Figure 7
Percentage increased absorption in cold environment (6 °C) over absorption in warm environment (31 °C) of intra-gastric xylose in rats.
Source publication
The 500 bacterial species that inhabit the alimentary canal have been a source of interest for me since employment in the Gastroenterology Unit . It is now increasingly recognized that between 5 and 15 percent of these bacteria stimulate pathogenic immune responses, abetted by high insulin resistance. Early on in my career I realized that both insu...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... our investigations we have taken BG to be a measure of energy availability in blood [28]. In support of this, we recently showed that BG among infants was positively correlated to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Pre-meal values of both showed a difference of ±15% between scheduled meals and demanded meals (IDMP) [1]. We applied IDMP to children and IHMP to adults and at recruitment found that 30% of subjects had low mean BG and low RMR. These low baseline subjects showed little response to IHMP. Their mean BG and RMR decreased significantly less than in subjects with high values after adoption of IDMP or IHMP. We kept BG as a measure of energy availability. The correlation between BG and RMR implies an association between energy availability in blood and RMR. The reverse may also be true: RMR may be the best assessment of energy availability Insulin resistance increases and emission of body energy ceases at 30 °C, at humidity saturation [17 - 23]. In opposite circumstances, immersion in cold water increases thermo-dispersion 25 times compared to the same gradient in air [23]. Thermo-dispersion in a cold climate increases energy expenditure, energy absorption, intake, and precipitates hunger [28, 20 - 26]. Thus, a cold environment tends to be protective against intestinal microflora growth [31] by increasing absorption and flow rate of nutrients [24 - 26]. Rapid increases and decreases in temperature are more effective in producing these changes than more gradual changes [21]. The Meteo Center in Florence, Italy, suggests the following for the home environment: Relative humidity of 40%, movement of air between 0.1 e 0.2 m s-1 (= 0.36 – 0.72 km/h), and a temperature between 19 and 22 °C. Higher relative humidity is associated with poor ventilation, depresses metabolism in a warm environment and increases the sensation of cold in a cold environment. The latter effect encourages the use of ambient heating. Humidity of over 60% promotes molds and bacterial growth. These increase the risk of RID or subclinical inflammation. In Florence, monthly means in the year 2009 were between 65% and 78% humidity. Separately or in combination, warm, humid or stagnant air provokes a decrease in energy metabolism with a corresponding decrease in intestinal absorption (Figure 7). We compared absorption in a warm environment (30 °C) with absorption in cold environment (18 °C for humans and 6 °C for animals) [24 - 26]. In rats, we found an absorption decrease of xylose of 50% (Figure 7). We published the following figure 8 and related data in Italian [26]. Figure 8 adds an important finding: the decrease in intestinal absorption accelerates beyond 28 °C [26]. The decrease in intestinal absorption is hyperbolic in association with increasing environmental ...
Context 2
... our investigations we have taken BG to be a measure of energy availability in blood [28]. In support of this, we recently showed that BG among infants was positively correlated to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Pre-meal values of both showed a difference of ±15% between scheduled meals and demanded meals (IDMP) [1]. We applied IDMP to children and IHMP to adults and at recruitment found that 30% of subjects had low mean BG and low RMR. These low baseline subjects showed little response to IHMP. Their mean BG and RMR decreased significantly less than in subjects with high values after adoption of IDMP or IHMP. We kept BG as a measure of energy availability. The correlation between BG and RMR implies an association between energy availability in blood and RMR. The reverse may also be true: RMR may be the best assessment of energy availability Insulin resistance increases and emission of body energy ceases at 30 °C, at humidity saturation [17 - 23]. In opposite circumstances, immersion in cold water increases thermo-dispersion 25 times compared to the same gradient in air [23]. Thermo-dispersion in a cold climate increases energy expenditure, energy absorption, intake, and precipitates hunger [28, 20 - 26]. Thus, a cold environment tends to be protective against intestinal microflora growth [31] by increasing absorption and flow rate of nutrients [24 - 26]. Rapid increases and decreases in temperature are more effective in producing these changes than more gradual changes [21]. The Meteo Center in Florence, Italy, suggests the following for the home environment: Relative humidity of 40%, movement of air between 0.1 e 0.2 m s-1 (= 0.36 – 0.72 km/h), and a temperature between 19 and 22 °C. Higher relative humidity is associated with poor ventilation, depresses metabolism in a warm environment and increases the sensation of cold in a cold environment. The latter effect encourages the use of ambient heating. Humidity of over 60% promotes molds and bacterial growth. These increase the risk of RID or subclinical inflammation. In Florence, monthly means in the year 2009 were between 65% and 78% humidity. Separately or in combination, warm, humid or stagnant air provokes a decrease in energy metabolism with a corresponding decrease in intestinal absorption (Figure 7). We compared absorption in a warm environment (30 °C) with absorption in cold environment (18 °C for humans and 6 °C for animals) [24 - 26]. In rats, we found an absorption decrease of xylose of 50% (Figure 7). We published the following figure 8 and related data in Italian [26]. Figure 8 adds an important finding: the decrease in intestinal absorption accelerates beyond 28 °C [26]. The decrease in intestinal absorption is hyperbolic in association with increasing environmental ...
