclusion
LYDIA can automatically identify alcohol exposure and its context in song lyrics, which will allow for the swift analysis of future lyrics and can be used to help raise awareness about the amount of alcohol in music.
Highlights Developed a deep learning algorithm (LYDIA) to identify alcohol words in songs. LYDIA achieved an accuracy of 86.6% in identifying alcohol-relation of the words. LYDIA’s accuracy in identifying positive, negative, or neutral context was 72.9%. LYDIA can automatically provide evidence of alcohol in millions of songs. This can raise awareness of harms of listening to songs with alcohol words.
... 15-17 years old). Conversely, the traditional class has markedly lower item response probabilities from the other two classes for exposure to cannabis promotions on Twitter and Instagram; the response probabilities are also lower for exposure to cannabis billboards and product placements on TV, but to a lesser degree This has been abundantly demonstrated for alcohol brands (Siegel et al., 2013), and assuming a similar phenomenon exists for cannabis, it would not be surprising for young people to develop brand familiarity and favorite brands before initiating consumption. ...
Latent class analysis (LCA) identified subtypes of cannabis marketing exposure among adolescents and assessed whether the classes were associated with three cannabis use outcomes: past 28-day use, poly-cannabis use, and symptoms of cannabis use disorder (CUD). Survey data were from 471 adolescents (aged 15–19 years) who lived in four states with legal non-medical cannabis in 2018. Measures included social media engagement and cannabis outcomes. LCA with robust maximum likelihood estimation identified latent classes. Chi-squared tests assessed whether empirically derived classes differed across demographics, and logistic regression tested associations with cannabis use outcomes. Three classes were identified: digitally engaged (35.5%), digitally unengaged (36.5%), and traditional (28.0%). Both digitally engaged and unengaged classes were exposed to marketing on social media platforms, but youth in the engaged class interacted with posts and brands. Class membership differed by age (χ2 = 14.89, p < 0.001) and school type, with the digitally engaged group older and not in school or in non-traditional schools (χ2 = 16.22, p=0.01). As compared to the traditional class, youth in the digitally engaged class had 10.63 times the odds of past 28-day cannabis use (95% CI: 5.25, 21.51), 7.84 times the odds of poly-cannabis use (95% CI: 3.54, 17.33), and 13.85 times the odds of symptoms of CUD (95% CI: 3.96, 48.48). Youth in the digitally engaged class had higher odds of all cannabis use behaviors than the traditional class. These findings point to the possible use of algorithmic marketing to adolescents and suggest a need for monitoring and possible restrictions on digital cannabis marketing.
... These studies have highlighted the increased prevalence over time of sexually explicit lyrics (Christenson et al., 2019;Dukes et al., 2003), references to infidelity (Alexopoulos & Taylor, 2019) and female objectification and other misogynistic themes (Adams & Fuller, 2006;Flynn et al., 2016;Ross & Coleman, 2011). Moreover, several studies have found a progressive increase in the prevalence of references to alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drugs within popular music (see Christenson et al., 2019;Christenson et al., 2012;Hall et al., 2013;Holody et al., 2016;Primack et al., 2008;Siegel et al., 2013). ...
A limited amount of previous research suggests that deteriorating socioeconomic conditions may be associated with greater popularity of music lyrics featuring negative emotional content and references to relationships. The present research considered this in charting popular music before and during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A dataset based on the song lyrics of the top-5 charting weekly songs in the UK and USA from January 1999 to August 2020 was computer-analysed for interpersonal variables, such as satisfaction and human interest, and positive and negative emotional valence. Results indicated lower satisfaction and human interest in lyrics in the USA and UK in the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the lyrics in charting songs in 2015-2019. The USA charting songs in 2020 also saw higher leveling and negative emotional content; and, when considering monthly data from 1999-2020, there was a positive association between economic misery and the number of negatively-valenced words. The findings broaden our understanding of the relationship between significant global events and trends in popular music.
