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Percentage of fatty acid content of New Zealand green- lipped mussel capsules (containing PCSO-524 ® ), and the olive oil placebo capsules
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Runners are prone to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) during long distance training. This especially holds for unaccustomed training volumes at moderate to high intensities. We investigated the effects of a marine oil complex, PCSO-524®, derived from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (formulated as Lyprinol® and Omega XL®) on DOMS after a 30...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... active group was provided with capsules containing 50 mg PCSO-524 ® (Great HealthWorks) and 100 mg pharmaceutical grade olive oil, and the control group with 150 mg placebo capsules containing pharmaceutical grade olive oil, which were identical in appearance to the active capsule. The fatty acid analyses of these capsules are shown in Table 1. The runners were asked to take eight capsules (400 mg active substance) every day during the treatment period of 11 weeks. ...
Context 2
... investigation is required and a study design with greater statistical power is necessary to gain a clearer picture of whether PCSO-524 ® (Great HealthWorks) supplementation can attenuate the efflux of CK from muscle cells, an effect generally associated with reduced sarcomeric trauma. 13 Given that effects occurred relative to a control group that took placebo capsules of olive oil, and comparing the differences in composition of the active and placebo capsules (Table 1), the likely candidates for the active components of PCSO-524 ® (Great HealthWorks) are the ω3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as each is known to possess anti-inflammatory properties. 14 These lipids have widespread effects on human physiology, including down-regulating genes controlling inflammatory activity, reducing lipid synthesis and stimulating its oxidation, and influencing cell membrane function. ...
Citations
... The lipid fraction extracted from greenshell mussels is highly significant in both human and veterinary medicine. A detailed chemical analysis of the PCSO-524 ® has been previously published [19,20]. The blend of greenshell mussel oil includes up to 91 fatty acids, with 16 accounting for more than 1% of the total fatty acid. ...
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common autoimmune disorder in dogs with a high fatality rate and it remains a therapeutic challenge. The marine lipid extract, EAB-277, is a natural anti-inflammatory nutraceutical product. However, the effects of EAB-277 in IMHA dogs has rarely been investigated. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical effects of EAB-277 and prednisolone dose-tapering for supplemental therapy in IMHA dogs. Prednisolone was given to 18 anemic IMHA dogs according to a standard regimen. Six dogs were supplementally treated with EAB-277 for 28 days and the remaining twelve dogs were a control group of untreated supplementations. The results demonstrate that the supplement group showed slightly better survival rates (66.7 ± 19.2%) than the control group (16.7 ± 0.7%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.408). When compared to pre-therapy, the supplement group’s blood profiles improved (p < 0.05). The EAB-277 treated group showed a moderate decrease in the incidence rate (4.20 times) of prednisolone tapering compared to the control group. The dosage reduction of prednisolone in supplement group was more than that in the control group (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that EAB-277 supplementation may enhance clinical outcomes and lessen prednisolone dose-tapering in canine IMHA therapy.
... Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of GSM supplements in improving arthritis and asthma symptoms in [14,15] and improving cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents with high levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity [16]. Moreover, several intervention trials have also investigated the benefits of GSM oil supplementation in supporting muscle recovery from EIMD [17][18][19]. These studies showed that long-term GSM oil supplementation was effective in reducing loss in muscle function and attenuating DOMS, inflammation and biomarkers of muscle damage following eccentric EIMD. ...
... Using the SF-MPQ to assess DOMS in the resting eccentrically exercised leg, our findings are consistent with previous research indicating that bench stepping significantly increased muscle soreness, peaking at 48 h post exercise [30,31]. Previous studies have shown that supplementation with GSM oil reduces the severity of DOMS following downhill running in both trained [19] and untrained [18] men and accelerates the dissipation of DOMS to pre-exercise levels within 48 h post exercise [17]. Similarly, our study found that GSM supplementation reduced peak VAS-assessed pain 48 h post exercise. ...
... Participants were solely untrained men; therefore, the findings in this study may not be extrapolated to women or trained individuals. Training status has a significant influence on the physiological and biological parameters of muscle damage due to the highly adaptable nature of skeletal muscle to repeated exercise [19,37]. Untrained participants were recruited to maximise the effect of the bench-stepping protocol on parameters of muscle damage, thereby maximising the potential of detecting GSM effects on these measures. ...