Similar publications
Introduction: At present the fact that the gut microbiome plays an essential role in the development of overweight and obesity to few ones seems surprising. The mechanisms of the theory of obese microbiome are clearer every day. Some of these mechanism include a regulations over the immune system, furthermore, the gut microbiome influences both sid...
Citations
... We assumed BG as an index of energy availability in blood and in all tissues [1 -20] and conceived the preprandial BG measurements as a check to protect the subject from poorly manifested hypoglycemia and to assess energy balance between meals [9]. At IH arousal, the same background (BG) suggested that IH recognition was accurate. ...
... This review aimed at giving a rapid and compressive outlook on our published demonstrations that are all convergent. Conditioned intake is not limited to overweight people and gastroenterology patients but appears to be as a global, durable, although correctable, health impairment that either activates or worsens inflammation in this or other organ till its devastation [21] [31]. Some authors have already reproduced our training [32] [33]. ...
... Vegetables and fruit were suggested in an amount between 500 and 1000 grams per day over 8 years of age. This amount prevented BG depressions in hyperinsulinemic subjects who wanted to decrease body weight [31]. ...
Presenting author details
Full name: Mario Ciampolini
Contact number: 039055215744 mlciampolini@fastwebnet.it
Session name Pathogenesis of Alimentary Diabetes and solution by loss of 20% body weight, and by attainment of Initial Hunger as well as of low BG before meals.
Category: (Oral presentation/
1st Abstract: Learning the recognition of Initial Hunger (IH)
Background: The will to eat is a decision associated with conditioned responses and with unconditioned body sensations that reflect changes in metabolic biomarkers. The body feelings described as hunger have often components that are conditioned by time, social behavior and sight of food. Blood glucose is a biomarker of current energy availability and of hunger. Extensive rat and human studies showed that blood glucose declines coincided with spontaneous feelings of hunger, with metabolic insufficiency and meal initiation.
Objectives: Investigating whether the decision to eat can be delayed until blood glucose is allowed to fall to low levels, when feeding behavior is (mostly) unconditioned.
Methods: 7-week pilot study. 158 adults suffering from diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia were recruited and randomized to experimental (trained; n = 80) and control (untrained; n = 78) groups. Subjects of experimental group were trained to ignore meal times and to pay attention to their earliest sensations of hunger or discomfort, so to measure glucose concentrations (blood glucose,BG) with glucometer. They were instructed to associate their sensations of hunger with BG value. The control group followed their normal routine. In the final investigative session (after compilation of a 7 days dairy) all patients were asked to estimate their preprandial BG and a blood sample was taken to measure BG through a glucose autoanalyzer.
Results: At the end of the 7-week training period, estimated and measured glycemic values were found to be linearly correlated in the trained group (r = 0.82; p = 0.0001) but not in the control (untrained) group (r = 0.10; p = 0.40). Fewer subjects in the trained group were hungry than those in the control group (p = 0.001). The 18 hungry subjects of the trained group had significantly lower glucose levels (80.1 ± 6.3 mg/dL) than the 42 hungry control subjects (89.2 ± 10.2 mg/dL; p = 0.01). Moreover, the trained hungry subjects estimated their BG (78.1 ± 6.7 mg/dL; estimation error: 3.2 ± 2.4% of the measured BG) more accurately than the control group (75.9 ± 9.8 mg/dL; estimation error: 16.7 ± 11.0%; p = 0.0001). In addiction the estimation error of the entire trained group (4.7 ± 3.6%) was significantly lower than that of the control subjects (17.1 ± 11.5%; p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: Patients could be trained to accurately estimate their blood glucose and to recognize their sensations of initial hunger at low glucose concentrations. These results suggest that it is possible to learn a behavioral distinction between unconditioned and conditioned hunger, and to modulate intake to achieve three IH arousals per day.
... We assumed BG as an index of energy availability in blood and in all tissues [1 -20] and conceived the preprandial BG measurements as a check to protect the subject from poorly manifested hypoglycemia and to assess energy balance between meals [9]. At IH arousal, the same background (BG) suggested that IH recognition was accurate. ...
... We assumed BG as an index of energy availability in blood and in all tissues [1 -20] and conceived the preprandial BG measurements as a check to protect the subject from poorly manifested hypoglycemia and to assess energy balance between meals [9]. At IH arousal, the same background (BG) suggested that IH recognition was accurate. ...
