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In 1998, the government of Ecuador enacted a special law with the goal of both promoting environmental preservation and economic development in the Galapagos Islands. The reforms in the Special Law of 1998 were sweeping. Among other things it created the Galapagos Marine Preserve, limited the ability of immigrants arriving from mainland Ecuador to...
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Context 1
... Structured responses: popularity and effectiveness of ecotourism policies Respondent leaders were asked about a variety of ecotourism policies designed to either promote economic development or conservation. The results are displayed in Table 2. ...
Context 2
... policies are (1) employment limitations on temporary residents and (2) the funding of research on the use of natural resources. What Table 2 demonstrates is that while leaders were in agreement with the intention and goals of ecotourism policies overall (both those for economic development and for conservation), they were much more varied in their perceptions of the effectiveness of how those policies had been implemented. ...
Citations
... Additional complexity stems from 1998s Special Law, which enacted residency statuses for the islands. Long-term foreign residents were instantly granted residency, while native-born Galapagueños living on the mainland fell outside residency restrictions (Hoyman & McCall, 2013). Today, residency can only be inherited from permanent resident parents or acquired by marriage with a permanent resident. ...
... Unlike traditional mass tourism models, marine ecotourism adopts aspects of environmental conservation and promotes community involvement. However, when these tenets are not upheld, due to a variety of reasons (e.g., poor management, lack of community involvement, limited enforcement regimes, etc.), the industry can promote unsustainable practices on all frontseconomic, social, and environmental (Hoyman and McCall, 2013;Rahman et al., 2022;Zeng et al., 2022). As such, recent scholarship has called for a re-prioritization of social sustainability within blue economic development (Pascual et al., 2014;Bennett et al., 2019;Leposa, 2020;Nugraheni et al., 2020;Osterblum et al., 2020;Campbell et al., 2021;Cisneros-Montemayor et al., 2021), with concerns raised regarding the implication of developing marine industries in areas where there is significant need to consume and manage resources sustainably. ...
As a dimension of a blue economy, marine ecotourism should, in theory, not only increase economic viability and environmental sustainability but, most importantly, pursue socially equitable outcomes. In tropical and sub-tropical island regions, where substantial tourism development is often coupled with widespread strains on public infrastructure and services, including water access, there exists a need to better understand the expansion of this industry is felt at the community level; more importantly by individuals who are reliant on these infrastructures and services. Through a case study of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, where water insecurity is becoming acute, we draw on and mobilize stories from local community members, alongside non-participant observations and document collection, to 1) document the experience of some community members with water insecurity and shortages, including how they perceive the roles played by the central government and marine ecotourism sector, and 2) examine how community members feel about how communities feel about policies and investment priorities of the central government regarding water insecurity, including the extent to which they view marine ecotourism development as undermining or promoting local needs. Our results underline the complex nature of marine ecotourism governance and infrastructure development outcomes in a resource-insecure island region, demonstrating that current issues are greatly impacted by historical and social underpinnings of neo-colonialism and systemic racism, misalignments of community vs. government development priorities, and eroded political trust, that shape local experiences with sustainable development and local residents’ perceptions of the ability of marine ecotourism to address issues of water insecurity. Moreover, while our focus is on the marine ecotourism industry, the significance of these findings contributes to a growing body of literature that places local experiences at the forefront of research into the implications of sustainable development in island regions.
... National and international designations now make the Galapagos one of the most regulated regions in the world in terms of land cover and land use; Galapagos National Park, established in 1959, occupies 79% of land surface (Orellana and Smith 2016). The Galapagos Special Law, passed at the national level in 1998, restricts virtually all immigration, at least in theory, and increased the authority of the national park administration (Hoyman and McCall 2013). However, immigration continues (Villacis and Carrillo 2013), and current policies fail to stem the loss of biodiversity and natural land covers. ...
With their short history of human settlement, rapidly growing tourism industry, exposure to invasive species, acute land scarcity, and uncompetitive agricultural sector, the Galapagos Islands are a microcosm of many global land use pressures. The small agricultural industry that introduced many invasive plants is now in decline, expediting these species’ spread. Meanwhile migration and tourism to coastal lowlands is driving rapid urbanization on the small fraction of the archipelago not under park protection. Climate change is poised to exacerbate these challenges while introducing new risks, and mitigation efforts to protect the economy may easily favor wealthier coastal stakeholders at the expense of others. It is up to policymakers and funding organizations to respond to environmental and market forces to preserve both ecological integrity and socioeconomic justice in the Galapagos.