Unaccustomed eccentric exercise results in muscle damage limiting physical performance for several days. This study investigated if Greenshell™ mussel (GSM) powder consumption expedited muscle recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Methods: Twenty untrained adult men were recruited into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study and were randomly assigned to receive the GSM powder or placebo treatment first. Participants consumed their allocated intervention for four weeks then completed a bench-stepping exercise that induced muscle damage to the eccentrically exercised leg. Muscle function, soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation were measured before exercise, immediately after exercise and 24, 48 and 72 h post exercise. GSM powder promoted muscle function recovery, significantly improving (p < 0.05) isometric and concentric peak torque at 48 h and 72 h post exercise, respectively. Participants on the GSM treatment had faster dissipation of soreness, with significant treatment × time interactions for affective (p = 0.007) and Visual Analogue Scale-assessed pain (p = 0.018). At 72 h, plasma creatine kinase concentrations in the GSM group were lower (p < 0.05) compared with the placebo group. This study provides evidence for GSM powder being effective in supporting muscle recovery from EIMD.
... There are four published clinical studies assessing the effects of Lyprinol on muscle damage induced by exercise, of which three reported a beneficial effect. Lyprinol administrated to nonprofessional runners at 400 mg/day for 11 weeks resulted in less soreness after running, with a greater effect observed in less well-trained runners [88]. Lyprinol, taken at 1200 mg/day for 26 days after muscle damage had occurred resulted in reductions in a circulating biomarker of muscle damage and inflammation, muscle pain, loss of strength, range of motion in the knee and peripheral fatigue in untrained men [89]. ...
GreenshellTM mussels (GSMs), Perna canaliculus, are Aotearoa/New Zealand’s most important aquaculture species and is sold as a variety of food products worldwide. GSMs are a traditional and culturally valuable food of the Māori people. Following the development of a series of nutraceutical products (dried powders and extracted oils) by the GSM aquaculture industry in the 1960s, there has been an increased scientific interest in the clinical health benefits of GSM products. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in GSMs have exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, and the clinical evidence has led to GSM powders and oils being extensively promoted as treatments for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This review defines the nutritional composition of GSMs and describes the sustainability of GSMs and their traditional uses. The review also details the health benefits of GSMs in clinical applications and identifies potential mechanisms and molecular pathways initiated by the various bioactive components of GSMs.
... Our group (Mickleborough et al. 2015) has previously shown that supplementing the diet of untrained males with 1,200 mg/d of a green-lipped mussel (PCSO-524 V R ) oil blend for 26 days significantly reduces functional and blood markers of EIMD following muscle damaging exercise. In support of our findings, Baum et al. (2013) found 11 weeks of PCSO-524 V R supplementation to reduce DOMS induced by a 30 km run in men and women distance runners. Thus, the data on PCSO-524 V R seem to support its use as a therapeutic nutraceutical for mitigating muscle damage and inflammation following strenuous exercise in untrained as well as in trained individuals. ...
... Our group (Mickleborough et al. 2015) and others (Baum et al. 2013;Zawadzki et al. 2013) have shown that PCSO-524 V R to be an effective nutraceutical for reducing functional indices of EIMD and inflammation in various subject groups from untrained (Mickleborough et al. 2015) to trained (Baum et al. 2013), as well as alleviating symptoms of various clinical conditions (i.e. osteoarthritis and asthma) (Cho et al. 2003;Mickleborough et al. 2013). ...
... Our group (Mickleborough et al. 2015) and others (Baum et al. 2013;Zawadzki et al. 2013) have shown that PCSO-524 V R to be an effective nutraceutical for reducing functional indices of EIMD and inflammation in various subject groups from untrained (Mickleborough et al. 2015) to trained (Baum et al. 2013), as well as alleviating symptoms of various clinical conditions (i.e. osteoarthritis and asthma) (Cho et al. 2003;Mickleborough et al. 2013). ...
