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Percentage of female and male students reported computer vision syndrome. (Mild, moderate and severe cases amalgamated)
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Almost all institutions, colleges, universities and homes today were using computer regularly. Very little research has been carried out on Indian users especially among college students the effects of computer use on the eye and vision related problems.
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) among medi...
Citations
... In the current study, headache, blurred vision, eye strain, double vision, as well as neck, shoulder, and back pain, were linked to CVS. When seated in front of a computer for an extended period of time, blinking may drop by 60%, which contributes to poor tear production and temporarily stresses the cornea, resulting in dry eyes [32]. Working non-stop for more than 4 hours has been associated with eye strain [33]. ...
... Using computer devices for a long time can trigger a computer screen headache, caused by the constant need to adjust the eyes by contracting the extraocular muscles and ciliary muscles to maintain the lens in the accommodating phase, leading to eye muscle fatigue and causing headaches [28]. The ndings of the current study are consistent with those of a study carried out by Logaraj et al. [32] among students in Chennai, India, in which headaches, neck and shoulder pain, burning sensation, blurred vision, and dry eyes were associated with CVS. In a systematic review carried out in Ethiopia by Adane et al. [35], the most commonly reported symptoms of CVS were blurred vision, eye fatigue, watery eyes, a burning sensation, and a headache. ...
Background: Computer devices have become an important part of human life because they make work easier and thus increase output. However, the use of computer devices has led to the occurrence of computer vision syndrome (CVS). The current study was aimed at determining the demographic characteristics, influence of ABO blood groups, and diseases associated with CVS in Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods: Structured questionnaires were used to collect demographic information from 153 CVS patients at Unique Eyes Center, Lagos. The data collected includes age, gender, educational level, ethnicity, religion, type of device use, duration spent on devices, marital status, and diseases frequently expressed. The ABO blood groups of the participants were thereafter collected from their medical records.
Results: The results showed that 89 (58.70%) of the respondents were males, while 64 (41.83%) were females. Most of the respondents were > 40 years old, with 78 members (50.98%), followed by age class 21–40 with 48 representatives (31.37%) and age class 10–20 with 27 members (17.65%). Respondents with primary education were 2 (1.31%), those with secondary education were 28 (18.30%), and those with tertiary education consisted of 123 members (80.39%). Married participants were 72 (47.06%), singles were 48 (31.37%), divorced were 18 (11.76%), and widowed were 15 (9.80%). Christians were 81 (52.94%), while Muslims were 72 (47.06%). The Yoruba ethnic group made up 78 (50.98%), the Igbo made up 43 (28.10%), and the Hausa/Fulani were 32 (20.92%). 110 (71.90%) used desktops, 28 (18.30%) used androids, and 15 (9.80%) used laptops or iPads. 116 (75.82%) participants used computer devices continuously, while 37 (24.13%) used them intermittently. People with non-O blood types constituted the majority, of which those with type A blood were the most affected, having accounted for 51 (33.33%) of the overall population. Headache, blurred vision, eye strain, double vision, and neck/shoulder/back pain were strongly associated with CVS in the study area.
Conclusion: The results suggest that demographic characteristics and ABO blood groups genotypes influence susceptibility to CVS among computer users in Lagos. Non-O blood group individuals, mainly type A blood are particularly at risk. People are advised to limit time spend on computer devices and get regular eye tests.
... In a study by Logaraj M et al. in college going students, those who used computer for 4-6 hours were at significantly higher risk of developing ocular symptoms compared to those who used computer for less than 4 hours. 9 In a study by Reddy SC, students who used computers for more than 8 hours per day experienced symptoms of computer vision syndrome significantly more often than those who used them up to 2 hours (p=0.0001). 10 These findings indicate that longer exposure to VDU can definitely be a risk factor for development of ocular symptoms. ...
... In our study, students who were wearing spectacles experienced symptoms significantly more often than those who were not wearing spectacles (p<0.0001). Similar significance was seen in the study by Logaraj et al. 9 In a study by Reddy et al, out of 176 students wearing either spectacle or contact lens, 72.2% (127/176) had ocular symptoms. 10 Similarly, ocular symptoms were also higher in those children who had pre-existing ocular pathology. ...