... Additional complexity stems from 1998s Special Law, which enacted residency statuses for the islands. Long-term foreign residents were instantly granted residency, while native-born Galapagueños living on the mainland fell outside residency restrictions (Hoyman & McCall, 2013). Today, residency can only be inherited from permanent resident parents or acquired by marriage with a permanent resident. ...
Applying justice theory in tourism studies has yielded a vibrant flourishing of scholarship in recent decades. Yet, it is still argued that a clear conceptualization of justice tourism is still lacking. Sovereignty theory has seen broad application across many social sciences in recent decades, yet despite a clear connection, the tourism scholarship has engaged minimally with the sovereignty literature. This article aims to assimilate sovereignty theory into the justice tourism scholarship by carrying out a deep historical analysis to demonstrate how destination residents negotiate chronic and acute crises in the Galápagos Islands, a place with no original human population. With global immigration projected to grow and exacerbate environmental conflicts in the coming years, the current research is well-poised to provide urgent and generalizable insights into the sociocultural underpinnings of increasing human mobility, the environmental conflicts that exist between different value systems and worldviews, and the opportunities that exist to promote improved destination management on behalf of human wellbeing in places experiencing intense in-migration. Historical analyses are thus critical to understanding the subjective and temporal nature of struggles associated with justice-centric concepts, including but not limited to sovereignty.
... Burnie, 1994;Honey, 2008;Honey & Rome, 2001), although the paradise can become dystopia if poorly managed (e.g. Hoyman & McCall, 2013). ...
This paper draws on sustainability and ecotourism literature and aims to identify the deterrents to ecotourism development. The research opted to use Abaca Ecotourism Park, located in the Koroyanitu National Heritage Park in Western Viti Levu Fiji, as a case study. Three studies exploring management, local residents, and tourists’ perspectives were undertaken to determine the factors that deter from the further development of the selected ecotourism project. Study 1 conducted an interview with the management team of the ecotourism park to gain insights into the factors that influenced the project’s development. Study 2 was undertaken with the villagers who reside in the region where the ecotourism park is located. Longitudinal secondary research covering 20 years of data was used in Study 3 to identify tourists’ visitation and consumption patterns. Some findings were consistent across the three studies. The results reveal a range of deterrents to the ecotourism development, including infrastructure constraints, issues related to inequality, overdependence on neighbouring countries, and political vulnerabilities. The implications for the literature and practitioners conclude the paper.
... Today, the tourism industry is arguably more powerful than the GNP itself. It has successfully managed to relax regulations on virtually any aspect of their operations: fleet and boat size, number of passengers and the length of their stay, permits to build hotels, the amount of revenue that must stay within the community, etc. (Hoyman & McCall, 2013;Watkins & Cruz, 2007). What began as a recommendation from the conservation sector is now seen as one of the primary threats to the integrity of the Galapagos. ...
... Tourism has grown exponentially since 1995 at a staggering average rate of 9% per year (Pizzitutti, Mena, & Walsh, 2014). Despite the swelling revenue flow that tourism represents for the region and the country as a whole, it has become apparent that the accelerating continentalization of the archipelago has resulted in uncontrolled population growth, widening economic inequality, increased civil unrest, higher rates of accidental species introductions, strained public services and infrastructure, and more frequent conflicts with the conservation sector (Epler, 2007;Hoyman & McCall, 2013;Watkins & Cruz, 2007). The pressure exerted by both tourists and locals on the archipelago's modern fossil-fuel fuel economy, water consumption, food production, and waste management network is directly related to the degradation of the natural wonders that made Galapagos world-famous (Cecchin, 2017;Kingston, Runciman, & McDougall, 2003). ...