Green-lipped mussel oil (PCSO-524®) has been shown to attenuate signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and krill oil has been shown to have a protective effect against cytokine-induced tissue degradation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of PCSO-524® and ESPO-572® (75% PCSO-524® and 25% krill oil) on signs and symptoms of EIMD. Fifty-one untrained men consumed 600 mg/d of PCSO-524® (n = 24) or ESPO-572® (n = 27) for 26 d prior to and 72 h following a downhill running bout. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), pressure pain threshold, limb swelling, range of motion (ROM), isometric torque, and blood markers of inflammation and muscle damage were assessed at baseline, 24, 48 and 72 h post-eccentric exercise. ESPO-572® was ‘at least as good as’ PCSO-524® and both blends were superior (p < 0.05) to placebo in lessening the increase in DOMS at 24, 48, 72 h. ESPO-572® and PCSO-524® were protective against joint ROM loss compared to placebo (p < 0.05) at 48 and 72 h. Notably, at 24 and 48 h, joint ROM was higher in the ESPO-572® compared to the PCSO-524® group (p < 0.05). No differences between the two blends for the other markers were found. ESPO-572® is ‘at least as good’ as PCSO-524® in reducing markers of muscle damage and soreness following eccentric exercise and was superior to PCSO-524® in protecting against the loss in joint ROM during recovery. Our data support the use of ESPO-572®, a combination of green-lipped mussel and krill oil, in mitigating the deleterious effects of EIMD.
... Nutraceutical products from GSM (both oil and powders) have been shown to have benefits in human clinical trials on the alleviation of osteo-/rheumatoid-arthritis [20][21][22], asthma [23,24], and adverse effects of exercise and/or inflammation [25,26]. With some new animal studies showing novel activity in protecting against cartilage damage in both early-stage and late-stage metabolic osteoarthritis [5], increasing lean mass accrual in diet-driven obesity, and reducing loss of bone mineral density in osteoporosis [27]. ...
Greenshell™ mussel (GSM, Perna canaliculus) is New Zealand's most important aquaculture species. They are a good source of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA). Beyond a traditional food product, GSMs are also sold as mussel powders and oil extract formats in the nutraceutical markets. In this study, a four-sequence, single dose, randomized crossover human trial with eight evaluable healthy male participants was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of the n-3 LC PUFA in four different GSM formats (oil, powder, food ingredient and half-shell unprocessed whole mussel) by measuring area under the curve (AUC) and maximal concentration (C Max). Blood samples were collected at baseline and up to 48 h after initiation of product consumption in each administration period. There were minor differences between the bioavailability of FA (fatty acid) between the different GSM formats. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) peak concentrations and plasma exposures were significantly lower with GSM oil compared to GSM half-shell and GSM powder formats, which resulted in AUC 0-48 for the intake of GSM half-shell mussel and GSM powder being significantly higher than that for GSM oil (p = 0.013, f = 4.84). This equated to a 20.6% and 24.3% increase in the amount of EPA present in the plasma after consumption of half-shell mussels and mussel powder respectively compared to GSM oil. GSM oil produced the shortest median time to maximal plasma n-3 LC PUFA concentration of all evaluated products demonstrated by a shorter maximum measured plasma concentration (T Max = 5 h). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-3 LC PUFA plasma exposure parameters were statistically comparable across the four GSM products evaluated.
... These products do so by modifying cardiac membranes within a dose range achievable in the human diet [57]. Similarly, fish oil dietary supplementation might have the capacity to reduce delayed onset muscle soreness and EIMD after a 30 km run [58]. Therefore, these findings indicate that fish intake during the week before a marathon could have potential benefits in regard to reducing EIMD in recreational marathon runners. ...
Adequate food intake is important prior to endurance running competitions to facilitate adequate exercise intensity. However, no investigations have examined whether dietary intake could prevent exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and cardiac stress (EICS). Thus, this study's objective was to determine the associations between EIMD, EICS and endurance athlete diets one week before a marathon race. Sixty-nine male runners participated in this study. Food intake during the week prior to the race was collected through a seven-day weighed food record. Dietary intake on race day was also recorded. At the end of the marathon, blood samples were drawn to determine serum creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin, and muscle-brain isoform creatine kinase (CK-MB), prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin I (TNI), and cardiac troponin T (TNT) concentration as markers of EIMD and EICS, respectively. To determine the association between these variables, a stepwise regression analysis was carried out. The dependent variable was defined as EIMD or EICS and the independent variables were defined as the number of servings within each different food group. Results showed that the intake of meat during the previous week was positively associated with post-race CK (Standardized Coefficients (β) = 0.643; p < 0.01) and myoglobin (β = 0.698; p < 0.001). Vegetables were negatively associated the concentration of post-race CK (β = −0.482; p = 0.002). Butter and fatty meat were positively associated with NT-proBNP (β = 0.796; p < 0.001) and TNI (β = 0.396; p < 0.001) post-marathon values. However, fish intake was negatively associated with CK (β = −0.272; p = 0.042), TNI (β = −0.593; p < 0.001) and TNT (β = −0.640; p = 0.002) post-marathon concentration. Olive oil was negatively associated with TNI (β = −0.536; p < 0.001) and TNT (β = −0.415; p = 0.021) values. In conclusion, the consumption of meat, butter, and fatty meat might be associated with higher levels of EIMD and EICS. On the other hand, fish, vegetables, and olive oil might have a protective role against EIMD and EICS. The selection of an adequate diet before a marathon might help to reduce some of the acute burdens associated with marathon races.