... 10 Logaraj et al did find significant correlation between taking fewer breaks and symptoms (P< 0.01) . 9 This could be due to differences in study population. ...
During COVID pandemic, with schools being closed, digital platforms are being extensively used for online teaching and learning. Children are being exposed to video display units (VDU) for prolonged durations making them susceptible to ocular problems and development of the Computer Vision Syndrome. Through this study, we attempted to study the effect of this added use of VDUs through online teaching on eyes of school going children.
A Google survey of 18 questions was prepared assessing the pattern of online teaching sessions, type of devices used, use of protective accessories and presence of ocular symptoms. The form was floated on social platforms for parents of school going children. Data was collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel and percentage and p value calculated using chi square test.
Out of 982 children, 494 (50.3%) had one or more ocular symptoms. Headache was found in 205(41.49%), excessive rubbing of eyes in 178 (36.03%), pain in 155 (31.37%), redness in 135 (27.32%), watering in 132 (26.72%), blurring of vision in 67 (13.56%) and changes in glass prescription in 42 (8.50%) children. We found total duration of online class and continuous use of VDUs to be statistically significant influencing factors.
Online teaching learning should be cautiously conducted as the use of VDUs can affect the ocular health of the children.
... Many author described the prevalence of dry eye symptoms in various study population as given below. [9] 2021 547 colloge girls of northern india 87.20% Mohammed F el al [12] 2020 227 medical students 89.90% Abudawood et al [13] 2019 651 medical students in Jeddah 95% Sanodiya et al [14] 2019 200 college students in Indore 89.50% Iqbal et al [15] 2017 100 medical students in Egypt 86% Logaraj et al [16] 2014 201 college students in Chennai 78.60% ...
... Those who wear eyeglasses have a higher prevalence of CVS [9,27,44]. Incorrect prescriptions may cause under-correction of refractive errors, especially in individuals with presbyopia who require close proximity to the device to keep the images in focus. Indeed, computer screens are formed by pixels instead of solid images, which make focusing harder [44]. ...
... Incorrect prescriptions may cause under-correction of refractive errors, especially in individuals with presbyopia who require close proximity to the device to keep the images in focus. Indeed, computer screens are formed by pixels instead of solid images, which make focusing harder [44]. ...
... The symptoms of CVS appear to increase as the duration of exposure increases [5,8,9,20,21,24,44]. This may be because a computer generates electromagnetic radiation or high-energy blue light, which stresses the ciliary muscle in the eye, resulting in eye strain after continued exposure to the computer screen. ...
Using of computers and other video display terminals (VDTs), such as laptops, smart phones, tablets, e-readers, and even watches, are part of our everyday life and more and more users are experiencing a variety of ocular and non-ocular symptoms related to computer use. These complaints include eyestrain, tired eyes, headaches, eye irritation, eye redness, itching, blurred vision, double vision, dry eye, and neck, back, and shoulder pain as extra-ocular issues, which have been termed computer vision syndrome (CVS). Based on pieces of evidence, between 64% and 90% of computer users experience visual symptoms. Children are also affected as they spend many hours each day using digital devices with visual displays for doing schoolwork, especially after starting the COVID-19 era, playing video games, and sending and receiving text messages on cell phones. With the increased use of these electronic devices, CVS is becoming a major public health issue. Proper identification of symptoms and causative factors is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and management. There are some strategies for reducing the complaints related to prolonged use of digital screen devices.
... Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Logaraj et al. (2014), pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik di salah satu universitas di Chennai, India, sebelum pandemi COVID-19 didapatkan prevalensi asthenopia sebesar 80,3%. Prevalensi pada mahasiswa Teknik ditemukan sebesar 81,9% sedangkan pada kalangan mahasiswa kedokteran ditemukan sebesar 78,6%. ...