Human activities and booming tourism industries are altering the stability of ecosystems in the Galapagos Islands. Managing the impacts of these changes depends primarily on how scientists and decision-makers conceptualize human relationships with the environment. The impacts and responsibilities of the solutions pursued by decision-makers most acutely affect human populations who inhabit the frontiers between human-dominated and natural areas. The most common narrative about the Galapagos refers to the archipelago as a natural laboratory. In the latter half of the twentieth century, this imaginary not only justified the establishment of the Galapagos National Park and scientific institutions like the Charles Darwin Research Station, but also fueled a burgeoning tourism industry. However, a new narrative started to emerge under the influence of fields such as systems science and political ecology: the discourse of Galapagos as a coupled human-natural system. I performed a literature review to trace these two narratives in scientific publications. Using a semiotic device (Greimas, Structural semantics: An attempt at a method. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983) that highlights how the relationships among elements in a system produce their meanings, I mapped out the discursive boundaries between humans and pristine ecosystems for the first narrative, and between agriculture and conservation for the second narrative, as well as the oppositional relationships that define each of the respective concepts. The natural laboratory narrative is heavily based on dualisms between human and nature, as well as on idealized notions of pristine landscapes devoid of human influence. Breaking down the natural laboratory narrative evidences how important the myth of the pristine has been in erasing human history from the imaginary of the Galapagos and in privileging both the conservation and tourism sectors over other economic activities. Meanwhile, the coupled human-natural system narrative acknowledges the influence that humans have had on landscapes throughout human history and recognizes the role that they can have in their conservation. These narratives and the differences between them come into play when authorities discuss development models for the region and potential solutions for the problems that Galapagos faces. While the first narrative has usually proposed solutions based on excluding people from protected areas and regulating land uses that do not fit their vision, the second narrative focuses on the function that people can serve and seeks to involve people outside of protected areas into conservation work and to include different land uses as potential allies for conservation. The first narrative is compatible with the way ecotourism was conceived, as an activity that would promote economic growth while having a limited impact on the environment. The second narrative is consistent with the concept of novel ecosystems because it is a functional perspective that focuses on promoting and maintaining positive relationships between humans and their environment. I argue that including the agricultural sector into the vision for conservation of the Galapagos can have tangible benefits for the control of invasive plants, for the protection of charismatic megafauna, for the region’s food security, and the population’s socioeconomic stability. Much like a gardener who must judge what seeds to sow and must work to keep what they believe belongs on their land and what does not, it is human agency (or lack thereof) that determines what will flourish on humanity’s Galapagos Garden.
... As shown in Rocky Mountain National Park, stakeholders also have different perceptions about many things related to ecotourism (Dangi & Gribb, 2018). On the other hand, an analysis in Galapagos, Ecuador, emphasized the importance of strength and solidity in local institutions, professional leadership, freedom from political nuances, and law enforcement as factors to ensure the continuity of ecotourism policies supported by local stakeholders (Hoyman & McCall, 2013). ...
... Importantly, although fishing is an older activity in the Galapagos islands, tourism has grown rapidly since the 1970s and is currently the most important economic driver (Epler, 2007;Hoyman and McCall, 2013;Montesinos, 2002). The entire fishing sector generates $4 million annually, whereas marine-based tourism activities generates $154 million in revenue (Lynham et al., 2015). ...
Marine megafauna (elasmobranchs, marine mammals, turtles, and seabirds) are important ecologically and economically because many species often occupy upper trophic levels as adults and are essential for marine-based tourism in many areas of the world. This group of species is also heavily impacted by fishing because most have late sexual maturity, longevity, and low reproductive output, which affects their ability to recover from depletion. In Galapagos, marine megafauna species are protected from fishing throughout the marine reserve and are the main attraction for marine-based tourism, helping generate millions of dollars in revenue annually. Despite their importance in the archipelago, these species are being caught as bycatch in the multiple artisanal longlining projects that have been carried out since the implementation of the reserve in 1998. Longlining was originally proposed as a way of redirecting fishing effort from the severely depleted coastal-demersal species to pelagic fish such as yellowfin tuna and swordfish. Although all these projects have resulted in high bycatch of megafauna, longline fishing projects have continued without independent scientific studies to evaluate their impact, largely due to poor objective definition, data collection, and enforcement. To fill in this knowledge gap, we analyzed data of the fifth experimental longline fishing project undertaken in 2012–2013 to describe the fishery, identify variables affecting the composition and quantity of bycatch, and suggest mitigation strategies. This experimental project had twelve vessels, which deployed 42,007 hooks catching 4893 individuals of 33 species, mostly yellowfin tuna and swordfish. Of those, 16 species were protected megafauna, particularly blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) and oceanic manta (Mobula birostris). These species were regularly captured during the two seasons and in the three bioregions that occur in the archipelago, suggesting little potential to mitigate their catch. As an alternative, we identified 14 hotspots where yellowfin tuna and swordfish could be harvested in large numbers sustainably through more selective fishing techniques such as pole fishing, a method that is also more economical for artisanal fishers. In an archipelago where the main economic activity is marine wildlife tourism, the implementation of an extractive and unselective activity such as pelagic longing fishing should be avoided to ensure the sustainability of the Galapagos marine ecosystem and its booming tourism industry.