... There is an extensive research literature on the impact of engagement with mass media portrayals of tobacco and alcohol use on youth smoking and alcohol consumption, including not just product advertising (Grube, 2004;Jernigan, Noel, Landon, Thornton, & Lobstein, 2017;Pucci & Siegel, 1999;Siegel et al., 2016), but also entertainment media (Gidwani, Sobol, DeJong, Perrin, & Gortmaker, 2002;Freeman et al., 2018;Hanewinkel et al., 2012;Mejia et al., 2019;Sargent & Hanewinkel, 2015), social media ( Curtis et al., 2018), and video games (Cranwell, Whittamore, Britton, & Leonardi-Bee, 2016). Given the documented association between exposure to this content and youth tobacco and alcohol use, researchers continue to analyze the content of other mass media, including television programming (Barker, Whittamore, Britton, & Cranwell, 2018), "reality" television shows (Barker, Breton, Cranwell, Britton, & Murray, 2018), sporting event broadcasts (Barker, Opazo-Breton, Murray, Grant-Braham, & Britton, 2019), YouTube videos ( Cranwell et al., 2015;Cranwell, Opazo-Breton, & Britton, 2016), music videos (Cranwell, Britton, & Bains, 2017), popular song lyrics (Primack, Nuzzo, Rice, & Sargent, 2012;Siegel et al., 2013), and industryproduced digital media . ...
Japanese manga, which present dramatic and imaginative stories in comic book form, have a growing readership in Asia, Europe, and North America. We investigated depictions of tobacco and alcohol use in a sample of contemporary shōnen manga, which have a primary readership of males ages 8–18, but also appeal to young females and adults. Large number of characters were shown smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol, especially males, adults, and those categorized as “good” characters. Compared to the shōnens’ early chapters (initiated in 1990–2003, depending on the series), more recently published chapters (2011–2016) portrayed fewer characters overall using a tobacco product and fewer minors using an alcohol product. The later chapters also presented significantly fewer depictions of tobacco-related behavior, consumption of both beer and other/unknown alcoholic beverages, and alcohol-related paraphernalia. Antitobacco and antialcohol behaviors or dialogue were rare. These findings raise legitimate concerns about the influence of these depictions on young readers’ beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral choices. Future research should explore whether those concerns are warranted, but in the interim, government agencies and watchdog groups in Japan should consider applying increased public pressure on manga artists and producers to curtail these depictions and to offer positive role models in their place.
... In a study of the relationship between hip-hop and domestic violence, Cundiff (2013) found a positive correlation between hip-hop consumption and misogynistic thinking. In a study of the prevalence of alcohol brand references, researchers found that music characterized as "urban" had the highest percentage of alcohol references, and the references are overwhelmingly positive or neutral (Siegel et al., 2013). ...
Background
Although there has been a pronounced growth in hip-hop-based pedagogy (HHBP) scholarship in recent years, there has not been a concomitant critique of this growing body of work. As a consequence, much of this scholarship is best characterized as advocacy of HHBP.
Purpose/Objective
The objective of this article is to promote critical discourse around the conceptualization and implementation of HHBP by (a) identifying a set of challenges presented in the conceptualization of HHBP scholarship, (b) describing the narrative that these challenges converge to support, and (c) suggesting an alternative narrative aimed at fostering a more empowering use of HHBP.
Research Design
To accomplish this objective, we provide an in-depth critique of Emdin and Lee's (2012) article, “Hip-hop, the ‘Obama effect,’ and urban science education.” Through this critique, we first identify eight challenges posed by the authors’ argument, as well as the narrative that is the foundation of this argument.
Conclusions/Recommendations
We conclude by presenting an alternate narrative of hip-hop as an instrument of systemic racism and offering suggestions as to how HHBP can be used in both research and practice to both avoid and counter systemic racism.
... In a study of the prevalence of alcohol brand references, researchers found that music characterized as "urban" had the highest percentage of alcohol references and the references are overwhelmingly positive or neutral (Siegel et al., 2013). ...
This infographic is a complement to the article provided below. It provides a brief overview of studies which demonstrate the impact of hip hop on human thinking and behavior.
Mutegi, J. W., Phelps-Moultrie, J. A., & Pitts Bannister, V. R. (2018). The snare of systemic racism and other challenges confronting hip hop based pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 120(11), 1-17.
... Whether product placements occur in return for payment, barter, or other artistic or marketing considerations, portrayals of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use are common in music videos (Dal Cin et al., 2009;Gruber et al., 2005;Siegel et al., 2013;Sloane et al., 2013). Artists are sometimes involved in developing and selling their own brands of alcohol, such as Pitbull's Voli Vodka brand, which is featured in most of the artist's videos (Hampp & Mitchell, 2012). ...