... Prevalensi pada mahasiswa Teknik ditemukan sebesar 81,9% sedangkan pada kalangan mahasiswa kedokteran ditemukan sebesar 78,6%. Mahasiswa teknik berisiko lebih tinggi terjadi asthenopia dibandingkan dengan mahasiswa kedokteran (Logaraj et al., 2014). Perbandingan prevalensi asthenopia pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik saat pandemi belum diketahui, demikian juga prevalensi di Universitas Tarumanagara, sehingga mendorong dilakukannya penelitian prevalensi asthenopia pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik di Universitas Tarumanagara. ...
... Hal ini juga didukung dari banyaknya waktu screening time yang dihabiskan oleh mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan pada Fakultas Teknik. Hasil penelitian ini sesuai dengan Logaraj et al. (2014) bahwa prevalensi pada Fakultas Kedokteran sebesar 78.6% dan pada Fakultas Teknik sebesar 81.9% dengan total prevalensi pada kedua fakultas sebesar 80.3% (Logaraj et al., 2014). Hasil penelitian ini juga sesuai dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya dari Gumunggilung et al. (2021) yang mengatakan bahwa tingkat kejadian asthenopia pada mahasiswa sewaktu pandemi COVID-19 sebesar 82.4% (Gumunggilung et al., 2021). ...
Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan peningkatan penggunaan perangkat elektronik karena banyaknya aktivitas berpindah menjadi online. Peningkatan penggunaan komputer (desktop), tablet, dan laptop atau penggunaan perangkat elektronik lainnya, seperti smartphone, atau e-book reader telah meningkatkan kejadian asthenopia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kejadian mata lelah atau asthenopia pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tarumanagara, serta membandingkan angka kejadian tersebut pada mahasiswa di kedua fakultas tersebut sekaligus melihat hubungan antara lamanya penggunaan laptop dengan kejadian asthenopia. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan purposive sampling. Responden penelitian ini berjumlah 347 responden yang merupakan gabungan dari mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tarumanagara Angkatan 2019-2021 yang sudah melakukan pembelajaran daring minimal 5 bulan. Teknik analisis data dengan Chi-Square. Prevalensi asthenopia pada Fakultas Kedokteran sebesar 86,26% dan Fakultas Teknik sebesar 82,35% dengan total keseluruhan pada kedua fakultas sebesar 85.30%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat kejadian asthenopia antara mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tarumanagara. Selama pembelajaran daring, 98.10% mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran dan 92.94% Fakultas Teknik menghabiskan waktu >2 jam untuk belajar dengan menggunakan laptop. Selain itu, hasil menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antar gejala dengan waktu menatap layar laptop. Hasil uji Chi-Square menunjukkan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.122 yang artinya tidak ada hubungan antara lama waktu menatap layar laptop dengan gejala asthenopia.
... It is also defined as the eye's maximum ability to automatically change the lens's power to focus on various lengths (Majumder, 2015). It has been reported that using a computer for more than 4 hours might cause substantial eye fatigue (Logaraj et al., 2014). Previous studies have investigated ways to assess visual fatigue using vergence and accommodation parameters objectively, including fusional vergence range, near the point of convergence (NPC), and high-frequency component (HFC) in the micro fluctuation of accommodation (Kajita M et al., 2001;Kim et al., 2014;Rosenfield, 2011). ...
This study aimed to assess the changes in the amplitude of accommodation under different display polarities and ascertain the effect of display polarities on visual fatigue. Thirty subjects randomly underwent a reading task for 30 minutes with both positive and negative display polarities. The amplitude of accommodation was measured, and subjects were required to complete a subjective symptoms questionnaire; both before and after the reading task. The amplitude of accommodation and visual fatigue symptoms were significantly reduced after the reading task, with both display polarities. Keywords: Display polarity; amplitude of accommodation; visual fatigue eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2023. The Authors. Published for AMER & cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i24.4611
... This was also noted in a study in Gonder in Ethiopia. [32] The study in Sri Lanka [33] also found that students who took frequent breaks were at lower risk of developing symptoms of CVS compared to those who worked at a stretch on the computer. [33] It showed that the major factors associated with CVS are either environmental (improper lighting, display position and viewing distance) and/or the user's visual abilities (uncorrected refractive error, oculomotor disorders and tear film abnormalities). ...