... This review aimed at giving a rapid and compressive outlook on our published demonstrations that are all convergent. Conditioned intake is not limited to overweight people and gastroenterology patients but appears to be as a global, durable, although correctable, health impairment that either activates or worsens inflammation in this or other organ till its devastation [21] [31]. Some authors have already reproduced our training [32] [33]. ...
... Vegetables and fruit were suggested in an amount between 500 and 1000 grams per day over 8 years of age. This amount prevented BG depressions in hyperinsulinemic subjects who wanted to decrease body weight [31]. ...
... Vegetables and fruit were suggested in an amount between 500 and 1000 grams per day over 8 years of age. This amount prevented BG depressions in hyperinsulinemic subjects who wanted to decrease body weight [31]. ...
... This review aimed at giving a rapid and compressive outlook on our published demonstrations that are all convergent. Conditioned intake is not limited to overweight people and gastroenterology patients but appears to be as a global, durable, although correctable, health impairment that either activates or worsens inflammation in this or other organ till its devastation [21] [31]. Some authors have already reproduced our training [32] [33]. ...
... Vegetables and fruit were suggested in an amount between 500 and 1000 grams per day over 8 years of age. This amount prevented BG depressions in hyperinsulinemic subjects who wanted to decrease body weight [31]. ...
Background: Obesity, diabetes, asthma, autism, birth defects, dyslexia, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia have increased in children in the last half century. These increases may depend on the widespread, well known error in energy balance: the unremitting addition of fat at any will (decision) to eat. In most (60%) but not all people, the decision arises as conditioned before energy exhaustion of the energy available from previous meals. After meal suspension for few hours (up to 48 hours), healthy subjects identified the arousal of sensations of hunger that we named Initial Hunger (IH). After this identification, subjects distinguished IH from conditioned sensations before subsequent meals by mental comparison of the current arousal with the remembered IH. BG decreased to 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL and hunger sensations (Initial hunger, IH) arose spontaneously and corresponded to the complete exhaustion of the previous meals. Objective: Not Insulin Dependent (NID) diabetic people differ from fattening people in this: after meal suspension, they do not develop any hunger sensation nor the associated low blood glucose (BG). Methods: Meal suspension lets IH arise and after no arousal, reduction of energy intake. The two subjects consumed meals that provided at least 20 grams of animal protein and up to one kg of not-starchy vegetable (NSV) for 6 to 12 months. At reappearance of IH, we implemented an Initial Hunger Meal Pattern (IHMP). Results: We tried to implement IHMP training in two obese (BMI of 39 and 33) adults out of two consecutive recruitments of subjects who showed high fasting BG. We found an absence of BG decline to 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL and an absence of any hunger sensation after eating suspension. Both subjects lost 13% - 20% of their body weight and recovered 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL of BG and hunger sensations, i.e., went off diabetes. IHMP maintained the decreased body weight in the subsequent months. Conclusion: Diabetes develops for inveterate conditioned intake (when previous energy intake has not been fully exhausted before meals), excessive fattening (with presumed excessive post-absorption emission of fatty acids from fatty tissues), permanent loss of BG decline to 76.6 ± 3.7 mg/dL and permanent loss of physiological signals of hunger. A healthy, non-diabetic life may be recovered by painless loss of weight up to 20%. The body weight remained stable by implementing IHMP at reappearance of hunger sensations. This costs accurate energy intake planning instead of hunger endurance.
... According to many studies (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch., 2002), nutrients disappearing from circulation may settle either on the liver or on the adipose tissue or being burned out. The storage is however reversible because it is strictly related to a high blood glucose concentration (BG). ...
... We have chosen to consider the phases of both energy expenditure and energy supply (at meals) in adults as well as in children. The IH (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch, 2002) appeared after suspension of meals as a sensation, i.e. as a subjective (psychic) event in adults and as a physical manifestation (individual, according to the mothers' evaluation) in children. In the single individual this event coincided constantly with the same BG. ...
... The overall sterile inflammation or pro-inflammatory state represents one of the most important notions acquired by medical physiopathology in the last century (Brandtzaeg et al., 1989;Hecht et al., 2007;Festa et al., 2000;Reaven 2006;Smith 2007;Bigorgne et al., 2008;Cani et al., 2007;Stratton et al., 2000;Bruun et al., 2003;Davidson et al., 1984;Van der Waaij et al., 2008;Sartor, 2008). Such a state is associated both to increased vascular, autoimmune and tumor risks but also to degenerative and functional disorders (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch., 2002). In addition it facilitates the onset of autoimmune and allergic diseases like arthritis and eczema. ...