... Studies have determined that the onset of DOMS following exercise reduces the muscle's ability to generate maximum torque (Johnsen, et al., 2011;Nguyen, et al., 2009). Furthermore, muscle damage via DOMS leads to changes in stride mechanics such as stride length, running economy (Baum, et al., 2013;Calbet, Chavarren, & Dorado, 2001) and a greater reliance on anaerobic methods of energy production (Chung, et al., 2003). By mediating DOMS following an acute bout of exercise the participant may continue to train and/or compete at a high level without compromising strength, power, or technique. ...
Delayed onset muscular soreness (DOMS) occurs following unaccustomed, strenuous activity and a variety of attempts have been used to reduce or prevent the discomfort and pain of DOMS. This study examined the effect of oral gamma globulin protein (IgY) on post-exercise creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), and DOMS. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study, 25 healthy participants were assigned to either IgY or placebo (PL) followed by a blood draw. After 14 days of supplementation, muscle soreness was induced and participants continued to dose and rate DOMS for the next 48 hrs and followed by another blood draw. Analysis revealed that CK levels were significantly (p
... Before data collection, to ensure standardisation, the participants were informed about the aim of the study and its procedures, and all queries were clarified. Participants were encouraged to avoid treating the pain when it arose, with either analgesics or other treatments (such as ice, warm water immersion or stretching), in order to avoid distorting the results, and they were also encouraged to avoid consuming vitamin supplements, caffeine or alcohol during the intervention period (Goldfarb, 1999;Baum et al., 2013;Howatson et al., 2005;Rawson et al., 2001;Lembke et al., 2014;Hurley et al., 2013). Participants were informed that they should not talk with each other about the sample procedures, in order to keep themselves blinded. ...
... Nutraceutical products from GSM (both oil and powders) have been shown to have benefits in human clinical trials on the alleviation of osteo-/rheumatoid-arthritis (Gibson, & Gibson, 1998;Lau et al., 2004;Szechinski, & Zawadzki, 2011), asthma (Emelyanov et al., 2002;Lello, Liang, Robinson, Leutenegger, & Wheat, 2012), adverse effects of exercise and/or inflammation (Baum, Telford, & Cunningham, 2013;Mickleborough, Sinex, Platt, Chapman, & Hirt, 2015). Due to the low lipid content of mussels (~2%), nutraceutical oils from GSM are being produced at an industrial scale either by solvent extraction or by supercritical CO 2 extraction. ...
Greenshell™ mussel (GSM, Perna canaliculus) is New Zealand's most important aquaculture species. This study looked at changes in the proximate composition, lipid class and fatty acid profile of male and female market ready mussels over a year from April 2016 through to March 2017. There were differences over the season as well as differences between male and female mussels. Winter GSM had lower lipid, carbohydrate and protein concentrations than other seasons. Female mussels had a higher lipid (on average 1.8 ± 0.5 g/100 g ww) and carbohydrate (on average 5.0 ± 1.1 g/100 g ww) compared with the males (lipid, 1.5 ± 0.4 g/100 g ww and carbohydrate 4.5 ± 1.2 g/100 g ww). The major differences observed between seasons in the omega 3 and fatty acids content of the GSM were driven by the fat content, with the highest fat content found in female mussels in the spring prior to spawning. The majority of lipids found in mussels are polar lipids. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive data on the composition and the lipid content of GSM to date and provides solid base-line data as the New Zealand GSM industry continues to improve their production procedures. The enhanced nutritional payload of mussels harvested outside of winter (particularly female mussels in spring) could drive a differentiated higher value mussel product.