... [32] The study in Sri Lanka [33] also found that students who took frequent breaks were at lower risk of developing symptoms of CVS compared to those who worked at a stretch on the computer. [33] It showed that the major factors associated with CVS are either environmental (improper lighting, display position and viewing distance) and/or the user's visual abilities (uncorrected refractive error, oculomotor disorders and tear film abnormalities). [28,34] In order to minimize the risk factors of CVS young people who use computers must be trained in the proper steps to be take in good practices of computer use including both environmental factors and visual abilities. ...
... The increasing use of electronic devices with flat -panel display should prompt users to take appropriate measures to prevent or to relieve the eye symptoms arising from their use. [35,33] CVS is an emerging public health threat. The benefit of technology is not without its flaws. ...
Background: Globally, Covid-19 pandemic pushed all students indoors. This necessitated mandatory e-learning for all students. Students were compelled to spend 8-12 hours in front of digital devices. This unregulated e-learning has left students at risk of developing Computer Vision Syndrome, (CVS). CVS, a spectrum of eye and vision related problems resulting from the uninterrupted use of digital devices for as little as 2 hours per day, is an emerging public health challenge. This study aimed to assess the ocular, visual and systemic presentations of CVS amongst secondary school students and the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, non-interventional study. The data was generated using self-administered questionnaire and was analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Frequency and percentage of quantifiable variables were analyzed. The independent variables and the dependent variables were grouped and their associations were analyzed. P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 1695 students participated. Commonest ocular symptoms were eye rubbing 33.0% and tearing 31.0%, while the commonest visual symptom was blurry vision 49.5%. Headache was the major systemic complaint 44.1%. Prolonged use of devices for 3 or more hours and use of 3 or more devices often resulted in some visual symptoms. These were statistically significant with a p value of < 0.001. Conclusion: The study observed that duration of exposure to digital screen has linear relationship to CVS. It also noted that number of digital devices used, hours spent and continuous use of screens are strong risk factors for developing CVS. Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, e- learning, pandemic
... This was similar to the prevalence reported by Ganne et al. 2020 among students taking online classes during the pandemic. Logaraj et al. 2014 contrastingly reported a higher prevalence, 78.6%. Any existing eye disease (p-value = 0.000, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.26-0.65), ...
Aim
Digital device usage, especially during the pandemic, has catapulted into a new age problem, the computer vision syndrome. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence and determinants of digital eye strain (DES).
Subject and Methods
A total of 345 university students in India were surveyed in June–July 2022, by a validated tool, the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) © in this cross-sectional study. According to American Optometric Association, digital eye strain and computer vision syndrome are synonyms. Non-parametric tests of medians were used to compare the median DES scores, Chi square test to compare categorical variables, and binary logistic regression to find the determinants of DES.
Results
The average age of the study participants was 21.0 ± 2.2 years, ranging between 18–26 years with 52.8% females and 47.2% males. The prevalence of DES was 45.5% (CI 95% = 40.2%–50.8%). Any existing eye disease (p-value = 0.000, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.26–0.65), average daily screen time (p-value = 0.001, OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.22–2.13) and using gadgets in the dark (p-value = 0.000, OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.23–0.61) were significant determinants of the same.
Conclusion
Framing guidelines limiting the hours allotted for online classes for university students are imperative, with promotion of ergonomic practices for digital device usage such as blue light filters and night mode on devices.
... In Malaysia, a study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found that employees who used computers at work reported lower back pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain in 61.4% of cases and eyestrain in 70.6% of cases [8]. A different study on 416 engineering and medical students in India was conducted in 2014, with prevalence rates of 81.9% and 78.6%, respectively [9]. Additionally, a study conducted on bankers in 2016 revealed a prevalence of 73% as well as the presence of certain risk factors like poor room lighting and an insufficient distance between the eyes and the screen [10]. ...