Objective:
Two studies were conducted to investigate the role of connectedness with music videos in affecting youths' beliefs about substances (alcohol and tobacco) embedded therein and the potential for a prevention message to limit the impact of these images.
Method:
The first study used cross-sectional data from a national sample of 1,023 adolescents (54.3% male) to evaluate the relationship between youths' consumption of music videos and their beliefs about the consequences of consuming alcohol and tobacco. A controlled experiment with 151 participants (57% male) then tested whether exposure to smoking in a video affects youths' smoking beliefs and the preventive potential of a pre-video warning.
Results:
Connectedness to music videos, not overall amount of viewing, is the main correlate of beliefs about the positive outcomes of consuming alcohol/tobacco. A single exposure to a music video with smoking images can increase beliefs that smoking leads to positive consequences, and connected viewers are especially receptive to these images. Alerting youths to the presence of substance messages in a video leads to differential results as a function of connectedness.
Conclusions:
Many youths spend hours every day watching music videos in which positive visuals about drinking and smoking abound. Rather than the quantity of viewing, it is the degree to which youths immerse themselves in these music videos that enhances their beliefs that smoking and drinking have positive consequences. Interventions that warn youths about the presence of substances in music videos can minimize their influence, but youths highly connected with the music video content are especially resistant to warnings.
... This genre is more popular in the United States. An evaluation of alcohol brand references in US popular music focusing on Pop, Country, Urban, and Rock found that 26% of songs on the Billboard Magazine lists of top songs mentioned alcohol (Siegel et al., 2013). Within the genres, 38% of Urban songs mentioned alcohol and 22% of Country songs mentioned alcohol. ...
... Previous research on the relationship between music and substance use has often focused on favorite genre, artist or most popular songs as defined by Billboard Magazine (Chen et al., 2006;Mulder et al., 2009Mulder et al., , 2010Rentfrow & Gosling, 2003;Siegel et al., 2013). However, there has been a change in how music is accessed and consumed with a trend toward digital downloads and streaming rather than dependence on radio. ...
Aims: Musical preferences have been associated with substance use, but research has not fully considered the effect of the changes in music consumption in the digital age. We examined the effect of self-chosen music on substance use behaviors. Methods: Sixty college-age students volunteered to participate in exchange for class credit. Self-reported substance use behavior, sensation seeking, and school commitment were measured through surveys. Music preferences were assessed through self-report of the top 20 most played songs from each participant’s digital music devices. Each song was evaluated for references to substance use. Findings: Song and genre choices in private digital collections varied widely. Listening to music with a greater number of references to substance use was associated with greater reported substance use behaviors. Conclusion: The relationship between substance use and music preference in this study of idiosyncratic music libraries remains consistent with previous research that examined the effect of preferred genre alone.
... In music videos and song lyrics, alcohol has been associated with sexual activity [35,36], partying, vehicles, other drugs, wealth/luxury (lyrics) [37], drunkenness, crime and violence (lyrics) [36] and humour (music videos) [38]. Featured alcohol brands tended to be expensive cognacs such as Remy Martin™ or Hennessy™ or other spirits [36,39]. Advertising and promotion of alcohol in the UK are not only largely selfregulated by the drink industry but are also covered by Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) and the Portman Group (PG) codes of conduct [40,41]. ...
Purpose:
The purpose of the present study is to describe the portrayal of alcohol content in popular YouTube music videos.
Method:
We used inductive thematic analysis to explore the lyrics and visual imagery in 49 UK Top 40 songs and music videos previously found to contain alcohol content and watched by many British adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years and to examine if branded content contravened alcohol industry advertising codes of practice.
Results:
The analysis generated three themes. First, alcohol content was associated with sexualised imagery or lyrics and the objectification of women. Second, alcohol was associated with image, lifestyle and sociability. Finally, some videos showed alcohol overtly encouraging excessive drinking and drunkenness, including those containing branding, with no negative consequences to the drinker.
Conclusion:
Our results suggest that YouTube music videos promote positive associations with alcohol use. Further, several alcohol companies adopt marketing strategies in the video medium that are entirely inconsistent with their own or others agreed advertising codes of practice. We conclude that, as a harm reduction measure, policies should change to prevent adolescent exposure to the positive promotion of alcohol and alcohol branding in music videos.