... Alpha laboratories (Auckland, NZ) conduced the fatty acid analysis on the placebo (olive oil) capsules. While Table 1 presents the fatty acid analysis conducted on the PCSO-524® (Batch No. A6530-01) and placebo (Batch No. 7820) capsules used in the present study, a detailed fatty acid analysis of the PCSO-524® and placebo capsules has been published elsewhere [31,32]. Wolyniak et al. [23] have shown that the 'lipid extract' portion of the greenlipped mussel oil blend contains up to 91 fatty acids (including EPA and DHA). ...
... To date only two studies have been conducted in order to determine the efficacy of supplementation with this specific green-lipped mussel oil blend (PCSO-524®) on markers of EIMD and DOMS following muscle damaging [32] and exhaustive exercise [31]. While Baum et al. [31] found that 11 wk. of the green-lipped mussel oil blend supplemented diet reduced DOMS following an exhaustive 30 km run in male and female trained distance runners, Pumpa et al. [32] found no effect of 8 wk of supplementation with this specific green-lipped mussel oil blend on DOMS and functional and blood markers of EIMD following downhill running in trained men from a variety of sports. ...
... To date only two studies have been conducted in order to determine the efficacy of supplementation with this specific green-lipped mussel oil blend (PCSO-524®) on markers of EIMD and DOMS following muscle damaging [32] and exhaustive exercise [31]. While Baum et al. [31] found that 11 wk. of the green-lipped mussel oil blend supplemented diet reduced DOMS following an exhaustive 30 km run in male and female trained distance runners, Pumpa et al. [32] found no effect of 8 wk of supplementation with this specific green-lipped mussel oil blend on DOMS and functional and blood markers of EIMD following downhill running in trained men from a variety of sports. The divergent findings between the present study and the Pumpa et al. study [32] are difficult to reconcile, but is likely related to Pumpa and colleagues [32] using a lower dose (600 mg/day) of green-lipped mussel oil blend supplementation compared to the present study (1200 mg/day), and using a downhill running protocol of insufficient intensity to promote muscle damage and a robust inflammatory response in trained individuals. ...
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PCSO-524®, a marine oil lipid and n-3 LC PUFA blend, derived from New Zealand green- lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), on markers of muscle damage and inflammation following muscle damaging exercise in untrained men.
Thirty two untrained male subjects were randomly assigned to consume 1200 mg/d of PCSO- 524® (a green-lipped mussel oil blend) or placebo for 26 d prior to muscle damaging exercise (downhill running), and continued for 96 h following the muscle damaging exercise bout. Blood markers of muscle damage (skeletal muscle slow troponin I, sTnI; myoglobin, Mb; creatine kinase, CK), and inflammation (tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α), and functional measures of muscle damage (delayed onset muscle soreness, DOMS; pressure pain threshold, PPT; knee extensor joint range of motion, ROM; isometric torque, MVC) were assessed pre- supplementation (baseline), and multiple time points post-supplementation (before and after muscle damaging exercise). At baseline and 24 h following muscle damaging exercise peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force (∆Qtw,pot) from pre- to post-exhaustive cycling ergometer test in response to supra-maximal femoral nerve stimulation.
Compared to placebo, supplementation with the green-lipped mussel oil blend significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) sTnI and TNF-α at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h., Mb at 24, 48, 72, 96 h., and CK-MM at all-time points following muscle damaging exercise, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) DOMS at 72 and 96 h post-muscle damaging exercise, and resulted in significantly less strength loss (MVC) and provided a protective effect against joint ROM loss at 96 h post- muscle damaging exercise. At 24 h after muscle damaging exercise perceived pain was significantly greater (p < 0.05) compared to baseline in the placebo group only. Following muscle damaging exercise ∆Qtw,pot was significantly less (p < 0.05) on the green-lipped mussel oil blend compared to placebo.
Supplementation with a marine oil lipid and n-3 LC PUFA blend (PCSO-524®), derived from the New Zealand green lipped mussel, may represent a useful therapeutic agent for attenuating muscle damage and inflammation following muscle damaging exercise.