Background: We have worked out an alimentary behaviour based on a meal- after -meal individual limit of energy intake (IHMP). We have then studied the energy intake, the pre-prandial blood glucose concentration (blood glucose, BG) and the body weight of a group of children with chronic not specific diarrhea. Finally we have added BG tolerance tests to clinically healthy adults in order to ascertain a possible association between IHMP and insulin sensitivity, should functional disorders or overweight problems arise.Objective: With the present study we want to verify if mothers are capable of maintaining the IHMP and low pre-prandial BG levels in the eight years following the initial training, also in absence of diarrhea relapses. In adults the IHMP is associated to a good insulin sensitivity and this fact should be taken into consideration in order to reduce the increase of non - trasmissible deseases in the Western World.Methods: We recruited children with not specific chronic diarrhea (bowel functional disorders) and selected randomly 53 mother-child pairs as the control group and 100 to be trained. Mothers were taught both how to recognise the correspondence between the individual manifestations of hunger and the BG concentration (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern, IHMP). The aim was to get low BG levels before each meal, and, thanks to the skill acquired, to stop the insulin resistance. The energy intake and the pre-prandial BG levels were reported in weekly diaries while the symptoms were recorded through structured interviews after 3 and 6 months and after 2,4,6,8 years.Results: Energy intake reductions were significantly larger in trained than in control subjects at all 6 surveys after recruitment (P < 0.04 to < 0.0001) although growth was similar, Diarrhea and vomiting significantly dropped both in the trained group and in the control one compared to the beginning of the research. Larger reductions from base values in days with diarrhea in trained children (compared with controls) were found for the three initial months and in drug administration at the surveys after 2 years and after 8 yearsConclusion: Chronic non-specific diarrhea of the second year of life is associated with high energy intake and high pre-prandial BG for incomplete exhaustion of previous energy intake. In adults, this habit is associated with fattening/insulin resistance.
... According to many studies (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch., 2002), nutrients disappearing from circulation may settle either on the liver or on the adipose tissue or being burned out. The storage is however reversible because it is strictly related to a high blood glucose concentration (BG). ...
... We have chosen to consider the phases of both energy expenditure and energy supply (at meals) in adults as well as in children. The IH (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch, 2002) appeared after suspension of meals as a sensation, i.e. as a subjective (psychic) event in adults and as a physical manifestation (individual, according to the mothers' evaluation) in children. In the single individual this event coincided constantly with the same BG. ...
... The overall sterile inflammation or pro-inflammatory state represents one of the most important notions acquired by medical physiopathology in the last century (Brandtzaeg et al., 1989;Hecht et al., 2007;Festa et al., 2000;Reaven 2006;Smith 2007;Bigorgne et al., 2008;Cani et al., 2007;Stratton et al., 2000;Bruun et al., 2003;Davidson et al., 1984;Van der Waaij et al., 2008;Sartor, 2008). Such a state is associated both to increased vascular, autoimmune and tumor risks but also to degenerative and functional disorders (Ciampolini et al., 1990(Ciampolini et al., , 2006(Ciampolini et al., , 2014Fisher & Birch., 2002). In addition it facilitates the onset of autoimmune and allergic diseases like arthritis and eczema. ...
Background: Obesity, diabetes, asthma, autism, birth defects, dyslexia, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia have increased in children in the last half century. The will (decision) to eat develops often when previous energy intake has been incompletely exhausted. Objective: The will to eat develops after stimuli (often external) that do not correlate with energy availability in blood. Training a relation between hunger sensations (Initial Hunger, IH) and Blood Glucose (BG) as an index of energy availability allows an IH Meal Pattern that is associated with low mean BG and insulin sensitivity. Lack of any relation between the will to eat and the energy availability is a widespread error that may be responsible of health deterioration in children as well as in adults. Methods: After meal suspension and with synchronous blood glucose (BG) measurements, we taught patients to distinguish hunger sensations that are conditioned from those that arise after meal suspension (Initial Hunger, IH). This hunger (after meal suspension) signals a complete exhaustion of previous intake and is appropriate for meal onset to obtain meal-by-meal fasting nutrient levels and low BG prior to the next meal and establish an even balance. This pattern has been termed the Initial Hunger Meal Pattern (IHMP). Results: In contrast with untrained control subjects, trained subjects accurately recognized IH by synchronous BG measurements. We report here the identification of Initial Hunger (the subjective limit), the daily adjustments to three arousals for weeks and months, the diffusion of the error in untrained child and adult population, the validations of the IH and BG assessments and the improvements of 18 parameters by IHMP. Conclusion: The will to eat develops as a conditioned event and this conditioned will causes positive energy imbalance and insulin resistance/fattening. The imbalancing will to eat may be corrected by becoming aware of differences between the conditioned sensations of hunger and the sensations that develop after meal suspension.