... Oleh karena itu maka masyarakat yang merupakan kesatuan sosial akan dapat bekerjasama dengan pemerintah dan pengusaha untuk menjadi pengelola penambangan pasir laut yang berkelanjutan. Hal ini diperkuat oleh pernyataan Hoyman and Mc Call (2013) bahwa manusia umumnya bersifat mandiri, sehingga apabila mereka cukup lama hidup bersama, mendiami satu wilayah, memiliki kebudayaan sama dan melakukan sebagian besar kegiatannya di dalam kelompok tersebut; maka masyarakat dapat menjadi Stakeholders pengelola penambangan pasir laut yang berkelanjutan. Menurut Davis and Tisdell (1995), dalam rangka meningkatkan kesadaran lingkungan dan mengurangi dampak kerusakan lingkungan, maka masyarakat perlu dibekali pendidikan yang mumpuni. ...
Penambangan pasir laut di pulau-pulau kecil, seperti Pulau Tunda, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta berpotensi mengakibatkan degradasi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan strategi pengelolaan penambangan pasir laut di perairan Pulau Tunda yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan wawancara dengan responden ahli yang dipilih secara purposive, dengan bantuan kuesioner. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan AHP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor dominan yang harus diperhatikan pada pengelolaan penambangan pasir laut agar menjadi berkelanjutan adalah sumberdaya alam, kebijakan pemerintah, dan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Stakeholders yang harus diperhatikan agar penambangan pasir laut menjadi berkelanjutan adalah pemerintah, pengusaha, masyarakat dan penegak hukum. Adapun tujuan yang harus didahulukan agar penambangan pasir laut berkelanjutan, yakni reduksi degradasi lingkungan, pemulihan ekosistem dan peningkatan daya saing keindahan wilayah perairan pulau kecil yang pasirnya ditambang. Prioritas alternatif strategi yang paling penting dalam pengelolaan penambangan pasir laut agar menjadi berkelanjutan adalah revisi kebijakan penambangan pasir laut, penegakan hukum dan sangsinya, serta teknologi penambangan pasir ramah lingkungan.
... Aguilar-Støen et al., 2016;Halkos and Managi, 2017;Paavola, 2002;Xepapadeas and Stefan, 2014) or in the context of localised conflicts between environmental conservation and economic activities (e.g. Arvor et al., 2018;Hoyman and McCall, 2013;Martín-López et al., 2011;Rajwade, 2015). Where values are mentioned in this context, they usually concern assigned values (e.g. ...
A growing body of research suggests that people’s values may be important predictors of their preferences regarding water governance and policy. However, this assertion is rarely tested empirically. The present study summarises the results of a large-scale quantitative study on the link between public water policy preferences and people’s values, based on data from a representative sample of the general population collected in a household survey in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil (n=1067). Structural equation
modelling is applied to represent the clusters of values, or ‘value landscapes’, that shape attitudes and water policy preferences, in this case, for or against the construction of the highly controversial Paraguay-Paraná Waterway across the Pantanal wetland. Results demonstrate that opponents of the waterway share a value landscape composed of closely related self-transcendence values, democratic governance-related values, and ecological and cultural water values, whereas supporters hold self-enhancement values, economic governance-related values, and economic water values. Beyond this individual case study and beyond water governance, our findings may explain the protracted nature of, and seeming impossibility to resolve, environmental conservation vs. economic development conflicts more broadly.