... The prevalence reported in this study was higher than the prevalence reported in most other similar studies, which was 62.3% among graduate students in Peru [19], 73.0% among bank workers in Ethiopia [10], 74.3% among medical students in China [20], 77.0% among school students in China during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [21], 77.5% among medical students in India [22], 78.6% among medical students in India [9], 86.0% among medical students in Egypt [23], 89.9% among students in Malaysia [6], 97.3% among health sciences students in Saudi Arabia [16], and 97.9% among students in Thailand [24]. ...
Background and aims
Regular continuous uninterrupted use of electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and computers, can result in a spectrum of vision-related symptoms known as computer vision syndrome. Students today can readily access information and books on their smartphones and computers, which reduces their reliance on printed texts. Numerous muscle-related and ocular complaints could arise from this. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome symptoms among medical students at the University of Khartoum and to identify its contributing factors. The secondary objective was to evaluate practices and knowledge related to computer vision syndrome prevention.
Methods
This study is a facility-based cross-sectional observation aimed at describing medical students' characteristics at the University of Khartoum. The sampling strategy employed was stratified random sampling, and a structured online questionnaire was used to collect the data. A total of 149 students completed the self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic data, validated symptoms of computer vision syndrome, and factors associated with the syndrome's development. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.), simple descriptive statistics were calculated, and odds ratios and Pearson’s chi-square test were employed to examine and quantify the association between variables.
Results
Of the 149 participants, 58.4% were female, while males made up 41.6% of the study sample. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome has been found to be 94%, and 72.4% of the students reported experiencing at least three symptoms of computer vision syndrome. Neck and shoulder pain was the most commonly reported symptom (78.5%), followed by headache (70.5%), while the least reported symptom was eye redness (36.2%). The majority of students (81.2%) used electronic devices for five or more hours a day, and the most common posture while using electronic devices was lying down, as reported by 54.4% of the students. A total of 68% of the medical students in this study reported keeping a distance that was shorter than the suggested 40 centimeters from the screen, and only 18.1% were aware of the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes look at an object 20 feet away for 20 seconds). The seating position has been found to be significantly associated with the number of symptoms experienced (p=0.012); sitting with a bent back was 4.6 times more likely to cause more than three symptoms when compared to sitting upright with a straight back (OR=4.643; 95% CI: 1.63-13.21; p=0.004).
Conclusion
There was a very high prevalence of computer vision syndrome among medical students at the University of Khartoum. Most students had poor awareness and bad practices regarding the safe use of electronic devices. Awareness campaigns to encourage good practices and enable the safe use of computers and other digital devices are strongly recommended.
... 39.4% of our study subjects had one or more of the symptoms associated with DES. Studies by Mohammed et al, [9] & Logaraj et al, [10] reported that the proportion of their study subjects experiencing one or more symptoms of DES was 59% & 78% respectively. Noreen et al. reported that 67.2% of medical students had symptoms related to DES. [11] This was far better than what was reported by Iqbal et al, [12] who found that 86% of Egyptian medical students reported one or more symptoms, Sanodiya et al, [13] who found 89.5% & Chwala et al, [14] who found more than 90% of medical undergraduates who participated in the study complaining of at least one symptom. ...
... Mohan et al. (8) reported males are more vulnerable to symptoms of DES. However, Logaraj et al, [10] found that males & females have different sets of predominant symptoms. All the students were regularly using devices with digital screens. ...
Background: Digital eye strain (DES) consists of a range of eye problems that result from prolonged use digital screens. Although, the harmful effect of overuse is known, students are increasingly dependent on these for education & entertainment. Therefore, we conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of Digital eye strain among undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 medical students in Madurai city. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data entered in MS excel and analysis done using PSPP. Result: The overall prevalence of digital eye strain among undergraduate medical students was found to be 11%. 39.4% of the study subjects had one or more of the symptoms related to DES.
